Xu Guangqi
Xu Guangqi (1562-1633) was a Catholic and scientist in the late Ming Dynasty. The word first, the number Xuanhu, the Christian name Paul. In the twenty-fourth year of Wanli (1596), he met the Western missionary Guo Jujing and learned about Catholic doctrine for the first time. In the 28th year of Wanli (1600), he went to Beijing to take the exam, and passed through Nanjing to meet Matteo Ricci and learn more about Catholic teachings. In the thirty-first year of Wanli (1603), he went to Nanjing, where he learned Catholic doctrine and was baptized. In the thirty-second year of Wanli (1604), he was appointed as a scholar of the Hanlin Academy. In addition to his official affairs in Beijing, Xu Guangqi studied modern European science with Matteo Ricci and other Western missionaries, and co-translated the first six volumes of Geometry with Matteo Ricci. In the thirty-fifth year of Wanli (1607), he returned to Shanghai to guard filial piety due to his father's illness, and invited Guo Jujing to go to the church when he passed through Nanjing. Three years later, he returned to Beijing to serve as a reviewer at the Hanlin Academy, and cooperated with missionaries to study calendars and astronomical instruments, and wrote "The Theory of Jianpingyi", "The Legend of the Sundial", and "The Theory of the Pinghun Map". In the 40th year of Wanli (1612), he learned Western water conservancy from the missionary Xiong Sanba, and compiled 6 volumes of "Taixi Water Law". In the forty-fourth year of Wanli (1616), he was ordered to return to Beijing and resume his duties, and later defended the church and missionaries in the "Debate and Scholarly Chapters". Officials in Beijing, such as Li Zhizao and Sun Yuanhua, were also baptized into the Church under his influence. In the forty-sixth year of Wanli (1618), in order to repel the Houjin attack, Xu Guangqi personally trained his troops, manufactured firearms, and defended the Beijing division. In the third year of the Apocalypse (1623), he was promoted to the right attendant of the Ministry of Rites, and was later squeezed out by the eunuch Wei Zhongxian, returned to his hometown, and wrote 60 volumes of the "Complete Book of Agricultural Administration". With the permission of Emperor Chongzhen, Xu Guangqi presided over the beginning of the calendar revision, and used Western missionaries Long Huamin, Deng Yuhan, Luo Yacob, Tang Ruowang and others to calculate the calendar, presided over the compilation of the "Chongzhen Almanac", and made astronomical instruments. In the fifth year of Chongzhen (1632), he was also a scholar of Dongge University, and entered the confidential department. In the following year, he added the crown prince and entered the Wenyuan Pavilion. He died in Beijing in the same year.
Li Zhizao
Li Zhizao (1565-1630) was a Catholic, scientist, and official in the late Ming Dynasty. The word I save, and the word Zhenzhi, the name of the religion is good, and the name of the Liang'an layman. He was born in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, and was admitted to the Jinshi in the twenty-sixth year of Wanli (1598), and successively served as a member of the Nanjing Ministry of Industry, a member of the Camp Division, a Fujian Xuezheng, and a Shaoqing of Guanglu Temple. He met Matteo Ricci in Beijing in the 29th year of Wanli (1601), from whom he studied Catholic doctrine and Western science. In the thirtieth year of Wanli (1602), Matteo Ricci's "Complete Map of Mountains and Seas" was republished, and renamed "Kunyu Wanguo Quantu". Later, together with Matteo Ricci, he compiled "Hun Gai Tong Xian Tu Shuo" and "Tongwen Calculation Fingers". In the first year of the Apocalypse (1621), Liaoshen fell, and the imperial court defense needed to make artillery. In the second year of Chongzhen (1629), the imperial court opened a calendar bureau, and Xu Guangqi was the same superintendent, and used Western missionaries Long Huamin, Tang Ruowang and others to translate the almanac and revise the calendar. He died in Beijing. He has translated and published 52 volumes of the First Letter of Heavenly Learning, which are included in the Catholic literature of the late Ming Dynasty, which are divided into Catholic doctrine and Western scientific and technological works.
Li Zhizao
Rowenza
Luo Wenzao (1616-1691) was the first Chinese bishop of the Catholic Church. The word Ruding. In the sixth year of Ming Chongzhen (1633), he was baptized by the Italian priest of the Franciscan order, Father Liandang. In the twelfth year of the Kangxi reign (1674), Pope Clement X nominated Luo Wenzao as bishop, and received the letter of appointment three years later. In order to avoid a conflict with the Portuguese patron right, he immediately sent a letter to the Holy See to humble himself. In the twenty-fourth year of the Kangxi reign (1685), he was consecrated by the Italian bishop Yi Daren in Guangzhou, becoming the first Chinese bishop. In the twenty-seventh year of Kangxi (1688), he consecrated three Chinese priests, Wan Qiyuan, Wu Yushan, and Liu Yunde. He died in Nanjing in 1691.
Bishop Rowenzao
Lu Zhengxiang
Lu Zhengxiang (1871-1949) was a diplomat and Catholic in the late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China. The word Zixin, also known as Zixing, is the only master. In the eighteenth year of Guangxu (1892), he graduated from Tongwenguan and was assigned by Prime Minister Yamen to accompany Xu Jingcheng as an interpreter to Russia, Germany, and Austria. Later, he gradually rose to the position of translator, secretary, and temporarily served as chargé d'affaires in the absence of the minister. In the spring of the 22nd year of Guangxu (1896), when Li Hongzhang was sent to Russia, Lu Zhengxiang served as secretary, participated in the Sino-Russian conference, and signed the secret treaty. In the twenty-fifth year of Guangxu (1899), he attended the First Hague Conference with Yang Ru. After the Xinhai Revolution, he and his envoys abroad responded by telegram to persuade the Qing Emperor to abdicate. He was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China, and then returned to China to take up his post, succeeding Tang Shaoyi as Prime Minister. He was ordered to sign the 21 Japanese Requirements. In 1919, he led the Chinese delegation to the Paris Peace Conference. In 1927, he entered the Abbey of St. Andrés in Brugé, Belgium, where he studied Latin and theology. He was ordained a priest in 1935. In his later years, he published "Confucius and the Way of Christ".
Lu Zhengxiang