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King Huiwen of Qin (356 BC – 311 BC), also known as King Hui of Qin, son of Duke Xiao of Qin, was the monarch of the State of Qin during the Warring States period. Empress Dowager Ying ascended the throne in the nineteenth year, and at the suggestion of Duke Xiao of Qin, he killed Shang Martin with many grievances in the clan chamber. In the subsequent reign, King Huiwen of Qin swept the Yiqu canal in the north, the Western Pingba Shu, the east out of the Han Valley, and the south shangyu, laying a solid foundation for qin to unify China.
Regarding the fact that King Huiwen of Qin killed the hero Shang Martin after he succeeded to the throne, there are many theories in history. One theory is that Qin Xiaogong instructed him; the other is that Yingsi formed a vendetta with Shangmartin when he was crown prince, and after succeeding to the throne, he was worried about Shangmartin's influence and prestige and killed him. Judging from the life deeds of King Qin Huiwen, he was a man of great talent and lofty ambitions, and he certainly would not kill the heroes just because of his own grudges.
The murder of Shang Martin was very widely implicated, and if he was not careful, he would bear the insult of killing meritorious heroes, which would not only be detrimental to the stability of the Qin State but would also cause certain obstacles to recruiting talents in the future. King Huiwen of Qin would not have thought of these things, but he still decided to kill Shang Martin, and there must be a reason why he had to kill. When King Huiwen of Qin succeeded to the throne, the State of Qin basically established a relatively complete legal system through the Shang Martingale Transformation Law, and its development was gradually on the right track. However, Shang Martin's forceful implementation of reforms also made everyone in the Qin State endanger themselves, and it was urgent to calm the people's minds.
In addition, in order to smoothly implement the change of law, Qin Xiaogong gave Shang Martin great power, and Shang Martin actually became the formulator and defender of the legal system, and this dual identity was in conflict with the imperial status of King Huiwen of Qin. King Huiwen of Qin's succession to the throne was unstable, and he needed to draw a group of nobles to become his loyal supporters. Since the Shang martingale transformation law touched the interests of the old nobles of the Qin state, the old nobles hated the Shang martingale to the bone, and the decision of King Huiwen of Qin to execute the Shang martingale was bound to gain their support.
For King Huiwen of Qin himself, Shang Martin had inflicted ink punishment on his teacher, and after Yingsi succeeded to the throne, he was bound to give an account to his teacher. Speaking of this, we have to start from the time when Eun Seol was the prince. At that time, Shang Martin had just implemented a new law in the Qin State, and as the crown prince, Yingsi accidentally violated the prohibition. In order to ensure the smooth progress of the new law, Shang Martin said bluntly: "The failure of the decree lies in the interference of the palace nobles." If the monarch really wants to implement the rule of law, he must first start with the prince. The prince could not be punished by ink, so he punished his master with ink punishment. Qin Xiaogong agreed to Shang Martin's suggestion, and Taifu was punished with ink for it.
For a variety of reasons, Shang Martin was sure that he could no longer stay in the Qin Kingdom. In the chaotic world, a talent like Shang Martin can stir up trouble in any country, and King Huiwen of Qin will certainly not leave the talent to other countries, but can only execute him. At this time, Gongzi Qian and a group of other people fabricated rumors that Shang Martin rebelled, which provided a high-sounding reason for King Huiwen of Qin to execute Shang Martin. As a result, King Huiwen of Qin did not investigate deeply before convicting Shang Martin of rebellion, split his car and died, and exterminated his family.
After completing the consolidation of the domestic royal power, He began to attack Wei from the east. In 330 BC, the State of Qin sent Gongsun Yan of Daliang to lead an army to attack the State of Wei, breaking the Wei army in Diaoyin, and the State of Wei could only cede the land of Hexi to the State of Qin. In 329 BC, the Qin army continued to attack Wei, taking Fenyang Pishi and Jiaoquwo and other places in Hedong. Then, the Qin army took advantage of the victory to attack Wei and took Puyang in the State of Wei. Under several powerful offensives by the Qin army, the State of Wei was forced to cede 15 counties of Shangjun to Qin. From then on, the State of Qin not only annexed all the territory west of the Yellow River of the State of Wei, but also established an eastward forward position on the east bank of the Yellow River.
After the Qin state achieved a major victory in the attack on the State of Wei, its national strength was further improved. Therefore, in 325 BC, Yingsi imitated the practice of the Six Kingdoms of Shandong and declared himself king, and changed the chronology to the first year. The five kingdoms of Wei, Zhao, Han, Yan, and Chu saw that the qin state's power was advancing by leaps and bounds, and there was a great momentum of expansion, so in order to ensure the safety of their own country, they formed a coalition army to jointly attack Qin. King Huiwen of Qin sent shu Changli to lead an army to meet the battle, breaking the Wei, Zhao, and Han armies Yu Xiuyu, beheading 80,000 people, and temporarily resisting the attack of the Eastern Coalition Army.
At this moment, Yiqu, located in the west of the Qin state, took advantage of the void and sent troops to raid the Qin army. Under the attack between east and west, King Huiwen of Qin knew that he was overwhelmed, so he listened to the opinions of the ministers and changed his strategy in time. In 316 BC, he attacked Shu with Sima Zuo's strategy, broke the Shu army at Yemeng Pass, and destroyed Shu. For the Five Kingdoms Alliance in the East, King Huiwen of Qin gave up the idea of a hard attack and used the divisive strategy to break through one by one.
In 313 BC, King Huiwen of Qin sent Zhang Yi from Qin to Chu, and the yin rebelled, tempting the Chu state to become extinct. Then he designed to provoke the King of Chu Huai, induce the State of Chu to venture out to attack Qin, so that the Qin army defeated the Chu army at Danyang and obtained the Chu land of Hanzhong, thus relieving the Threat of the State of Chu to the Qin state and Bashu. In this way, the Guanzhong, Hanzhong, and Bashu of the Qin State were connected, and the Qin State formed a condescending oppression situation against the Six Kingdoms.
After solving the threat of the five eastern kingdoms, King Huiwen of Qin began to deal with the matter of Yiqu. Yiqu was a branch of the Xiongnu and was the most powerful minority regime in the northwest of the Qin state at that time. Yiqu relied on the unique mobility of cavalry to plunder the borders of the Qin State, and even invaded the Luo River Valley of the Qin State. For the time bomb of Yiqu, Qin Guo had long wanted to get rid of it quickly, but there were constant disputes at home and abroad, and it could only be shelved repeatedly. After King Huiwen of Qin succeeded to the throne, he had been paying attention to the movements of Yiqu, and in the seventh year of his succession, civil unrest broke out in Yiqu, and King Huiwen of Qin sent Shu Changcao to quell Yiqu when he was killing him, which greatly weakened the strength of Yiqu. In the eleventh year of King Hui of Qin, the State of Qin set up a county in Yiqu, and Yiqu was declared a vassal. In the tenth year of the reign of King Huiwen of Qin, Qin took the twenty-five cities of Yiqu, thus enabling the Qin state to occupy a large area of excellent pasture in the northwest region.
The great talent of King Huiwen of Qin laid a solid foundation for Qin to unify the Six Kingdoms.