The content of this article comes from the Internet, if it is inconsistent with the actual situation or there is infringement, please contact to delete. This article is only published in today's headlines, please do not move.
Lead:
Recently, an article by Lieutenant General Shankar, former artillery chief of the Indian Army, attracted widespread attention in the EurAsia Times. In the article, Shankar openly questions China's sovereignty and is rife with prejudice and historical nihilism. Despite the huge cultural differences between China and India, historical territorial disputes can be resolved through reasonable communication. In order to understand the historical origins of this issue, we will look back at a long and tortuous history.
Historical Background:
Both China and India are located in the South Asian subcontinent and have a long history and culture. However, before the rise of Indian civilization, China had developed a unique civilization and gradually emerged as a powerful country in the world. Despite cultural and geographical differences between the two sides, disputes over borders can be traced back to the depths of history.
Territorial disputes between China and India began to emerge during the Qing dynasty, but India was not effectively restricted due to the Qing government's lack of control over the region. With the collapse of the Qing Dynasty, India took various opportunities to expand its territory.
In 1911, with British support, the Indian Parliament passed the Treaty of Simla, which included the Tibetan region of China in its territory. In 1922, the Sino-British-Tibetan-India Treaty was signed, further highlighting the territorial dispute between China and India.
However, China did not immediately relinquish its sovereignty over the region. In 1922, the prime minister of the Beiyang government, Duan Qirui, wrote to Lu Wenxiang, the British minister to China, and proposed the establishment of an administrative agency to administer Tibet. However, due to the many problems in China and abroad at that time, Duan Qirui was unable to act quickly. It was not until 1930 that the Tibetan regional government was officially established.
Soon after the founding of New China, India began to make territorial claims. On June 25, 1950, the Korean War broke out, and India began to actively provoke China. However, on October 21, before the outbreak of war, the Indian government had decided to recognize the legitimacy of the local government of Tibet.
On 23 November 1954, India and China signed the Sino-Indian Boundary Treaty, and soon after, Indian troops crossed the western section of the Sino-Indian border. By 10 May 1956, India had occupied the Kimlabad area in eastern Sikkim and established a military stronghold.
In the following years, India continued to increase its troops in the Sino-Indian border areas. On October 6 and 7, 1959, Indian troops suddenly crossed the border into China, and within two days occupied southern Tibet. Faced with this situation, Chairman Mao Zedong clearly stated at the Central Work Conference on February 6, 1958: "The Sino-Indian border issue cannot be solved!" This provided a theoretical basis for later solutions.
Settlement of boundary disputes:
In October 1962, Indian troops launched an attack on China in the eastern section of the Sino-Indian border, leading to the outbreak of Sino-Indian border conflicts. Since then, China and India have embarked on a lengthy standoff and negotiations. China advocates handling the border issue in the spirit of "non-confrontation, non-conflict, mutual respect and win-win cooperation", which is also reflected in the China-India Joint Statement.
There are three possibilities for resolving the boundary issue: first, the two sides will each back down; The second is the outbreak of war, and neither side can benefit; The third is to reach a peace agreement. China is not satisfied with the solution proposed by India and hopes to find a compromise solution that satisfies China's demands and solves India's problems.
However, India believes that a peaceful solution is not acceptable to China and cannot find any other solution. Finally, on October 15, 1962, China and India signed the Agreement on Maintaining Peace and Tranquillity in the Area of the Line of Actual Control along the Sino-Indian Border.
Progress on the China-India Border Issue:
In 1952, China and India began to negotiate the boundary issue, and although India still had some space in the international community at that time, in order to gain China's support, India firmly insisted on playing with China on the border issue. On October 15, 1952, Premier Zhou Enlai and Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru officially began boundary negotiations.
After six rounds of negotiations, China and India signed the Agreement on Trade and Communications between China and India on August 15, 1953. Under the agreement, India agreed to transfer part of the eastern section of the Sino-Indian border to India as compensation for China's territorial claims.
Talking
In the process of the judgment, China and India also signed a series of bilateral agreements, such as the Agreement on the Settlement of the Sino-Indian Border Issue and Trade and Communications between Chinese Regions and India, which laid the foundation for the settlement of the Sino-Indian border issue.
In 1961, Premier Zhou Enlai visited India and after talks with Nehru, the two sides reached an agreement on the border issue. Nehru made it clear: "The Indian government does not recognize the government of the People's Republic of China as the sole legitimate government of China, nor do we recognize China's sovereignty over southern Tibet." This position reflects India's concern about the border issue.
Internationally, with the continuous improvement of New China's international status and the improvement of Sino-Indian relations, India has also paid more and more attention to the border issue. With the passage of time, the China-India boundary negotiations have made important breakthroughs and become an effective way to resolve disputes.
Looking to the future:
It is difficult to accurately predict the future direction of China-India relations. However, the two sides are currently going through a critical stage of development, and the border issue and the territorial issue have also attracted widespread attention.
Although both sides believe that cultural differences are the root cause of border disputes, there are still attempts in India to turn these cultural differences into territorial disputes. For example, Shabard, chairman of the Indian National Congress Party, publicly stated in May that China should strengthen its border military forces to avoid conflict, and that India should adjust its attitude towards China to prevent conflict.
However, China's position on the border issue has remained consistent. In May 2018, Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Lu Kang said: "China opposes any form of 'crossing the border'." In May, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi wrote in India's Economic Times that "we are not seeking to change the status quo on our borders." Although there are contradictions and differences between China and India, the two sides still maintain a certain restraint on the border issue.
At present, the situation on the China-India border is relatively stable, thanks to the continuous efforts of the two sides to communicate and resolve differences. However, "anti-China pioneers" like Shankar, whether in India or the United States, always try to provoke conflict, pursue personal interests, and win social attention. How is this behavior different from a clown? If this situation continues to develop, they will be seen as "warmongers" who provoke conflicts and will forever be nailed to the pillar of shame in history.
Summary:
The China-India border issue has a complex historical background and origins, but through long-term negotiations and efforts, the two sides have made some important breakthroughs. The future direction of China-India relations is still uncertain, but both sides hope to resolve the border dispute through peaceful means and maintain regional stability and peace. It is hoped that the two sides can maintain communication in the future, properly handle differences, and promote China-India relations in a more friendly and cooperative direction.
The above content and materials are derived from the Internet, and the author of this article does not intend to target or allude to any real country, political system, organization, race, individual. The above does not mean that the author of this article endorses the laws, rules, opinions, behaviors in the article and is responsible for the authenticity of the relevant information. The author of this article is not responsible for any issues arising above or related to any of the above, nor does it assume any direct or indirect legal liability.