The 15 tombs of the Ming Dynasty (Nanjing Xiaoling, Xishan Jingtai Mausoleum, Tianshou Mountain 13 Mausoleum) have not been stolen and excavated, among which Dingling was excavated by Guo Moruo, Wu Han and others in the name of archaeology. And the Qing Tomb, regardless of the East Tomb or the West Tomb, except for the Shunzhi Tomb (it is said that there are no burial goods), have basically been stolen.
Ming Hsiao-hsien
In 1928, Sun Dianying, the commander of the 12th Army of the Kuomintang, planned a Tanglin robbery in the name of "suppressing bandits", and stole and excavated the Yuling of the Qianlong Emperor and the Dingdong Tomb of the Empress Dowager Cixi, which was also the first time that the Qing Emperor's tomb was stolen and excavated.
In 1938, a group of unidentified armed men stole and excavated the Chongling Tomb of Guangxu in the Qing Dynasty, which was the only imperial tomb in the Qing Dynasty that was stolen and excavated.
In 1945, Zhang Quanzhong, the head of the intelligence team of the 15th Army Division of the Eastern Hebei Military Region under the jurisdiction of the puppet Eastern Hebei Defense Communist Autonomous Government, together with Wang Shaoyi, Mu Shuxuan, Jia Zhengguo, Zhao Guozheng, Li Shuqing, Liu En, Liu Jixin and others, brazenly began to steal the mausoleum.
The entire Qing Dongling 14 mausoleums, the tombs of 157 people were almost all spared, (Dongling buried a total of 5 emperors, 15 queens, 136 concubines, 3 elder brothers, 2 princesses a total of 161 people), the Qing Dongling was stolen.
Qing Yongling
It is also an imperial mausoleum, why were so many tombs of the Qing emperor stolen and excavated? And all the tombs of the Ming emperor were spared? Is it really a problem of the character of the emperor of the Qing Dynasty?
In a word, Qingling is more susceptible to theft.
First, Mingling is near Gyeonggi, and Qingling is in the wilderness area.
The site of the Ming Tomb was located by two god-level emperors: Zhu Yuanzhang and Zhu Di. The common characteristics of the two are: the imperial tomb must not only have good feng shui, but also be able to serve as a military base, and can defend the Beijing division during the war years. Therefore, the filial piety tomb is in the Purple Mountain, the Ming Tombs are in Tianshou Mountain, all at the foot of the Son of Heaven, every day when you look down and don't look up, it is difficult to hide and be stolen.
(Take Sun Dianying's tomb robbery case as an example, if Sun Mazi conducts military exercises in the Ming Tombs or the Ming Tombs, Chang Gong doesn't nod your head, you try?)
And the location of Qingling is not so particular. The Jurchens were originally mobile regimes, and they could choose whatever they could, unlike the Han people. Therefore, the three tombs outside the Guanhai are in Shenyang, the Dongling is in Zunhua, and the Xiling is in Baoding. The location of the imperial tombs only cares about good feng shui (the three tombs outside the gate don't even seem to care about feng shui!), so that there is no shop in front of the village and behind the mausoleum site, giving tomb robbers an opportunity.
(The same is the Qing Tomb, the three do not rely on the Dongling almost all the army annihilated, the situation of the Xiling near Baoding Mansion is much more optimistic, only Guangxu Chongling an imperial tomb was clearly stolen.) ）
Later, Cixi also built a railway in order to pay tribute to the mausoleum, and you can imagine how dreamy the site of this mausoleum was...... (Lafayette's tomb was too luxurious, so Sun Dianying dug it up, and also brought greetings to Lord Qianlong.) ）
Second, the structure of the Ming Tomb underground palace is more anti-theft, and the level of the Qing Tomb project is worrying.
Draw the key points!!Mingling can't dig in!!I can't find the entrance!!
Taking the Ming Ding Mausoleum as an example, there is a 27-meter sealed soil and there is tamping, and other Ming tombs are only afraid of being tighter. The Qing Tomb is only a few meters to 9 meters, and some of the Qing Tombs may not be tightly tamped; in contrast, the Qing Tomb Underground Palace is an out-and-out shallow burial. It is difficult to dig to the top of the Ming Tomb, and it will not take long for dozens of villagers in Qingling to open it.
Mingding-hsien
The underground structure of the Ming Tomb is complex, the tomb road is nine curves and eighteen bends, although the underground palace is also located on the central axis, but the tomb road is serpentine (filial piety, Changling, Dingling are all like this), the tomb entrance may appear in any direction of the circular treasure city wall. In this way, unless extremely lucky, it is theoretically only possible to find the entrance to the tomb by digging a circular trench around Baocheng. This workload is almost impossible to achieve for private bandits. Even a mechanized army will take a lot of time to do it.
Dingling Underground Palace
On the other hand, the Qing Tomb is so upright that it is eye-popping, almost carved out of a mold: including the tomb road, all the buildings are on the central axis, and the honesty is terrifying. After the Fangcheng Ming Building is the dumb courtyard, and the tomb entrance is under the glazed shadow wall of the dumb courtyard. Of course, part of the reason for this is to inherit the ancestral system of the three tombs outside the Guanwai, and the study of Han culture at the beginning of the Manchu Qing Dynasty was of course not so deep, poor, and not so particular.
Qingling is a straight line, the underground palace is shallow, the location of the tomb is clear, what are you waiting for if it is not stolen? In addition to Qianlong Yuling and Cixi Dingdongling being robbed by officials (when Commander Sun directly blew the door open and went in, a few days passed, and he pushed the two high platforms of Hongli and Cixi, because they only had one tower. Promoted to three stars in a row. With the "successful experience", the location of the Qing Mausoleum crossing is almost known to the world!), the rest such as Kangxi Jingling, Xianfeng Dingling, Tongzhi Huiling, are dispatched dozens of villagers, fighting all night to dig out the entrance of the underground palace, not even using explosives, there is no momentum of the emperor's tomb.
Sun Dianying robbed the tomb
As for the Ming Tomb, Xiaoling and Changling can't enter, so how much thought has been spent on the Dingling Tomb alone. Since ancient times, except for the Mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang, the Ming Tomb is the most difficult to do (at the beginning of the trial excavation of the Changling Tomb, the professional archaeological team was busy for a month and found nothing, and the search for the Ming Xiao Mausoleum Road dispatched modern detection equipment to work).
Ming Changling
By the way, the dragon whisker ditch with drainage is set up in the Ming Tomb, but it is not worthy of worship when it arrives in the Qing Tomb, and it is not restored until the Daoguang Muling Tomb is replaced, so that when Jingling and Yuling are excavated, they all see the water flooding the golden mountain, and it has become an out-and-out underground reservoir. The deterioration of the design of the imperial tomb is probably also a manifestation of the regression of technology after the Ming and Qing dynasties.
Panorama of the coffin of the underground palace of Qingyuling
In fact, compared with the imperial tombs of the Han people, the mausoleums of ethnic minority regimes have more or less engineering quality problems. This is evident in the depth of the underground palace, the drainage system, and the materials used in the building. Among the imperial tombs of all dynasties, the Tang Tombs are the strongest, followed by the Ming Tombs. If compared at the same level of productivity, the construction quality of the Qingling Tombs is even inferior to the Western Xia Tombs and the Northern Wei Tombs, so it is not surprising that every theft will be lost.
Due to historical reasons, the Ming Tomb was protected by successive authorities.
Since the Ming Dynasty was the last unified Han dynasty, and Zhu Yuanzhang was also a national hero who ended foreign rule, the Ming Tomb became the most convenient political mouthpiece.
Kangxi went down to the south of the Yangtze River, knelt down three times and bowed nine times at the Tomb of Filial Piety, and left behind such words as "governing the Tang and Song dynasties"; Qianlong went to the south of the Yangtze River six times, cried five times, and took the initiative to repair the Ming Tombs to reassure the Han people.
When Hong Xiuquan entered Nanjing, the first thing he did was to climb to the gate of Zhu Yuanzhang's filial piety mausoleum, and he opened his mouth to be a "descendant of the unscrupulous" and positioned himself as the successor of the Han people.
Therefore, since the death of the Ming Dynasty, they have regarded the Ming Tomb as a tool to show their political tendencies, and they have protected and repaired it. The attitude of those in power is the fundamental reason why the Ming Tomb has survived to this day.
During the Qing Dynasty, no one dared to touch the Ming Mausoleum, after all, after the Manchu Qing Dynasty entered the customs, they said that I was taking over the world on behalf of the Ming Dynasty, and it was an inheritance relationship, and they could not be picked up and should be "protected" and "repaired". Even if he was short of money, he only picked up a few pieces of wood outside, and he didn't dare to move inside.
For the emperor's mausoleum, every dynasty and generation will strictly protect it, but the theft of the imperial mausoleum of the Qing Dynasty has a lot to do with the social thinking of the time. After the Qing Dynasty came to power in the Central Plains as a minority regime, many Han Chinese people remained hostile to the Qing Dynasty. In the last years of the Qing Dynasty, the betrayal of the country for peace, the cession of land and reparations, made the Qing Dynasty the target of public criticism. After the fall of the Qing Dynasty, the Manchu aristocracy also began to be ostracized by the people.
Cixi's funeral scene
Moreover, at the end of the Qing Dynasty, many people had seen the emperor and empress buried with their own eyes. Maybe the designers, drawings, and workers are still alive, pull them out and beat them up to know how to dig them, what is in it, how much it is worth are clear, maybe the tomb robber was on the spot to watch the burial of Cixi Guangxu. If you don't steal, who will you steal?
Guangxu's funeral scene
Of course, there is still a bit of nationalism. There is a poem as proof:
Jin Ge Iron Horse entered Tanglin, and the strong man slashed the demon Qing.
Hongli dog's head hangs on the green tree, and Cixi's dog corpse feeds the goshawk.
驱除鞑虏复中华，尽除螨虫荡膻腥。
So far, Shenzhou still recites that archaeology should be like Sun Dianying.
When Sun Dianying, the main culprit in the excavation of the Qing Dongling, defended himself, he claimed: I am worthy of my ancestors and my compatriots of the Han Dynasty. It was to use the social contradictions of the time to justify himself.