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Muhammad, the founder of Islam, had a profound impact on world history, shaping the cultural, social and political landscape of the entire Islamic world.
Muhammad was born in 570 AD in Mecca on the Arabian Peninsula, which was then an important commercial and religious center. He was born into a Hashemite family, which, although highly renowned in Mecca, was not the wealthiest. Muhammad's father, Abdullah, died shortly after his birth, leaving him orphaned. His mother, Amin, also died when he was very young, and the fate of this orphan played an important role in Muhammad's upbringing, and his grandfather Abdul Mutalib and uncle Abu Talib became his guardians and raised him. This early experience may have tempered Muhammad's tenacity and compassion.
Muhammad's early life also included business experience, and he was considered an "honest and trustworthy businessman" who was involved in business activities, which laid the foundation for his later religious leadership skills.
Muhammad's marriage was also a key aspect of his life. At the age of 25, he married the widow of Khatija, a wealthy businessman, named Khatija. The marriage not only provided him with financial support but also provided him with a strong supporter, as Khatija later became one of his earliest believers.
In addition, Muhammad showed concern for religious and social inequality in his youth, and he often traveled alone to Mount Hala, a mountainous area not far from Mecca, for reflection and contemplation, an experience of religious exploration that may have played a key role in his later religious mission.
The core belief in Islam is monotheism, that is, the belief in the existence of only one true God (Allah), and Muhammad emphasized the absolute oneness of God, calling it "Alahu Akbar", which means "Allah supreme", a concept that contrasted with the polytheistic beliefs of the Arabian Peninsula at the time, emphasizing the worship of a single god in Islam.
Closely related to monotheism is the prophetic role of Muhammad, who declared himself the last prophet of God and whose mission was to convey God's revelation to mankind. This concept is reflected in the Qur'an, the main text of Islam, which contains the Word of God conveyed by Muhammad, and the Quran is regarded as the most important Bible for Muslims, which contains guidance on faith, morality, law, and doctrine.
The teachings of Islam are also an important part of religious thought, and it consists of five pillars, namely confession of faith, prayer, Ramadan, zaka and hajj, which constitute the religious obligation of Islamists and guide their daily life and faith practice. The Qur'an is the most important text in Islam and is considered the complete and unchanging expression of God's revelation, and Muhammad declared the Qur'an his mission to convey God's Word to his followers through a series of revelations.
The content of the Qur'an covers a wide range of topics, including the characteristics of God, moral principles, legal provisions, historical stories, and future judgments, its core message is monotheism and individual responsibility, and the emphasis in the Qur'an that each person's soul will be judged in the afterlife and that their actions will determine their destiny, has had a profound impact on Islamic ethics and morality.
The Qur'an also contains information about Muhammad's life and mission, calling him a "sealed prophet" and affirming his status as the last prophet of Islam, a concept that had an important impact on Muslim reverence and belief in Muhammad.
The ethical and moral principles of Islam are an important part of Muhammad's religious thought, and he highlighted a series of moral codes to guide the behavior and lifestyle of Muslims. Muhammad encouraged generosity and charity, especially for those in need, and believed that wealth should be used to assist the poor and weak, a principle embodied in Islamic charity. Moral purity and honesty are also key aspects of Islamic ethics, and Muhammad emphasized the importance of honesty, honesty and integrity, qualities that are considered the cornerstones of Muslim life. Another important ethical principle is respect and etiquette, and Muhammad taught Muslims to respect others and follow etiquette, including respect and humility shown in social interactions.
Muhammad's missionary activities in Medina began in 610 AD when he began to receive revelations from God, at first, he shared these revelations only with close family members and friends, but over time he began to openly proclaim the teachings of Islam, a period in which missionary activity focused on the spread of the Koran, emphasizing monotheism, morality, and individual responsibility.
Muhammad's mission in Medina met with some resistance and hostile reaction, especially from polytheistic leaders from Mecca, however, he also attracted a loyal following, including his wife Khatija and close friend Abu Bakir, early followers known as Muslims, meaning "obedient" because they submitted to God's will.
Muhammad's missionary activities gradually became successful, leading to the spread of Islam in the city, and some residents of Medina began to accept the teachings of Islam and joined Muhammad's followers, a process that led to the formation of Islamic communities, and Muhammad became the religious and political leader of Medina. The Muslim community in Medina has suffered hostility, including economic and social pressure, from polytheistic leaders in Mecca, however, Muhammad's leadership and community unity have enabled them to meet these challenges, and Muhammad has also signed a number of agreements with other tribes to ensure the security and stability of the Islamic community.
Muhammad's missionary activities continued for about a decade, during which the number of followers of Islam gradually increased, however, the polytheistic leaders of Mecca remained hostile to them, leading to a series of conflicts and frictions that eventually escalated to the expulsion of the Muslim community from the city. This period, known as "Sheila", marked the migration of Muhammad and his followers to Medina, an event of great significance in Islamic history as it not only marked the early development of Islam but also established Medina's status as the holy city of Islam.
After Sheilah, Muhammad established an independent Islamic society and regime in Medina. As Muhammad's missionary work and the Islamic community grew, Islam began to expand in the Arabian Peninsula, and Muhammad's mission was not only a matter for Medina, he encouraged Muslims to spread the teachings of Islam elsewhere. Muhammad sent Islamic emissaries to different tribes and countries to convey the core teachings of Islam, and these messengers were asked to invite people to accept Islam and propagate monotheism, morality and Islamic teachings, and this mission was successful, and people in many tribes and regions began to convert to Islam and became followers of Muhammad.
In the field of literature, the Qur'an is considered the soul and highest artistic achievement of Islamic culture, and it has had a profound impact not only on Arabic literature as a religious scripture, contributing to the prosperity of Arabic literature. Muslim scholars began to write a variety of literary works in Arabic, including poetry, historical records, and philosophical works, which had a profound influence on later literary traditions, and Islamic art was also influenced by the teachings and encouragement of Muhammad. Muslim artists featured geometric patterns, Arabic letters, and decorative designs, elements often found in architecture, paintings, and handicrafts, and the hallmark feature of Islamic architecture was the mosque, which was not only structurally impressive but also decorated to embody the unique style of Islamic art.
Muhammad's religious ideas also contributed to the development of science and philosophy, Islamic civilization achieved remarkable achievements in the medieval period, especially in mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and chemistry, and Muslim scholars provided the basis for scientific and philosophical progress by translating ancient Greek and Indian texts.
Muhammad's leadership and religious ideas had a profound impact on the establishment and organization of Islamic societies, which have unique characteristics at the religious, political and social levels. In terms of religion, Islamic society is centered on Islam, Muhammad's teachings are seen as the basis of law and morality, and the daily life of Islamic society is guided by Islamic law (sharia law), a legal system that covers religious, family, economic and social affairs.
Politically, Muhammad was considered a combination of secular and religious authority, not only the spiritual leader of Islam, but also the political leader of Medina, leading a city-state of Muslims, a political model that became the basis of later Islamic empires such as the Arab, Ottoman, and Mughal empires.
On the social front, Islamic societies emphasize social justice and charity, Muslims are encouraged to give generously, especially to those in need, and Muhammad's teachings emphasize the narrowing of the gap between rich and poor and social justice. The legal and political system of Islamic society was developed under the teachings of Muhammad, a legal system based on the Qur'an and Hades (records of Muhammad's traditional teachings and actions), which covered all aspects of religious, moral and social life.
Muhammad's religious thought and leadership had a profound impact on the cultural, social and political spheres, his religious mission led to the formation of Islamic culture, promoted the development of literature, art, science and philosophy, and shaped the character of Islamic society, including religious centers, political systems, and social values.
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