In 550 BCE, Gould, the leader of the indigenous Persian tribes, overthrew the tyrannical era by launching a rebellion in the feudal regions of Iran.
Gould became king of Persia and founded the first Persian Empire. Under his rule, Persia began to expand its influence into the surrounding city-states and states.
Although Gould claimed to be the founder of the Persian Empire, in fact Persia was a rudimentary state with a simple political and social system.
After that, Gould's son, Cyrus II, succeeded to the throne and continued to expand the influence and power of the Persian Empire.
He conquered the countries of Egypt and India, turning Persia into a great empire. Under his rule, Persia achieved a cultural and artistic flourish, and he also established the centralized and bureaucratic system of the Persian Empire.
However, the Persian Empire did not continue to maintain its strength, and it was destroyed by Alexander the Great in 330 BC. The rise and fall of the Persian Empire was not just due to the loss of the war, but there were deeper reasons.
Problems arose in the management of the Persian Empire. Against the background of the mutiny of the Guards and political contradictions, the internal management of the empire became more and more chaotic, and the economy and finances of the country became worse and worse.
Although Cyrus the Great strengthened the bureaucracy of the state, his successors were not able to maintain the effectiveness of these institutions. This ultimately led to the empire's mismanagement and inability to effectively control the country's political, economic, and livelihood issues.
Although the Persian Empire achieved major military victories, its military might was also an important factor in its demise.
In the military realm, Persia practiced a tactic of having a plug-and-play combination of elite cavalry and spear armies. The success or failure of such tactics depends on the quantity and quality of the army.
However, as the scope and duration of Persian rule grew, the cost of war and the number of troops grew, as well as logistical burdens and financial pressures. This limited Persia's ability to expand and maintain its military power.
There were differences in culture and values between the Persian Empire and many other cultural and ethnic circles. The cultural values developed by the Persians and other Middle Eastern powers were very different from those developed in European countries such as Greece and Rome, and this difference was even reflected in wars.
Persians and soldiers from other Middle Eastern nations tended to emphasize personal honor, loyalty, and courage. They like to go it alone and get ahead, even at any cost.
In European countries, war is more focused on overall tactical planning and organizational coordination, and this difference in culture and values directly affects the outcome of war.
In the last war of the empire, Persia was crushed by Alexander the Great.
Although the Persian army had a certain advantage at the beginning of the war, it ultimately lost, mainly due to the lack of strategic planning of the leadership team, corruption, and improper military rank system.
The administration of the Kingdom of Persia was completely disintegrated in this war, and its leaders and army were severely damaged.
However, the fall of Persia was not due to defeat in the war, but to the aforementioned internal corruption and mismanagement.
During the period from 400 BC to 300 BC, the Persian kingdom's economy gradually declined, social security deteriorated, the gap between the rich and the poor widened, and many discontent and rebel forces arose in the country.
By this time, the ruling class in Persia had degenerated, its thinking was rigid, and its leaders lacked foresight. This decline in leadership capacity has resulted in the government's inability to effectively develop long-term strategies and defense mechanisms.
Against this unfavorable background, Persia then experienced a series of defeats in wars.
In 330 BC, Alexander the Great led a coalition of Greeks to capture Persepolis in Persia, and at the same time, the Persian resistance was growing stronger, making the collapse of Persia irreversible.
When the kingdom of Persia was partially destroyed in Persepolis, Persia was forced to surrender to Alexander the Great.
The rise and fall of the Persian Empire was a process that conformed to the laws of human history.
In the early years of its rise, Persia became one of the dominant powers in the Middle East through its military and economic power to resolve conflicts between various local powers.
However, over time, changes in the way the regime was managed and governed, coupled with differences in culture and values, led to the gradual decline of the Persian Empire.