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Oil has been called the "blood of industry" after the Second Industrial Revolution, with the large-scale use of the internal combustion engine. Humans began to extract oil on a large scale. Early human exploration techniques were not very mature, and only oil mining was carried out in shallow layers of the earth.
But as technology continues to improve and the demand for oil grows. Oil drilling began to dig deeper and deeper. At this time, people also look into the vast ocean. The oceans cover 71% of the Earth's area and nature has abundant resources waiting to be discovered.
In order to exploit these resources, drilling ships were used, but the danger of the sea is much greater than that of land, and drilling ships will sink to the bottom of the sea if they are not careful, and after the founding of New China, there was a serious drilling ship capsizing accident - Bohai II incident.
Today we will take you into a shipwreck accident that broke out in 1979 on the mainland and listen to the so-called "cry of the sea".
Offshore oil extraction
Oil is one of the most important resources in the world today and plays an indispensable role in all aspects of social construction. Oil is mainly formed from ancient animal carcasses in special geological environments. Due to its strict requirements and extremely long cycles, it is generally considered a non-renewable resource.
Oil exists in many forms, of which natural gas and shale oil are oil, but what we generally say by "oil" refers to crude oil.
Major oil-producing countries can often gain huge fortunes. For example, the well-known Gulf countries got rich because of oil.
Often, the impression of oil exploration is that drilling is on land. For example, there is the famous Daqing oilfield on the mainland, which made great contributions to the construction of the early days of the founding of New China.
In fact, not only land contains a large amount of oil resources, but also rich oil resources in the ocean, which accounts for 70% of the earth's surface.
The Earth's environment has been changing for thousands of years. The ocean is like a huge treasure trove. While people are in awe of it, they also want to use the various resources in it to develop society.
Therefore, with the advancement of science and technology, people have mastered the methods of exploiting offshore oil resources and actively developed them to make up for the lack of energy.
The same is true of the continent. Although the mainland has certain oil reserves, it is not particularly rich compared with those countries with abundant oil resources that can be exported for a long time. In addition, we are large and in demand. In order to be unconstrained in terms of energy, exploration for new oil reserves is underway.
China has a long coastline and vast territorial waters. With the unremitting efforts of oil workers, we discovered oil reserves in the Bohai Sea. The Bohai Sea is an inland sea of the mainland, which is relatively limited in depth and easy to develop. As a result, people began to exploit the seabed oil in this area.
The origin of "Bohai II"
But the problem for the Chinese people was that we did not have the ability to build offshore drilling platforms ourselves. At the beginning of the founding of New China, the exploration and exploitation of onshore oil on the mainland still required people's continuous efforts, not to mention offshore oil exploration.
We need a mature offshore rig to operate, and independent research and development obviously takes more time, and there is no technology developed by other countries to learn from.
So our country finally decided to buy some platforms that have already been produced abroad as equipment that can be put into service immediately. After many references, the mainland finally decided to purchase Japanese offshore platforms.
Japan is a shipbuilding powerhouse and the world's leader in offshore oil exploration, closer to the mainland than other countries.
Therefore, after research, comprehensive consideration of the mainland's technical and economic level, finally chose Japan's second-hand offshore drilling platform - "Fuji".
The offshore platform has been in service in Japan for five years without significant problems. So the mainland bought it in 1973 and renamed it "Bohai II" because it was mainly used for oil exploration operations in the Bohai Sea on the mainland.
A sudden tragedy
The first thing to know is that although this offshore drilling platform looks similar to an ordinary ship, it does not need to move during the operation without a power system. If there is a need to move in the back, then a tug is needed for towing. This characteristic of the "Bohai II" is precisely the indicator of the eventual occurrence of the tragedy.
Of course, in the first six years of use of the "Bohai II", no abnormalities were found. This offshore platform dutifully fulfilled its task, drilling wells at sea and contributing to the mainland's offshore oil exploration with its own strength.
November 24, 1979, was a seemingly ordinary day. At about 8:00 p.m., the "Bohai II" was led by a tugboat, but the seemingly calm sea gradually became violent and turbulent. Although the Bohai Sea is a relatively calm inland sea, this storm exceeded people's expectations.
Under winds of up to 11 degrees, the "Bohai II" began to be gradually destroyed, first the equipment on the deck, then the mud pump began to short-circuit due to the entry into the seawater, and finally part of the cover ventilator was completely destroyed by the wind and waves. At this time, the crew of the "Bohai II" realized that the situation was out of control.
The captain of the "Bohai II" quickly began to organize rescue after discovering the problem, but dozens of crew members were still unable to prevent the "Bohai II" crash. After several hours of hard work, the Bohai II rescue failed.
Therefore, "Bohai 2" began to ask the tugboat "Binhai 282" to turn around, hoping that the other party could get out of the huge storm and save the ship in danger.
However, even a well-powered tug could not complete the turn in such a strong wave. In the end, the Bohai II sank to the bottom of the sea, and only two people on board survived.
The Bohai 2 cabin carried a total of 74 people, two of whom were rescued and a total of 72 killed, an extremely rare accident in the entire history of China's maritime work.
Natural or man-made disasters?
The "Bohai No. 2" tragedy shocked the whole country, and people hoped to find the truth of the sinking. According to the preliminary investigation results, the accident is mainly a natural disaster and is completely force majeure.
After this incident, these sacrificial sailors were posthumously awarded martyrs, and the matter passed.
However, some experts have put forward different views on this: in fact, in addition to the really poor natural conditions at that time, it was also a "man-made disaster". If we had saved it from the previous phenomenon, the accident would not have been so tragic.
With the insistence of experts who hold this view, we finally re-investigated the sinking of the Bohai II and finally made new discoveries.
At that time, we salvaged the wreckage of the "Bohai II" from the Zihai Sea and conducted a careful investigation and analysis. We found that there were certain problems with the design of this rig itself, which was the source of the tragedy.
Coupled with the lack of timely emergency measures at that time, the combination of various factors finally caused such a major accident. These lessons deserve to be heeded in every future offshore drilling operation. So, what exactly was the "human disaster" that caused the final sinking of the Bohai II?
The causes of the tragedy
The first thing to say is the design of the offshore rig itself. The ventilator accident caused a large amount of water to accumulate in the cabin, causing the platform to sink. After investigating the wreckage of the ship, it was found that the base height of the ventilator should be higher, and a sealing device should be attached, otherwise such a design will pour out a large amount of seawater and waves in the face of high winds, which will cause a short circuit in the mud pump circuit and cannot discharge stagnant water.
In fact, in the face of such a possibility, a special compartment should be designed to protect the mud pump, but all this does not exist on the "Bohai II" offshore drilling platform.
The design of the rig was a problem in itself, and there were some details that were easily overlooked in the team's use of the platform.
For example, maintenance problems will inevitably occur during the use of machinery, and the "Bohai" has some negligence in the maintenance process. However, these screws are not the same as the original model.
"An unqualified drilling ship capsized in Bohai Bay." The relevant authorities reached their conclusions through simulation tests. It is irrefutable that an important cause of this accident was a fatal defect in this imported drilling platform. The ship had an accident during its use in Japan, which was deliberately concealed by the seller.
One of the most intuitive major hidden dangers is that the entire bottom compartment does not even have a water wall, so that the two ventilation tube covers are lifted, and the entire bottom compartment immediately becomes a water tank.
The sinking of "Bohai 2" is indeed a safety accident, subjectively speaking, due to the initial establishment of the offshore oil team at that time, low technical quality, insufficient experience, lack of response ability in critical situations, coupled with poor management, poor preparation, the submersible pump that fell on the caisson before towing was not fished out, and the drilling tools on the ship were not unloaded according to regulations, etc., are all important factors affecting the safety of ships.
In addition, there is no cold protection life jacket, the crew wears cotton uniforms, which will soon freeze after being soaked in water, and many employees of the "Bohai 2" who fell into the water were frozen alive.
Finally, after the accident, no one thought of abandoning the ship to escape, they were all trying to protect their property. In a sea distress accident like this, the common practice abroad is to abandon the ship, and when the risk is ineffective, the captain can order the abandonment of the ship to save the life of the crew, after all, life is the most important.
brief summary
Economic development is very important for a country, but the premise of economic development should be the safety of the people, and any production that affects the safety of life should not exist, which is also one of the warnings of the Bohai 2 shipwreck.
Since then, Continental has begun the research and development of independent drilling technology, and today, Continent's offshore drilling technology level has reached the world-class, and the staff involved in production have firmly engraved safety awareness in their hearts.
As ordinary people, we can only hope that the sad roar of the sea caused by the Bohai No. 2 shipwreck will not resound in any sea area on the mainland again. It is believed that those souls who have sunk to the bottom of the sea will not be forgotten, but will always be remembered by generations, warning us to attach importance to development and construction safety, establish a people-oriented concept, build our country better, and make work more secure and life happier.
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