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In this article, we will explore the foreign policy of the Liao Dynasty and its relations with neighboring countries, from the Liao Emperor Yelu Abaoji to the Liao Shengzong. The Liao Dynasty's foreign policy centered on relations with the Northern Song Dynasty, while relations with other surrounding tribes depended on their rivalries with the Northern Song Dynasty. In the early days of the state's founding, several emperors such as Emperor Taizu of Liao advocated an expansionist policy with the goal of expanding the country's territory.
Liao Taizu Abaoji formulated an active foreign expansion policy, conquering various surrounding ethnic groups, including Xi, Murwei, Turkic, Guhun, Dangxiang, Wugu, Qilie, and Zhubu, as well as the Tieli and Jurchens. These military operations almost completed the integration of the northern region, and the territory of the Liao State stretched from the sea in the east, quicksand in the west, and the desert in the north.
However, after Emperor Taizong of Liao, Yerud Deguang, succeeded to the throne, he still adhered to the policy of foreign expansion. This policy led to conflict with the Northern Song Dynasty. Zhao Kuangyin of the Northern Song Dynasty established the Song Dynasty and began to unify the Central Plains and the southern regions. With the rise of the Northern Song Dynasty, Emperor Taizong of Liao waged several wars to fight for the Sixteen Prefectures of You and Yun. The Battle of Gaoliang River became the trigger for the Liao-Song War, and initially the Song army performed well and occupied many cities, but due to army fatigue and transportation problems, the Song army failed to capture Youzhou City, which eventually led to their defeat. Emperor Taizong of Song attacked Liao again, but due to the dispersion of forces, he failed to cooperate effectively, and finally suffered a crushing defeat in the Battle of Qigou Pass, and the Liao Dynasty counterattacked, and the situation was reversed.
Although Emperor Taizong of Liao's expansionist policy was militarily successful, it also provoked strong resistance from the people of the Central Plains. The trend of unification in the Central Plains has become irreversible, and the chaotic situation of five generations and ten countries has caused the people to suffer a lot, so the unification of the Central Plains has become an inevitable trend.
With the establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty and the unification of the Central Plains, the struggle between the Liao and Song Dynasties became inevitable. The direct cause of this battle was the fight for the sixteen states of Yanyun. Although the root cause of the war was that both sides were trying to destroy each other, the defeat at the Battle of Gaoliang River showed that the Song army did not get a proper rest after a long war, while the Liao army used tactics flexibly with ease.
However, with the rule of Liao Shengzong, the Liao Dynasty's impetus for external expansion weakened, and the signing of the Unification Alliance brought about peaceful coexistence between the two sides. There were also cooperation and conflicts between the Liao Dynasty and Western Xia. Both sides tried to use each other to strengthen themselves against the Northern Song Dynasty. Due to the constraints of Liaoxia relations and Liao-Song relations, the Liao state was supported in Western Xia, which in turn benefited from foreign policy with the Liao state.
Relations with Goryeo began in the early days of the Liao state. Despite some periods of war between the two countries, the relationship between the two countries has generally been relatively friendly. The conflict between Goryeo and the Liao kingdom lasted for a shorter time, while the friendship lasted longer. Eventually, a relationship of mutual respect was established between the two countries.
In general, the foreign policy of the Liao dynasty had an important impact on relations between neighboring countries. The Liao Dynasty's rivalry with the Northern Song Dynasty, cooperation with Western Xia, and friendly exchanges with Goryeo were all complicated factors in the historical context of the time. The historical events of this period shaped the political landscape of northern China and laid the foundation for later development.
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