The meaning of terms such as "Li", "Li Ji", "Li Jing", "Zhou Li", "Zhou Guan" and other terms has changed in the pre-Qin to Eastern Han Dynasties, coupled with the fact that the content of "Three Rites" is more difficult to read, resulting in everyone often not understanding the difference and relationship between "Three Rites", today we will try to answer this question ~
First, the process of the creation of the name "Three Rites"
The Biography of Ru Lin in history says: "Scholars speak a lot of words, and Lu Gaotang is the most fundamental." The "Ritual" is fixed from Confucius and sometimes its scriptures are not possessed, and until the Qin Dynasty burned the books, the books were scattered and died, and now there is a unique "Shi Li", which Gao Tangsheng can say. ”
During the Western Han Dynasty, only Gao Tangsheng passed on the "Ritual of Rites", which at this time was also known as the "Rites" or "Rites", which was later known as the "Rites". The Book of Rites, written in the Book of Han and Yiwen zhi, also refers only to the Book of Rites, and the Book of Rites is attached to the Zhou Guan Jing in the 130 records of the Book of Rites. Therefore, in the Western Han Dynasty, people only recognized the "Rites" as the "Book of Rites", and the highest position in the "Three Rites". The so-called "Book of Rites" now refers to the forty-nine "Little Dai Li Ji" compiled by the Western Han Dynasty Dai Sanctuary. The nineteen Rites are easily confused with the previous seventeen Rites, so the names of the forty-nine Rites that followed replaced the original Rites, and the Rites became renamed Rites.
The name of the Zhou Li also changed during the pre-Qin to Eastern Han dynasties. In the pre-Qin period, the "Zhou Li" often mentioned in the "Zuo Zhuan" may be the old classic of the Zhou Gong, not necessarily today's "Zhou Li". The current Zhou Li appeared around the Warring States period. Sima Qian of the Western Han Dynasty is called "Zhou Guan" in the "Book of History and Fengchan", Ban Gu is called "Zhou Guan Jing" in the "Book of Han and Yiwenzhi", "Zhou Guan li" in the ancient notes of the Sui and Tang "Hanshu Yiwen zhi", and Xun Yue of the Eastern Han Dynasty is called "Li Jing" in the "Han Ji". During Wang Mang's reign, due to Liu Xin's request, the Zhou Guan was included in the Xueguan and renamed Zhou Li.
Therefore, there are forty-nine "rituals", seventeen "rituals" and "zhou rites" in three kinds. Later, Zheng Xuan annotated the three works, hence the name "Three Rites".
2. Describe the process, content, and annotations of the Three Rites
(1) "Zhou Li"
1. The process of writing a book (controversial)
(1) The age of writing:
The Zhou Li was discovered suddenly during the Western Han Dynasty, there is no teacher-inheritance relationship to examine, and the pre-Qin literature does not mention this book, so the date of the Zhou Li is controversial. Scholars of all generations have carried out protracted debates to this end, forming different theories, including the Western Zhou theory, the Spring and Autumn Theory, the Warring States Theory, the Qin and Han Dynasties Theory, the Han Chu Theory, and the Wang Mang Pseudo-Writing Theory. Most scholars today believe that the Zhou Li was written during the Warring States period.
(2) Book writing process:
The earliest record of the Discovery of the Zhou Li is found in the Book of Han and the Biography of the King of Hejian ( Hejian Xianwang).
Jia Gongyan's "Zhou Li Justice Sequence" says: "The Zhou Guan's filial piety began to emerge, and the secret was not passed on"; "Both from the mountain rock house wall, re-entering the secret house, the Confucian of the five families can not be seen." To Emperor Xiaocheng, Liu Xiang and Zixin, the secretary of the School of Dacai, were first listed in the order, and were written in the "Record" and "Sketch". However, he died in one of his "Winter Officials", and the "Record of Examination Workers" was enough" to do so.
The "Zhou Guan" was not discovered until Liu Xiang and Liu Xin's father and son's school secretarial documents, and they were recorded, and the early Eastern Han Dynasty commentators flocked. By the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the master of classics Zheng Xuan made a note for it, and the Zhou Li jumped to the top of the "Three Rites".
Zheng Xuan's "Zhou Li Notes" Yun: "Since the ancestors of the world, Zheng Shaogan, the Grand Master of the Great Master of the Tongren Dashi, and the famous teachers of the Zi Dasi Nongzhong, the former Wei Cizhong of the Huilang, the Servant Jia Junjingbo, and the Nanjun Taishou Ma Jichang, all wrote the Zhou Li Xie. ”
The question of the completion of the Zhou Li is one of the most hotly debated issues in history among scribes, and there are about five theories:
(1) Discovered during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (Tang Jia Gongyan's "Zhou Li Yi Shu" Prologue "Zhou Li" Xing abolished the "Biography of Ma Rong")
(2) Han Dynasty Hejian Tribute To the King (Book of Han, Biography of the Hejian King)
(3) What Li Received During the Han Dynasty's Tribute to the King of Hejian (quoted or said by Tang Lu Deming's Preface to the Classic Interpretations)
(4) Found at the same time as the "Ancient Literature And Book of Shangshu" and so on in Kong Bi (Tang Kong Yingda's "Etiquette and Justice" and "Qu Li Chapter" citing Han Zhengxuan's "Six Arts")
(5) It was also dedicated to Kong Anguo along with the Yi Li.
Qing Sun cursed the Zhou Li Zhengyi to believe that the four and five statements were false and insufficient to be trusted; the first, second, and third theories were also different.
2. Content
(1) There are six articles: "Tianguan TsukasaZai", "Diguan Situ", "Chunguan Zongbo", "Xiaguan Sima "Qiuguan Sikou", and "Winter Official Hundred Workers" (deceased, supplemented by "Winter Official Examination Worker Record"). The Zhou Li is a book on the bureaucratic system, with a number of officials under each system and their duties separately.
(2) Authenticity of the content (disputed)
The question of the authenticity of the Zhou Li and the age of the book has become a public case of litigation for thousands of years. The suspiciousness of the era and process of the zhou li is already mentioned above, and with regard to the doubts about the content of the zhou li, Lu Simian believes that there are three schools in the "Jingzi Solution":
(1) The content of the "Zhou Li" is very detailed, and only zhou gong can do it.
(2) The content of the Zhou Li is too boring to be implemented, so it is not written by the Zhou Gong.
(3) It was determined by the Zhou Gong, but it was not implemented, or because the legislation must be detailed, but it did not have to be implemented for a while.
Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty once said that the Zhou Li was "desecrated and untested", and He Xiu believed that it was a conspiracy of the Six Kingdoms. Lü Simian believes that "desecration" refers to the fact that the Zhou Li has a mixture of meanings, which refers to its contradictions; "untested" means that the content of the Zhou Li is inconsistent with the Qunjing; and the Zhou Li is similar to the Tao, Fa, and Zongheng family sayings of the Guan Zi, so He Xiu is called a book of conspiracies. Therefore, the Zhou Li and the Book of Rites did not interfere, nor did they become the old zhou classics, "Gai was a person of the Warring States period, and this code was made before the miscellaneous collection." But the Zhou Li also has its preciousness, that is, "although this book is blasphemous, it must be based on the old system." ”
Li Xueqin also pointed out in "Zhou Yi Traces the Origin": "The Zhou Li is a pre-Qin old book that reappeared in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, which was originally very clear, but this book was rejected by some scholars in the Han Dynasty, and more people in later generations doubted it, and even thought it was Liu Xin's forgery. Since the Qing Dynasty, some works have carried out meticulous research, such as Wang Zhong, Chen Feng, Sun Yirang, Liu Shipei, Chen Hanzhang, etc., and put forward many evidences to illustrate the evidence of the Zhou Li. In fact, scholars who study ancient Chinese history and culture, despite their criticism of the Zhou Li, always quote the Zhou Li to varying degrees, with few exceptions. In recent years, due to the progress of Jin Wen's research, more people have realized the value of the Zhou Li. ”
3. Notes
(1) The old is good: Jia Gongyan's "Zhou Li Notes"
(2) Qing Ren Xin Shu: Sun Yi let "Zhou Li Justice"
(3) Beginners and enthusiasts: Lin Yin's "Zhou Li Jin's Notes on this Translation"
(2) "Liturgy"
During the Western Han Dynasty, the "Ceremony of The Scholars" transmitted by Gao Tangsheng is now the "Ritual Ceremony". On the question of the author of the Rites, in the ancient literary school, it is believed that both the Rites and the Zhou Rites were written by the Zhou Gong (see Jia Gongyan's Rites of Rites); in the modern literary school, the Rites were determined by Confucius (see Pi Xirui's "TheOry of the Three Rites").
(1) A total of seventeen articles: "Shi Guan Li", "Shi Di Li", "Shi Jie Li", "Xiang Drinking Ceremony", "Xiang Shooting Ceremony", "Yan Li", "Great Shooting Ceremony", "Dowry Ceremony", "Public Food Doctor Ceremony", "Qiao Ceremony", "Funeral Dress", "Shi Funeral Ceremony", "Evening Ceremony", "Shi Yu Ceremony", "Special Sacrifice Feeding Ceremony", "Young Prison Feeding Ceremony", "Yousi".
(2) The issue of the completion of the Rites is controversial
Ancient writers argue that the Yili were found in the walls of Confucius's residence together with the Guwen Shangshu during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and although the Yili are now extinct, the thirty-nine Yili are credible, so they believe that the seventeen surviving Yili are remnants of Qin Huo; the current literary school claims that the seventeen are already all the Rites (Shao Yichen's General Theory of the Book of Rites). However, this problem is because the "Yi Li" has been abandoned, so it is impossible to verify.
3. Notes:
(1) The old is good: Jia Gongyan's "Liturgical Notes"
(2) Qing Ren Xin Shu: Hu Peiyi's "Ritual Justice"
(3) Examples of ancient books are scattered everywhere, and they are more difficult to read, and you can read Zhu Xi's "General Explanation of the Rites and Rituals" and Jiang Yongzhi's "Outline of the Book of Rites" compiled in categories.
(3) The Book of Rites
1. The process of writing a book
(1) Time and author of the book: In the "Three Rites", the "Book of Rites" was written at the latest, compiled for the Western Han Dynasty Dai Sanctuary, a total of forty-nine articles.
(2) Was Xiao Dai's "Little Dai Li Ji" obtained from deleting a part of the "Big Dai Li Ji"? (Controversial)
The earliest catalogue book, the Book of Han and Yiwenzhi, contains only the records of "Records, One Hundred and Thirty-One Pieces", and Ban Gu notes: "The Seventy Sons later scholars have memorized also". Zheng Xuan's "Treatise on the Six Arts" of the Eastern Han Dynasty: "If there are eighty-five articles in the "Records of Dai De's biography", then the "Great Dai Li" is also; the forty-nine articles of the Dai Sheng's "Li" are also. At this time, the number of articles of the two begins to be separated.
(1) "Little Dai Li Ji" is derived from the deletion of a part of the "Big Dai Li Ji".
a. At the beginning, there was a saying that Xiao Dai Dai Sheng deleted the "Great Dai Li Ji" to become the "Little Dai Li Ji".
At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, Lu Deming's "Preface to the Classic Interpretation" quoted The Jin Sikong ChangShi Chen Shao's "Preface to the Zhou Li Treatise" as saying: "Dai De deleted the two hundred and four ancient rituals into eighty-five articles, which is called the "Great Dai Li". Dai Sheng deleted the "Great Dai Li" into forty-nine articles, which is for "Little Dai Li". Later Han Ma Rong and Lu Zhikao were similar to each other, attached to the holy chapters, removed their heavy burdens and listened to the narrative, and walked in the world, that is, the "Book of Rites" is also. ”
b. At the beginning, there was the idea that Xiao Dai deleted the "Great Dai Li" from forty-six articles to forty-nine articles by Ma Rong.
The Book of Sui and the Classics: "At the end of the Han Dynasty, Ma Rong... He also fixed one "Moon Order", one "Ming Tang Position", and one "Music Record", forty-nine articles. ”
(2) The Book of Little Dai Li is not derived from the deletion of a part of the Book of Great Dai Li. It was not until the Qing Dynasty that scholars began to refute Xiao Dai's words.
a. Ma Rong's view of adding three articles is unreliable. Dai Zhen believed that Liu Xiang's "Beilu" had already said that the "Book of Rites" was forty-nine, and the younger Dai disciple Qiao Ren had written forty-nine chapters of the Book of Rites, then Ma Rong's claim of adding three articles was absolutely unreliable.
b. "Little Dai Li Ji" actually coincides with the number of articles in "Big Dai Li Ji". Qian Daxin believes that the forty-nine articles of the "Little Dai Ji", the "Qu Li", the "Tan Bow", and the "Miscellaneous Records" are all divided into 46 articles in a simple strategy, divided into 46 pieces, and the 85 articles of the "Big Dai Ji" are exactly one hundred and thirty-one, so the "Little Dai Ji" is not a deletion of the "Big Dai Ji".
The Book of Rites reads more meaningfully than the Rites, known as the "Scriptures", so they were later upgraded to "Scriptures" and replaced the Rites as one of the Five Classics. It is also extremely useful today to understand the social customs of the pre-Qin Dynasty.
The content of the book "Book of Rites", Liang Qichao in his "Explanation of the Book of Rites" is divided into five categories:
(1) General discussion of etiquette and academic thought, such as "Li Yun", "Jing Xie", "Le Ji", "Forty Xue Ji", "University", "Zhongyong", "Confucianism", "Fang Ji", "Qiu Ji" and "Silk Cloth";
(2) Explain the special passages of the seventeen articles of the "Ritual Rites", such as "Guanyi", "Dusky Righteousness", "Township Drinking Righteousness", "Shooting Righteousness", "Yanyi", "Hiring Righteousness" and "Four Systems of Funeral Dress";
(3) Recording confucius's words and deeds or Confucius's timely chores, such as "Confucius Idle Residence", "Zhongni Yanju", "Tan Bow" and "Zeng Zi Qing";
(4) Remember the etiquette of the ancient system, with a critical nature, such as "The Royal System", "Qu Li", "Jade Algae", "MingTang Position", "Moon Order", "Suburban Special Animals", "Sacrifice System", "Sacrifice Law", "Great Biography", "Funeral Record", "Funeral Dress Record", "Funeral Funeral", "Funeral Funeral", "Intermittent Funeral", "Wen Wang Shizi", "Inner Rules" and "Shaoyi";
(5) Records of ancient aphorisms, such as part of the Qu Li, Shao Yi, Confucian Xing, etc.
(1) The old is good: Kong Yingda's "Etiquette and Justice"
(2) Qing People's New Neglect: Zhu Bin's "Etiquette Training", Sun Xidan's "Ritual Record Collection"
(3) Beginners and enthusiasts: Wang Mengou's "Notes on the Present And Present Translation of the Book of Rites"
Reference materials:
[1] Lü Simian, "Solving problems with the Scriptures", East China Normal University Press, 1995.
[2] Huang Yongnian, Four Lectures on Ancient Philology, Lujiang Publishing House, 2003.
[3] Liang Qichao, "Solving Problems and Their Reading Methods", Yuelu Book Society, 2010 edition.
[4] Xu Xichen, "Speaking of < Zhou Li >< Rites>< Rites >", Studies in The History of Historiography, No. 3, 1989.
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