Text/Comrade Guevara
In the long history of ancient China, there were not a few emperors who submitted to foreign regimes due to the needs of reality, but for the sake of maintaining face, there were few people who called them vassals, and the only emperors who called themselves vassals to foreign monarchs were Shi Jingyao, the ancestor of the Later Jin Dynasty, and Liu Jun, the Ruizong of the Northern Han Dynasty. Then, why are Shi Jingyao and Liu Jun so willing to be lowly? How did they end up?
Images of Ishi Keijo
Born in the Shatuo clan, Shi Jingyao was the son-in-law of Li Siyuan of the Later Tang Dynasty, and from an early age he followed Li Keyong the Prince of Jin, Li Cunxun the Prince of Later Tang, and his father-in-law Li Siyuan in the southern expedition to the north, and made great military achievements. Li Siyuan declared himself empress, and Shi Jingyao was appointed as an envoy to Hedong Jiedu because of his meritorious service and his status as a donkey. After the last emperor Li Congke ascended the throne, Shi Jingyao was rewarded for his meritorious service, and his power was even greater than before. The growing power of Shi Jingyao gradually aroused the suspicion of Li Congke, so the plan to cut the domain against the former came out of the trend.
Shi Jingyao was not willing to be deposed from the military power, coupled with the addiction of thinking about the founding emperor long ago, so he paid the price of being a vassal and ceding youyun Sixteen Prefectures in exchange for the assistance of the Khitan lord Yelü Deguang, and finally defeated the late Tang Emperor Li Congke and established the Later Jin regime in the first year of Tianfu (936). It is precisely because Shi Jingyao's position is not right, he betrays the country and seeks glory, and has left a big hidden danger for the Central Plains for hundreds of years, so later generations deeply hate this "child emperor".
Yerushalayim light
Although Shi Jingyao became emperor as he wished, his dragon chair was not comfortable, and those feudal marshals who used to sit on an equal footing with him, because they despised Shi Jingyao's practice of betraying the country and seeking glory and being willing to be lowly, they raised troops to rebel. In the six years after the establishment of the Later Jin Dynasty, there were rebellions launched by Zhang Congbin, the Inspector of Luoyang, Fan Yanguang, the Jiedu of the Tianping Army, An Chongrong of the Chengde Army, and An Congjin of the ShannanDongDao, which brought a serious impact on the legitimacy of Shi Jingyao's status.
While Shi Jingyao was busy suppressing civil unrest, the pressure from the suzerainty of the Khitan was also increasing day by day. It turned out that since Shi Jingyao occupied the Central Plains, the Khitan lord Yelü Deguang had repeatedly sent envoys to extort wealth and population from the Later Jin, and if he was slightly unhappy, he would reprimand and even scold Shi Jingyao. In the last two years of Shi Jingyao's life, the Khitan sent envoys to rebuke the Later Jin court many times because of the fact that Hedong Jiedu had made Liu Zhiyuan take in refugees from the Tuguhun tribe.
Portrait of Liu Zhiyuan
Shi Jingyao did not dare to offend the Khitan and could not order Liu Zhiyuan to return the Tuguhun refugees, so he could only "make peace" in the middle and try to solve the problem by delaying the strategy, but was reprimanded more severely by the Khitans. The situation of internal and external humiliation made Shi Jingyao exhausted, and after sitting on the dragon chair for 6 years, he finally died of grief in June of the seventh year of Tianfu (942), at the age of 51. It is ridiculous that the "Son Emperor" Shi Jingyao was obedient to the Khitan and ended up in such a situation.
Liu Jun, whose original name was Liu Chengjun,was from the Shatuo clan, and was the nephew of Liu Zhiyuan, the ancestor of the Later Han Dynasty, the cousin of The Hidden Emperor Liu Chengyou, and the second son of Liu Chong, the founding emperor of the Northern Han Dynasty. Unlike his uncle, father and brother, Liu Jun did not like to ride horses and shoot arrows since childhood, but was full of interest in reading, not only familiar with Confucian classics, but also a good calligraphy, which can be regarded as a versatile figure. After the establishment of the Northern Han Dynasty (951), Liu Jun was appointed as the Yin of Taiyuan and enjoyed the treatment of a crown prince.
Liu Jun
During Liu Chong's reign, he repeatedly waged war against Later Zhou, and Liu Jun was also ordered to attack Jinzhou and Kuizhou, but he returned without success. Shortly after the Battle of Gaoping, Liu Chong, out of shame and resentment, died soon after, and Liu Jun immediately ascended the throne as emperor in November of the first year of the Later Zhou Dynasty (954). Liu Jun declared himself empress dowager, continued to be attached to the Liao state, and called himself a son to Emperor Muzong of Liao, who was 5 years younger than him ("Chengjun sent people to worship the Khitan and called himself a man. Shu Vinaya replied with the edict, and Hu Chengjun was the son. "See "The History of the New Five Dynasties, Volume Seventy"), which is really shameless.
Liu Jun claimed to be empress dowager, and still pursued the national policy of marching into the Central Plains and restoring the Later Han. To this end, taking advantage of the Song Dynasty's Zhaoyi festival to make Li Yun rebel, Liu Jun raised an army with him to the south, but finally ended up in a disastrous defeat, in June of the first year of Jianlong (960). After the failure of this military adventure, Liu Jun completely abandoned the plan of southern invasion, and went to pay homage to the xianchen Guo Wuwei as chancellor, and the famous monk of Wutai Mountain succeeded him as Hongxuqing, implementing the policy of resting troops and raising the people and developing the economy, and after several years of hard work, he finally restored the vitality of the country.
Liao Muzong
With the gradual recovery of the northern Han dynasty's national strength, Liu Jun, whose self-confidence had swelled, began to become sluggish toward the Liao state, and did not apply or explain to the Liao state in matters such as changing the era name and executing duan Chang, the powerful minister, which caused Liao Muzong to reprimand. Although Liu Jun was dissatisfied with the bullying of Emperor Muzong of Liao, in view of the poverty of the small people in the Northern Han Dynasty and the military pressure of the Song Dynasty, he had to swallow his anger and make promises. Year after year, Liu Jun became seriously ill in depression and resentment, and eventually died in the first year of Kaibao (968) at the age of 42.
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Vernacular Zizhi Tongjian [a full set of 10 books] ¥208 to buy
Historical sources: "History of the Old Five Dynasties", "History of the New Five Dynasties", "Zizhi Tongjian"