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The game of power in the course of the revolution
The course of revolution is often closely linked to the struggle for power. In China's revolutionary history, the struggle between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party has always been in a fierce stage. And this struggle is not limited to the frontal battlefield, the struggle of the underground intelligence system is also in full swing. Within the Kuomintang's underground intelligence system, there were two well-known secret agencies, namely the Central Unification and the Military Unification. Although both institutions were losers in the Kuomintang-Communist War, they had an important position within the Kuomintang. So, did the Central Government or the Military Command hold more power?
Chiang Kai-shek's political ambitions began in 1927, when he gathered the Kuomintang right-wing bloc and openly betrayed the national revolutionary movement and staged a counter-revolutionary coup. This event led to nationwide white terror, and many progressives and revolutionaries were captured and brutally suppressed, leading to the defeat of the Revolution. Chiang Kai-shek then went to Japan to seek outside support and intensify his quest for absolute power.
In early 1928, Chiang Kai-shek established the Party Affairs Investigation Section within the Kuomintang's Central Organization Department to gather intelligence to combat hostile political forces, including the CCP and Wang Qi. This organization was given to Chiang Kai-shek's most trusted brothers, Chen Guofu and Chen Lifu. Chen Guofu and Chen Lifu became one of Chiang Kai-shek's most trusted people, and they always supported each other politically. The Party Affairs Investigation Section gradually developed into a national secret service organization, with the power of life and death granted by Chiang Kai-shek, which gradually expanded the power of the Chen family.
In order to curb the expansion of the Chen family's power, Chiang Kai-shek decided to set up another secret agency, the military unification. In 1931, Chiang Kai-shek organized an organization called the "Reconstruction Society", with the military as the main body, with the aim of containing the Party Affairs Investigation Section. In reality, however, Chiang Kai-shek gave it to Dai Li, who became the head of the special services.
Dai Kasa excelled in secret service work. He established the Kuomintang's first secret service organization investigation and communication group, which gained Chiang Kai-shek's trust. After the establishment of the Special Service Office, Dai Li used institutions such as the Li Xing Society to rapidly expand the network of special agents, and often performed special tasks to win Chiang Kai-shek's favor. These moves allowed the secret service and the party investigation section to create a balance of power within the Kuomintang.
In April 1937, after the Xi'an Incident, the cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party was further deepened, and the tasks of the secret services within the Kuomintang began to change. Chiang Kai-shek reorganized the secret service and merged the Party Affairs Investigation Section and Lixing Society into the Investigation and Statistics Bureau of the Kuomintang Central Executive Committee, with Chen Lifu becoming its director. At the same time, the military command was expanded as the second department, with Dai Li as the director. This marked the parallel of the Central Unification and Military Unification within the Kuomintang.
The main tasks of the Central Unification were to monitor the internal situation of the Kuomintang, suppress the party and control public opinion, while the Military Unification focused on gathering intelligence, monitoring the army, and taking action against hostile forces. The two departments have been managing the internal political struggle of the Kuomintang and the internal power struggle of the army, maintaining the balance of power.
However, for Chiang Kai-shek, the establishment of the military system was essentially to limit the expansion of the "CC system". Therefore, with the support of the army, the status of the military system is significantly higher than that of the Central Unification. This power game continued for more than a decade, and the two secret services did their best for Chiang Kai-shek's dictatorship, resorted to brutal methods, and persecuted many people. The balance of power between the Central Unification and the Military Unification formed within the Kuomintang, but in fact, the status of the military unification was more important.
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