In the previous issues, CDC gave you a popular science about influenza, mycoplasma pneumonia and other infectious diseases with high incidence in winter and spring. Today, CDC has sorted out the vaccination knowledge of several common respiratory infectious diseases in winter and spring, let's take a look!
influenza
Influenza is an acute respiratory infection caused by influenza viruses, which is highly contagious and is mainly transmitted through droplets, but also indirectly through contact with contaminated hands and daily necessities. The population is generally susceptible, and a certain degree of immunity to the same subtype will be acquired after infection, but there is no cross-immunity between different subtypes, so the human body can become sick repeatedly due to different subtypes of infection.
Influenza vaccination is the most effective way to prevent influenza every year, and it is necessary to receive the influenza vaccine every year because the composition of the influenza vaccine varies depending on the dominant strain in the epidemic of the year.
Depending on the type of influenza virus strain included, currently, influenza vaccines are divided into trivalent and quadrivalent.
This year's trivalent influenza vaccine covers three strains of influenza A(H1N1), A(H3N2) and B(Victoria), while quadrivalent influenza vaccine includes more influenza virus strains B(A) Yamagata than trivalent.
At present, the influenza vaccine in Suzhou is a non-immunization program vaccine, which is voluntarily administered by residents at their own expense.
Influenza Vaccine Immunization Schedule:
1. Adult trivalent and quadrivalent influenza virus inactivated vaccines, for people aged 3 years and above, with one dose;
2. Trivalent and quadrivalent influenza virus inactivated vaccines in children's dosage forms, for children aged 6 months to 35 months, 1 or 2 doses according to the vaccine instructions of different manufacturers;
3. Trivalent live attenuated influenza vaccine, which is administered to children and adolescents aged 36 months to 17 years, with one dose.
Pneumococcal disease
Streptococcus pneumoniae, or pneumococcus pneumococcus (Spn), is the main pathogen that causes serious diseases such as pneumonia, meningitis, and bacteremia in children, and is also a common cause of acute otitis media and sinusitis.
Pneumococci often temporarily colonize the human nasopharynx, with infants and young children as the main host, and are usually transmitted by respiratory droplets or autoinfection caused by colonizing bacteria.
The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies pneumococcal disease as a disease requiring "very high priority" vaccine prevention. At present, there are two types of pneumococcal vaccines approved for use in mainland China: 13-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccine (PCV13) and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23).
PCV13
There are three types of PCV13 currently on the market in China, all of which are suitable for infants and children aged 6 weeks ~ 5 years old (before the 6th birthday). The specific vaccination schedule is as follows:
PPV23
PPV23 is used in people over 2 years of age who are at increased risk of pneumococcal infection and pneumococcal disease, especially the following priority populations, but not limited to:
(1) the elderly;
(2) individuals with chronic cardiovascular disease (including congestive heart failure and cardiomyopathy), chronic lung disease (including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and emphysema), or diabetes mellitus;
(3) individuals suffering from alcoholism, chronic liver disease (including cirrhosis), and cerebrospinal fluid leak;
(4) functional or anatomical asplenic individuals;
(5) Immunocompromised people (including HIV infection, leukemia, lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease, multiple myeloma, general malignant tumors, patients with chronic renal failure or nephrotic syndrome), patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy (including corticosteroids), and patients with organ or bone marrow transplantation.
Normally, only 1 dose should be given to the recipients. For those who need to be re-vaccinated, they should be inoculated in accordance with the requirements of the instructions, and the interval between re-vaccination should be at least 5 years.
In order to implement the "531" action plan of Suzhou Healthy City, implement the prevention and treatment project of major infectious diseases, further reduce the incidence of pneumococcal pneumonia among the elderly in Suzhou, and reduce the burden of disease caused by the disease, Suzhou has implemented free vaccination of 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine for the elderly over 65 years old since April 2018. During the implementation of the project, each eligible senior citizen can enjoy one free vaccination.
Mumps, measles, rubella
mumps
Mumps is an acute respiratory infection caused by the mumps virus, which is more common in children and adolescents, but also in adults.
measles
Measles is caused by the measles virus, which is highly contagious, and humans are generally susceptible to the measles virus, and the patient is the only source of infection, which spreads from person to person through respiratory droplets.
rubella
Rubella is caused by the rubella virus and is highly contagious. People with rubella are the source of rubella infection and spread it through respiratory droplets. Typical rubella is a pink, blotchy rash that is easily distinguished from plaque-like dark red maculopapular measles. When the mother suffers from rubella during pregnancy, the virus can invade the fetus through the placenta, which may lead to fetal malformations, premature birth, miscarriage and other dangers.
MMR vaccination is an effective means of preventing these three infectious diseases.
Suzhou City is currently carrying out the work of missing and revaccination of measles-containing vaccines. Children aged 8 months to 17 months who have not yet received measles-containing vaccine, and children aged 18 months to 18 years who have not received two doses of measles-containing vaccine, and children who have no contraindication to measles-containing vaccine.
In addition, in order to increase the level of protective antibodies against measles and rubella in adolescents, reduce the incidence of measles rubella in adults in the target population, and reduce the risk of neonatal congenital rubella syndrome caused by rubella infection in women during the reproductive stage, Suzhou has included the measles and mump vaccine booster immunization program for junior high school students in the local immunization program.
chickenpox
Chickenpox is a common childhood infectious disease caused by varicella-zoster virus infection, and chickenpox patients are the only source of infection, mainly through respiratory droplets and direct contact.
The disease is highly contagious, and the population is generally susceptible to chickenpox. Persistent immunity is acquired after illness, and recurrence of chickenpox is rare, but shingles can recur. The disease can occur all year round, with peaks in winter and spring.
Varicella immunization schedule:
Varicella vaccination is the most economical and effective means of controlling the spread of chickenpox.
From January 1, 2023, Jiangsu Province will include live attenuated varicella vaccine in the childhood immunization program, and school-age children can receive 2 doses of live attenuated varicella vaccine free of charge.
The immunization schedule is as follows: the first dose is given at the age of 12-18 months, the second dose is given to children under 4 years of age, and the interval between the two doses is not less than 3 months.
Epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis
Epidemic meningitis, a purulent meningitis caused by meningococcal bacteria, is a very dangerous acute respiratory infection.
The high incidence season of continental cerebral flu is in winter and spring. Humans are the only reservoir of meningococcal bacteria and are transmitted by droplets or respiratory secretions, with carriers and patients being the main source of infection. The population is generally susceptible, with the highest rates in children under 5 years of age, especially those aged 6 months to 2 years.
At present, there are five main groups of meningococcal bacteria that cause human disease: group A, group B, group C, group Y, and group W135. The groups that can be prevented by the vaccines containing cerebral components in mainland China are group A, group C, group Y and group W135.
Flow Encephalochalic Immunization Schedule:
According to the vaccination schedule of the National Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI), children aged 6 and 9 months were vaccinated with group A cerebral polysaccharide vaccine, and at the age of 3 and 6 years they were boosted with A+C cerebral polysaccharide vaccine. In addition, there are also self-paid vaccines containing cerebral components, including AC conjugate vaccine, AC-b Haemophilus influenzae combination vaccine (AC-Hib combination vaccine), and ACYW135 group cerebral polysaccharide vaccine.
Haemophilus influenzae type b
Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) can cause serious diseases in children, such as meningitis, pneumonia, sepsis, cellulitis, pericarditis, osteomyelitis, etc. Hib can colonize the human nasopharynx, carriers are the main source of infection, and transmission is mainly through droplets, with more than 90% of cases of invasive Hib disease occurring in children under 5 years of age.
Hib Immunization Schedule:
The WHO said in the "Hib Vaccine Position Paper" that because severe Hib disease mainly occurs in children aged 4-18 months, they should be vaccinated as early as 6 weeks after birth.
The Hib vaccine is a non-immunization program vaccine and is administered on a voluntary, self-paying, and informed consent basis.
At present, the vaccines containing Hib components approved for marketing in mainland China are: Hib conjugate vaccine, acellular diphtheria-pertussis Hib combination vaccine (quadruple vaccine), adsorbed acellular diphtheria-pertussis inactivated polio and Hib (conjugated) combination vaccine (quintuple vaccine), and group AC meningococcal (conjugated) Hib (conjugated) combined vaccine (cerebral AC-Hib combination vaccine).
(1) Hib conjugate vaccine
(1) Infants under 6 months of age: From the age of 2 months or 3 months, once every 1 month or 2 months, a total of 3 times. At 18 months of age, one more booster dose can be given.
(2) Infants aged 6-12 months: once every 1 month or 2 months, a total of 2 times. At 18 months of age, one more booster dose can be given.
(3) Children aged 1-5 years old: only 1 time.
(2) Quadruple vaccines
Three primary doses at 3, 4, and 5 months of age, and 1 booster dose at 18-24 months of age.
(3) Quintuple vaccine
Three primary doses at 2, 3, 4 months of age or 3, 4 and 5 months of age, and one booster dose at 18 months of age.
（四）流脑AC-Hib联合疫苗
(1) Vaccination starts at the age of 2-5 months, and a total of 3 doses are required, with an interval of 1 month between each dose;
(2) Vaccination starts at the age of 6-11 months, and a total of 2 doses are required, with an interval of 1 month between each dose;
(3) Vaccination starts at the age of 12-71 months, and only one dose is required in total.
CDC Tips:
The most complete vaccination clinic information table in Suzhou!
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Source: Suzhou CDC