"Men and women who eat and drink, have great desires to survive",
The Supreme Emperor,
More need to use grand and luxurious meals,
to show off its royal style!
The palace imperial meal pays attention to pomp and beauty at the same time,
Pay more attention to the delicacy and beauty of tableware,
Just like the Qing Dynasty gourmand Yuan Mei
In the "Instructions for Eating Menu and Utensils in the Garden", it is said:
"Food is not as good as beauty. ”
The Palace Museum now has a large collection of Qing Dynasty court eating utensils, most of which are in the late Qing Dynasty.
Including hot pot, fire bowl, Yipin pot, pot, plate, bowl, water hoard, saucer, wine glass, knife, fork, chopstick, tea boat, food box, etc.;
There are various materials, including gold, silver, jade, crystal, porcelain, enamel, jadeite and agate;
The manufacturing place is also divided into the manufacturing of the palace manufacturing office, the manufacture of the private silver building, and the local manufacturing of other provinces.
▲ Qing Jin Ou permanent cup
In addition, depending on the function of the tableware, the identity of the user, and the occasion of use, the tableware used is also different.
The emperor used all kinds of plates and bowls in his daily meals;
In winter, hot pots and warm bowls are added, and jade plates and bowls are mostly used in the royal banquet during the big feast;
During the longevity banquet, a special copper tire gilded cloisonné enamel Wanshou boundless plate bowl was used;
Queens, concubines, concubines, etc. have plates and bowls to match their status, that is, the queen and the queen mother use yellow glazed plates and bowls, concubines and concubines use yellow ground green dragon bowls, concubines use blue ground yellow dragon bowls, nobles use green purple dragon bowls, and often use colorful red dragon bowls......
The reason why there are a large number of tableware left in the Qing palace is directly related to various banquets and birthday celebrations in the Qing Palace. Such as the emperor's daily meal, the New Year's feast, "Qiansuo banquet" and so on. Among them, the Qiansu Banquet is the largest and largest banquet in the Qing Palace, and the people attending the banquet must be over 60 years old.
The Qiansuo banquet began in the Kangxi Dynasty, prevailed in the Qianlong Dynasty, and disappeared in the Qing Palace after the Jiaqing Dynasty.
▲A set of eating utensils including bowls, spoons, chopsticks, knives, and forks
Collection of the Palace Museum
The tableware of the Guangxu Dynasty has developed compared with the previous dynasties, mainly due to the introduction of Western tableware.
The Empress Dowager Cixi was extremely extravagant in the banquet, so she needed to add a large number of exquisite and valuable tableware to the palace every year, which made the tableware in the imperial dining room of the Guangxu Dynasty, especially the gold, silver and jade tableware more abundant and of excellent quality and quantity than the previous dynasty.
These activities are not easy, they have the characteristics of grand etiquette and high standards, which are the vivid embodiment of the "etiquette" culture in the diet, and at the same time they are the culmination of palace food, delicacy and beautiful utensils. The tableware used in these grand banquets reflects the luxury, sophistication and sophistication of the court's utensils.
▲Qing Guangxu silver gilded longevity hot pot
Collection of the Palace Museum
▲Tin Yipin pot collection of the Palace Museum
Tin way a pot collection of the Palace Museum
"Wild guy" is the common name for hot pot and other utensils in the Qing Palace, wild, wild game. The various wild meats used in the Qing Palace mainly come from the specialties of the Northeast Large, Small Xing'an Mountains and Changbai Mountain.
The dish of "Yeyi Hot Pot" is a representative dish in the imperial diet of the Qing Dynasty and a typical Manchu dish.
The "wild guys" recorded in the archives mostly refer to the hot pots, plates, plates, fruit boxes, fire bowls, boxes, square plates, and gongzi used in the production of dishes such as "wild hot pot".
▲ Pu Yi was a complete set of red gold tableware before his death
Collection of the Palace Museum
The gold color of these 6 pieces of tableware is foot red, the color is yellow and bright, shining, the engraving is delicate, the decoration is clear, and the craftsmanship is extremely fine. This was Puyi's collateral in Tianjin Salt Bank, and he returned to the Forbidden City in 1951.
▲ Golden Cup
The small dish is round, open, and circled. The inner concave is to bear a single-ear cup, engraved with a dragon pattern, surrounded by eight treasure patterns, small floral patterns and diamond-shaped patterns. The outer wall of the foot is engraved with a back pattern for a week. This plate is actually a cup holder, and it can be used as a set with a single ear cup.
The single-ear cup is round, skimmed, and circled. The outer wall of the abdomen is engraved with eight treasure patterns, such as wheels, snails, umbrellas, covers, flowers, jars, fish, and intestines, and there are small floral patterns and diamond patterns along the edge of the mouth. The outer wall of the foot is a circle of back lines. One side of the cup is embossed with a leaf-shaped single ear. The soles of the feet are engraved with stamps such as "Beijing", "Central Plains", and "Zuchi". The foot of this cup is just included in the inner recess of the previous small plate, as a set.
▲ Kinsha
The fork has three teeth, and its handle is engraved with four patterns of flowers, jars, fish and intestines in the eight treasure ornaments, and a dragon pattern is engraved in the middle of the center. The back of the handle is engraved with stamps such as "Beijing", "Central Plains", and "Zuchi".
▲ Kim Hyun
The spoon is oval in the shape of a lotus petal. The inside of the spoon is engraved with a dragon pattern on the front, the hair rises at first, the body is bent and coiled, the two front paws are held high on both sides of the head, the whole body is surrounded by auspicious clouds, and the perimeter is a flower pattern and a diamond-shaped pattern. The handle is engraved with four patterns of wheel, snail, umbrella and cover in the eight treasure patterns. On the back of the handle, there are stamps such as "Beijing", "Central Plains", and "Zuchi".
▲ Golden chopsticks
The chopsticks are a pair, the top and the bottom are round, the four sides of the upper half of the square are engraved with eight treasure patterns, there is a ring at the top, and two gold chains with live rings are connected. The middle part is engraved with stamps such as "Beijing", "Central Plains", and "Zuchi".
▲ Emerald handle carved hook lotus silver gold-plated two-tooth fork
Collection of the Palace Museum
▲Qing Guangxu golden spoon
▲ Qing jade handle inlaid with gold spoon
▲Qing green jade handle golden spoon
The two ends of the spoon are made of gold, and the middle of the handle is sleeved with a round handle of green jade. Ruyi cloud head-shaped gold handle end surface double hook open light, engraved with the word "Xi" inside.
The use of gold and jade has historically been a symbol of status and wealth. In Chinese history, the use of jade predates that of gold, and the two developed in parallel for a long time.
In the Ming Dynasty, the use of clothing and utensils began to be popular, and the combination of gold and jade was popular. The royal utensils are extremely luxurious, and gold and jade are not only used for clothing or furnishings, but also for eating utensils, showing the wealth and glory of the gold and jade.
In the Qing Dynasty, the emperor's wedding or the celebration of the longevity of the queen mother and the emperor were usually specially made for a set of exquisite clothing, ornaments and utensils, and decorated with the iconic characters "Xi", "Xi" or "Shou". This vessel has "Xi", which is the wedding article of the emperor and the empress of the Qing Dynasty.
▲ Qing green jade handle gold spoon
The spoon is made of ninety percent gold and is one of the eating utensils of the court. Spoon body photogen. The handle of the spoon is made of green jade, and the end of the handle is inlaid with gold Ruyi.
This spoon of gold is of good condition, the materials are exquisite, and the craftsmanship is exquisite, which reflects the exquisiteness of the Qing Dynasty court eating utensils from one side.
▲ clear gold inlaid turquoise spoon agate spoon
▲Qing Yu Xiao Red Gold Bamboo
▲Qing green jade inlaid with red gold inlaid ebony chopsticks
▲Qing Yu Xiao Red Gold Bamboo
The concubines of the Qing Dynasty used utensils. It is made of green and white jade, and the upper part of the chopsticks is decorated with vertical ribs, and the top, middle and lower parts are inlaid with gold in three places. The apex is spire-shaped, the middle part is convex and annular, and the lower part is light. The gold is red gold, and the fineness is excellent.
▲Qing red sandalwood inlaid with gold inlaid jade chopsticks
The chopsticks are a pair and are in the shape of round sticks. Each branch is composed of four sections, and the materials from top to bottom are red sandalwood, jade, red sandalwood, and gold. Among them, two sections of red sandalwood are inlaid with gold and silver filigree patterns, and both gold and jade are light. The end of the chopstick is the top of the jade lotus bud.
Chopsticks, commonly known as chopsticks, are eating utensils. This chopsticks should be set with a gold-inlaid rosewood-handled jade-topped fruit fork and a gold-inlaid rosewood-handled jade-topped colander.
▲ clear gold inlaid red sandalwood handle jade top fruit fork
Fruit fork golden. The wooden handle is installed with a peony pattern and inlaid with a rosewood handle. The wooden handle is inlaid with 48 "longevity" characters with gold and silver wire, and the top is inlaid with white jade carved top.
The fruit fork is one of the palace eating utensils, its decoration is mostly in the handle, generally embedded with gold, silver, jade, wood, tooth, bone and enamel, etc., the shape is different, there are many types, and the craftsmanship is exquisite. The practice of gold and jade inlaid with this fruit fork should be derived from the provisions of the hierarchy, indicating that this vessel was an important ritual item of the emperor and queen. It is decorated with the word longevity, so it can be inferred that this fork was specially made for the birthday of an emperor or empress.
▲ Qing blue jade pattern red gold fork
Four-edged green jade handle, the first flower bud shape. The upper part of the golden fork is decorated with double-sided bats, and a double-sided ancient coin is welded between the lower fork strands. "Bat", "Fu" homonym, the center of the ancient money is a nearly square eyelet, the pattern means that the blessing is in front of you.
Since the Ming and Qing dynasties, it is very popular to make auspicious patterns on handicrafts. In addition, themes with educational significance and rich in literati elegance are also quite common decorations, such as Fu Lu Shou Samsung, Qiao Geng Yu Reading, Visiting Friends with the Qin, etc., and form a fixed program, reflecting the good wishes and expectations of the people at that time.
▲ Imperial gold bowl
▲Qing gold chisel group shou Xi character tea bowl
The tea bowl is made of 80% gold. Rounded, mouth slightly outward-skimmed. The inner wall is light, the outer wall mouth is engraved with a circle of back lines along the upper wall, the abdomen is decorated with chisel flowers and brocade ground, there are four groups of longevity and Xi characters respectively, and the lotus pattern is decorated near the foot for a week. Rounded feet with a round foot and a circular pattern on the foot. The soles of the feet are engraved with 15 words of "Tongzhi eleventh year, two taels, two equals, seven taels, four coins and two cents".
This tea bowl is exquisitely made, and the carved ornaments and fonts are regular and beautiful, and it is a treasure in the gold collection of the late Qing Dynasty. Even in the Qing Dynasty, such gold products were not used by the emperor on a daily basis. It is made in accordance with the style required by the "Great Qing Huidian", and according to the national system, it is only used in ceremonies such as the emperor's wedding, longevity, etc.
▲Qing gold chisel flower double happiness round life tea bowl
The golden bowl is hammered into shape. The belly of the bowl is engraved with geometric patterns, and the ground is decorated with the words "Xi" and "longevity". The edge of the mouth and the foot chisel are engraved with a week each, and the lower part of the abdomen near the foot is a week of the lotus pattern. The bottom of the vessel is engraved with the inscription "Tongzhi eleventh year, two taels, two flat weights, seven taels and four coins and one cent". The eleventh year of Tongzhi in the Qing Dynasty was 1872.
This bowl is the wedding article of the Tongzhi Emperor. Qing Dynasty gold ware is often engraved on the bottom of the vessel, the year, weight, and some have the stamp of the workshop. In the late Qing Dynasty, in addition to the office, the folk workshop also undertook the production of many royal goldware.
▲ clear gold bowl
▲ clear gold plate
▲ Silver gold-plated small dish
The small dish has a round mouth, a shallow chamber, a circled foot, and no lines throughout the body. The shape is beautiful, the workmanship is exquisite, and the silver and gold plating shines, showing the royal style. This type of small plate is one of the tableware used to hold spices during the imperial meal.
▲ clear gold with a wine glass
▲ Golden chisel flower tall white jade bowl
The vessel is composed of three parts: a gold tray, a jade bowl, and a gold bowl cover. The support is higher, the lower foot is circled, the lower thickness is fine, and its exterior is decorated with a raised hook lotus pattern and several rows of Ruyi patterns, and is embedded with turquoise begonia flowers, Ruyi clouds. The foot is a circular tray, the edge is decorated with spherical patterns and inlaid with turquoise edges, the inner wall of the plate is opened, and the interior of the open light is entwined with branches and inlaid with turquoise flowers. In the middle of the plate, there is a round bowl seat, and its wall is engraved with lotus patterns and inlaid with turquoise plum blossoms.
The bowl is made of white jade, white as fat. Round skimming, the outer wall is plain without lines, and the inner wall is carved in Tibetan. At the bottom of the bowl, there is a four-character paragraph of "Qianlong year". The lid is slightly high, wide-brimmed, raised in the middle, decorated with a hooked lotus pattern and inlaid with turquoise stones, the upper part is hammered with a lotus petal pattern, and the top has a bud-like button.
There were many types of bowls used in the Qing court, but there were few works with gold and jade combinations. The metalwork of this bowl is exquisite, the jade quality is excellent, and the support, cover and bowl are integrated, which is both practical and has a good display effect.
▲Qing agate inlaid with gold mouth with a cover sunflower petal bowl
▲Qing Qianlong gold cover plate inlaid with gold agate bowl
▲Gold inlaid beads chisel flower cups, plates
The cup is slightly taller, cylindrical, rounded, large at the top and small at the bottom. The outer wall of the cup is chiseled with dragons, and the side of the dragon's body is a lotus pattern of entwined branches, and there are sea water patterns near the feet. There is an ear on both sides of the cup, the upper part of the ear is the lotus holder, the support is embedded with a large pearl, the lower part is the hollow seal word, one ear is "longevity", one ear is "boundless", and there is a Ganoderma lucidum pattern under the word. The bottom of the cup is circled.
The tray is wider, with a wide edge, and it is engraved with a branch lotus, and 4 pearls are inlaid in the four directions. The plate has a flat bottom, and 8 lotus flowers are chiseled, among which 4 inlaid pearls are the center of the flowers. In the middle is a round cup holder, which is decorated with a dragon pattern.
This set of gold cups and plates was made by the Qing Palace's internal affairs office, and it was luxurious and rich, and was used by the emperor when the court held a big banquet. Qing Dynasty gold wine glasses with the words "longevity without borders" are still rare.
▲ clear gold with a wine glass
The cups and plates are hammered into shape. The caviar pattern on the body of the cup is symmetrically decorated with two groups of passionflower patterns, and the two sides are decorated with ancient money patterns. There are palindromes on the edge of the mouth and on the feet. The top of the flower ear is inlaid with gold beads. The center of the plate is raised and covered with a rosette, and the seat is engraved with passionflower, and the caviar pattern is on the ground. The wide fold is engraved with a fan-shaped pattern along the surface.
Drinking has a very long history in China, and the drinking utensils of different periods are also distinctive. During the Shang and Zhou dynasties, bronze wine utensils were necessary for the upper class of society to feast and drink. The use of complete sets of gold and silver cups and plates, and holding pots has been popular since the Tang and Song dynasties, and has been quite popular in the Ming and Qing dynasties. In addition to gold and silver, jade cups and plates were also commonly used in the Ming and Qing courts.
▲ Qing Jin Ou permanent cup
The Golden Ou Permanent Cup is a special wine cup for the Qing Dynasty Emperor to hold the "opening ceremony" on New Year's Day every year, the Golden Ou is the reputation of the state power in ancient times, and the name of the Golden Ou Permanent Cup means that the territory and imperial power of the Qing Dynasty will be consolidated forever. The cup has been passed down from generation to generation as a royal treasure of the Qing Dynasty.
This cup was made in the second year of Jiaqing (1797) by the order of the Qing Imperial Court. At that time, although the Qianlong Emperor had abdicated, he was still the emperor and actually held the state power.
Therefore, the cup is still signed with the Qianlong year. And this cup, since it was made, Qianlong has only used it once, and then it has returned to heaven.
The cup tire is made of eighty percent gold, and the cup mouth is cast with the seal book of "Golden Ou Yonggu" and "Qianlong Year", and the rest of the part is decorated with back lines. The whole cup is made of 500 grams of gold, and the whole body is engraved with entwined flowers, which are inlaid with dozens of pearls of different sizes, such as red, sapphire and pink tourmaline, etc., gold and pearls are contrasted with each other, making the body exude a soft golden light. There is a cup ear on each side of the gold cup, which is in the shape of a dragon, and there is a bead flower on the dragon head. The three cups are made in the shape of an elephant's trunk, and the image is particularly vivid. The shape of the golden cup is unique, the lines are perfect, and the special filigree inlay process is adopted, which can be called the boutique in the history of mainland technology and technology.
▲ gold chisel cloud dragon pattern holding pot
Height 31.5cm, abdominal diameter 16cm
The pot is golden, tall, skimmed, and has a thin neck. There is a conical lid on the spout, the lid is divided into four layers from top to bottom, each layer is also engraved with cloud dragon pattern, and there is a conical tenon under the lid, which is inserted into the spout. The middle of the neck is decorated with a plain hoop, which is divided in strips, and the interior is cloudy and dragon-patterned.
The ampulla is spherical in shape, divided by longitudinal stripes, and is also decorated with a cloud dragon pattern, with the tail facing upwards and the head facing downwards, opposite to the cloud dragon pattern on the neck. The foot of the pot is like an inverted funnel, round, thin at the top and wide at the bottom, decorated with cloud dragons, sea water, and flame patterns. The pot flow is thin and long, the whole light element, the edge of the mouth is chiseled, and the lower part is decorated with animal face patterns.
The shape of this golden pot is borrowed from other kinds of utensils, and the decoration is bas-relief, which is fine and rarely changing, with a sense of stability, and is a drinking utensil used in the court.
▲ Qing fifty into the gold chisel flower holding pot
Height 30 .8cm, width 27 cm
The holding pot is fifty percent gold, straight mouth, straight neck, the body of the pot is gourd-shaped, like the first stream, the head of the dragon, the high circle foot, there is a double layer of lotus petal pattern cover. The whole body is engraved with a lotus pattern.
The shape of this pot is elegant, the lines are smooth and lively, the engraved ornamentation is extremely intricate, and the golden texture complements the exquisite ornamentation. This kind of holding pot can be used as a furnishing or as a use.
▲Xuantong silver gilded phoenix pattern Domu pot
The spout resembles a monk's hat shape, oblique mouth, straight wall, flat bottom, circle foot, chain handle, flowing from the dragon pattern carved on the body of the pot mouth protruding. There is a convex ridge on the mouth, abdomen and bottom, and the flower pattern is engraved on it.
The upper part of the body is decorated with two dragons playing with beads, and the lower part is carved with double phoenix patterns. The cover is decorated with dragon and phoenix patterns. The middle of the outsole is engraved with "Xuantong 14 years, 120 foot lines".
▲ Silver gilded dragon handle milk jug
This pot is silver gilt, engraved with the six characters of "Qianlong Year of the Qing Dynasty", and the lower edge of the lid is cast with a wave pattern.
The neck of the ampulla is decorated with a circle of eight treasure flowers, the abdomen is plain and without lines, there is a dragon-shaped handle on one side of the ampulla, and there is a gold chain connected to the cover on the upper part, and the circle foot is decorated with a weeping lotus petal pattern.
The shape of the pot reflects the exquisite craftsmanship and elegant aesthetic taste of the prosperous era of Qianlong.
▲Qing Qianlong gold fetal painting enamel cup plate
▲ Qing Qianlong and Khotanese white jade wrong gold inlaid gemstone bowl and style
Collection of the Palace Museum
▲ Qing Qianlong and Khotanese white jade wrong gold inlaid gemstone bowl and style
Collection of the Palace Museum
▲ Qingdao light yellow ground green color cloud dragon pattern bowl
Collection of the Palace Museum
▲ Qing silver burnt blue inlay stone table knife
▲ silver coffee set collection of the Palace Museum
▲ Qing painting enamel floral pattern happy word hot pot
Collection of the Palace Museum
▲Silver gold-plated small dish from the collection of the Palace Museum
▲Silver framed glass wash collection of the Palace Museum
▲Silver roasted blue wine pot collection of the Palace Museum
▲ clear rosewood pan pattern hollow beam food pick box
Collection of the Palace Museum
"The people take food as the sky",
Although there is no royal tableware treatment,
We can also use a simple and attentive food,
A set of rustic and warm cutlery,
Eat out the sense of ritual in life,
Feel the small fortunes in life!