The evolution of German naval strategy: from the unrestricted submarine operations of World War I to the cluster strategy of World War II
In the 20th century, there was a major shift in the tactics and tactics of the German Navy. The first is the evolution from the unrestricted submarine operations of the First World War to the submarine swarm strategy of the Second World War, which presented the complexity and change of German naval tactics.
From the accident of the "UB68" to the reflection of Dönitz
In 1918, the submarine "UB68" suffered an accident while engaging a convoy. This incident caused Captain Dönitz to reflect on his career as a prisoner of war in Britain and reconsider the direction of submarine tactics. This accident provided Dönitz with a unique opportunity to think about how to improve and redefine the tactical application of submarines.
With the outbreak of World War II, Germany faced new challenges. Despite Raeder's Plan Z, which he hoped would strike Britain with large ships, Dönitz held a different view. He believes that submarines are the key, not traditional surface ships.
Dönitz's new tactics and naval ideas
Dönitz advocated the use of a submarine swarm strategy, in which multiple submarines operate together. He saw the potential of aviation forces and emphasized the synergistic operation of aviation and the navy. Although Germany established the 40th Bomber Wing to support the submarines, this coordinated operation did not have the desired effect due to various reasons, such as technical problems and poor decision-making.
This swarm strategy initially achieved some victories, but with the advancement of Allied technology, especially in anti-submarine warfare, Germany suffered a serious blow. By 1943, Germany was forced to suspend its operations on cluster submarines in the Atlantic.
Conclusion: Flexibility and adaptability of the strategy
Dönitz's tactics were successful in some respects, but he failed to adapt to the changes in the war. The technological and tactical advances of the Allies, especially the increased capabilities of anti-submarine warfare, made Dönitz's strategy a great challenge.
Taken together, the experience of the German Navy in two world wars highlighted the need for constant change and adjustment of tactics in war. Dönitz's strategic thinking provides us with a valuable historical lesson that in war, continuous tactical adjustment and innovation are crucial.