The Book of Han Geography is the earliest work in China with the title of "geography" and is a masterpiece of ancient historical geography. The counties and landscapes listed in the Hejaz are not only in line with today's political regions and physical geography, but also have a distinct imprint of ancient Chinese civilization, and contain rich historical and humanistic information. In-depth reading of the Book of Han and Geography is of great value to our understanding of ancient history and the law of social evolution. This article will provide a detailed analysis of the "East Lai County" section of the book:
1. The original text of the Hanshu Geographical Record
Donglai County, Gao Di Zhi. It belongs to Qingzhou. The household is 103,292, and the mouth is 502,693. County XVII:
Lock, reckless. Shy, there is a mountain temple. Living up the mountain, the sound of the ocean and the water comes out. Northeast into the sea. Pingdu, reckless Lilu. Huang, there is Laishan pine forest Laijun Temple. Reckless. Linqu, there is a seawater temple. Reckless. Qucheng, there is a temple of the mountains and thousands of li. Yangqiu Mountain, where the water is treated, goes south to Yi into the sea. There is a salt officer. Mu Ping, reckless and hopeful. Dongmu, there are iron officials and salt officials. Reckless Hongde. Oh, there are hundreds of Lai King Shrine. There is a salt officer. Brood plow. Changyang, there is a salt official. Mang Yu Shu Jing Pavilion. Never sleeps, there is a mountain shrine. It's a night. Dangli, there is a salt officer. Mang Yue East Lai Ting. Lu Township. Yang Le, Hou Guo. Reckless. Yangshi, reckless and fateful. Xuxiang.
Wang Yuansun wrote the School Book of Hanshu Geography (photocopy): "Donglai County"
II. Overview of East Rae County
The word "Donglai" was first found in the "Chinese Qi language": "The fishing salt of the Tongqi country is in Donglai"; Wei Zhao's note: "Qi Dong Lai Yi Ye". Because it is in the east of the Qi state, it is called Donglai.
However, the land of Donglai County originally belonged to "Yiyi" in ancient times. "Shangshu Yugong": "Haidai only Qingzhou." Wei Yi is not enough, Wei and Zi are in the way. ...... Lai Yi as a pastor. Silk. It can be seen that Wei Yi was originally active in the eastern part of the Shandong Peninsula, but was attacked by the Xia Dynasty and retreated to the Jiaodong region. Laiyi then moved into the "Qingzhou", that is, the Weishui and Zishui basins. ("Lai" is originally "to come", which is a hieroglyph for wheat.) The Lai people were the first tribe to grow wheat, and their ancestral land "Maiqiu" was in present-day Shanghe County, Shandong Province. ）
At the beginning of the Western Zhou Dynasty, Feng Taigong looked to Yingqiu and established the state of Qi. At this time, Lai Yi was still active in the Wei and Zi river basins. "Shiji Qi Shijia": "Laihou came to fight with him for camp hills." "The land view of Qiduyingqiu has always been said to be Linzi and Changle, the former is on the edge of the Weizi River Valley, and the latter is in the heart. The original fiefdom of the Qi state may have been in Changle, but later it was forced to retreat west to the area around Linzi to build a capital under the fierce struggle of the Lai state. Later, with the development and growth of the Qi state, the power of the Lai state gradually declined.
In the Spring and Autumn Period, the Duke of Qi Ling destroyed Lai and moved the monarchs of Lai to "Chen" (in Tengzhou City, Shandong Province, the name of Qianlai Village, Houlai Village and Donglai Village is still known as Guanqiao Town in the city). However, the Lai people, who were unwilling to submit, moved east into the Jiaodong Peninsula, and later may re-establish their former state, the "Eastern Lai Kingdom" or "Zheguo", whose capital may be Guguicheng in present-day Longkou City. The migration of the Lai people squeezed the indigenous people to the area of Rushan, Wendeng, and Rongcheng at the southeastern tip of the peninsula (or crossed the sea to Korea and other places), while the central and western parts of the peninsula appeared the names of the Lai River, Laishan, Zhilai Mountain, and Fulai Mountain.
According to the "Spring and Autumn of Yanzi", during the reign of the Duke of Qi Jing, the territory of the Qi state was bounded by "Guyou" (present-day Dagu River and Xiaogu River) in the east. Qi Jinggong "Fa Zhao (Lai), Shengzhi." This remnant Donglai state was also gradually annexed by the Qi state.
After Qin Shi Huang destroyed Qi, he set up Jiaodong County in the eastern part of the Qi state. At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, it belonged to Liu Fei's Qi state, and later it was transferred to the Han court. In the sixteenth year of Emperor Wen (164 BC), he established the Kingdom of Jiaodong and made Liu Xiongqu, the son of Liu Fei, the king of Jiaodong. After the Rebellion of the Seven Kingdoms, King Jiaodong was accused of treason, and the country was divided into a county. In the fourth year of Emperor Jing (153 BC), he made his son Liu Che the Prince of Jiaodong. In the seventh year of Emperor Jing (150 BC), Liu Che was made crown prince, and the state was divided into a county. In the second year of the Middle Yuan Dynasty (148 BC), he made his son Liu Zhi the Prince of Jiaodong.
In the above-mentioned repeated transformation of "country-county-country-county-guo", most of the northern to eastern jurisdictions of Jiaodong country/county were divided into an independent county, that is, "Donglai County". (The Geography of the Political Regions of the Western Han Dynasty speculates that it may have been placed in the fourth year of Emperor Jing.) ）
After that, the history of Donglai County was relatively simple: during the reign of Emperor Wu, he received a princely marquis from the Yongchuan Kingdom: Pingdu; When he became emperor, he successively received four princely states from Jiaodong State: Changyang, Yangle, Yangshi, and Xuxiang.
By the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Donglai County had 17 counties under its jurisdiction, and its jurisdiction was roughly equivalent to the area of present-day Yantai except Haiyang City and Laiyang City, the entire territory of Weihai City, and the northern part of Pingdu City in Qingdao. The county seat was in Ye County (present-day Laizhou, Shandong Province). According to the population statistics of the second year of the Western Han Dynasty (2 AD), the district under the jurisdiction of Donglai County has a total of 103292 households and a population of 502693.
During Wang Mang's reign, he divided Donglai County into Buye County and other places to set up Shuye County. In the late Eastern Han Dynasty, the county was changed to Huang County (in present-day Longkou, Shandong Province). Emperor Xian of Han built Anzhong, and once divided Donglai County into Changguang Commandery, which was soon merged into Donglai Commandery. Cao Wei moved to Ye County. During the Western Jin Dynasty, it was changed to the Eastern Lai Kingdom, and Changguang County (present-day Qingdao, Laixi and other places) and Dongmu Commandery (east of present-day Longkou, Qixia, and Haiyang) were divided from it. The Southern Song Dynasty moved to Qucheng County (present-day west of Zhaoyuan). In Northern Qi, Dongmu County was merged into Changguang Commandery. Northern Wei also ruled Ye County, and in the fourth year of Huangxing (470), the east of the Jiolai River, that is, Donglai County and Changguang Commandery, was placed as Gwangju.
In the third year of the Sui Emperor's reign, the counties of Tianxia were abolished, and in the fifth year of the reign of Emperor Kai, Gwangju was changed to Laizhou, and in the third year of Daye (607), Laizhou was changed to Donglai Commandery. In the fourth year of Tang Wude (621), it was restored as Laizhou, in the first year of Tianbao (742) it was changed to Donglai Commandery, and in the first year of Qianyuan (758) it was restored as Laizhou. In addition, the Tang Dynasty divided the original Dongmu County into Dengzhou. Jin also placed the eastern part of Dengzhou as Ninghai Prefecture (Dengzhou Prefecture after the Ming Dynasty). In the Ming and Qing dynasties, it was set as Laizhou and Dengzhou.
3. The situation of Donglai County as a county
Donglai County at the end of the Western Han Dynasty administered 17 counties:
1. Ye [yè] County. During the Warring States period, it was the night of the State of Qi. "Warring States Policy": "(King Xiang of Qi) Yifeng Anping Jun (Tian Dan ) Yeyi Wanhu". "Say Yuan" as Yeyi (古玖, night character communication). West Hanzhi County is governed by Donglai County. The seat of governance is present-day Laizhou City, Shandong Province. "Yuanhe County Record": "The county takes the name (掖水). "Yishui is the Nanyang River in present-day Laizhou City. At the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty, in the ninth year (33rd year) of Emperor Guangwu's Jianwu, he made Ouyang Xiao the Marquis of Ye, and the later kingdom was still Ye County. The Western Jin Dynasty was ruled by Donglai County. Northern Wei was also ruled by Gwangju. Sui Zhiyuan ruled Laizhou. The Ming and Qing dynasties were governed by Laizhou Prefecture. In 1940, the southern part of Ye County was carved out to form Ye Nan County, and in 1956 it was merged into Ye County. In 1988, Ye County was abolished and Laizhou City was reorganized.
2. Chuí County. Also known as Hammer County. Qinzhi County belongs to Jiaodong County. "Shiji Qin Shi Huang Benji": In the twenty-eighth year, "The first emperor traveled east to the county ... And east of the Bohai Sea, over the yellow and the blush", that is, here. In the early Han Dynasty, in the sixth year of Lü's reign (182 BC), Lü Jia was made a marquis of foreign Qi and in the eighth year (180 BC), the state was divided into counties. The zhisho is now Fushan Town, southwest of Yantai City, Shandong Province. Eastern Han Dynasty.
【之罘 (fú) mountain temple, jushang mountain, Shengyang water] 之齘山, also known as Zhifu Mountain, is now Beizhifu Island, Yantai City, Shandong Province. Three facing the sea, one path to the south, is actually the peninsula in the middle of the bay out to the sea. "Shiji Qin Shi Huang Benji": 28 years, "Dengzhifu, standing stone praises Qin Deyan". Twenty-nine years "Ascending the Flame, Carving Stone". Thirty-seven years "to the end, see the giant fish". "Hanshu Wudi Ji": In the third year of the Tai Dynasty, Emperor Wu traveled to the East China Sea, "ascending the fumaki, floating the sea". "Book of Sealing Zen": The Eight Gods of Qizhou, "The Lord of the Five Yangs, the Ancestral Temple". Ju up the mountain, for the "stay of the mountain". Juzhi Mountain is the Tooth Mountain southeast of present-day Qixia County, Shandong Province. Shengyang Water, also known as Qingyang River, is the Baiyang River in the west of present-day Yantai City, Shandong, also known as the Neijia River.
Yantai Zhifu Island
3. Pingdu County. According to "Say Yuan Shan Shu": Mr. Lu Qiu said to King Qi Xuan: I am willing to choose good officials and "level their laws". The name of the county is taken from this meaning. In the second year of Emperor Wu of Han's reign (127 BC), Emperor Wu of Han made Liu Xuan the Prince of Chuanyi the Marquis of Pingdu, and the later kingdom was divided into counties. Its seat was sixty-seven li northwest of present-day Pingdu City, Shandong Province. "Hanshu Five Elements Record": "Three years after the mourning emperor Jianping, Donglai Ping made a big fish." Note: "Shi Guyu: Pingdu, Donglai County." "This is the place. Eastern Han Dynasty Waste County. In the twenty-second year of Ming Hongwu (1389), Jiaoshui County (Hanyuzhi County) was changed to Pingdu Prefecture. In 1913, Pingdu abolished the prefecture and changed it to a county. In 1989, the county was abolished and established as a city, and Qingdao City took care of it.
4. Huang County. Qinzhi County belongs to Jiaodong County. The zhisho is now Huangcheng Ji Village, Shiliang Town, 25 miles southeast of Chengguan Town, Longkou City, Shandong Province. "Shiji Qin Shi Huang Benji": Eastern tour, "east of Bohai, passing Huang and Huang", "Huang" means Huang County. The Western Han Dynasty belongs to Donglai County. The Eastern Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms Wei were ruled by Donglai Commandery. In the seventh year of Tianbao of Northern Qi (556), he moved to the eastern Huangcheng of present-day Longkou City. In the third year of Tang Shenlong (707), it was merged into Penglai County, and it was restored in the first year of Xiantian (712). In 1986, Longkou was moved to Longkou and changed to Longkou City.
【Laishan】Laishan, a Laiyin mountain. It is twenty miles southeast of Chengguan Town, Longkou City, Shandong Province. "Shiji Feng Zen Book": Qi Baqi, "Six Moon Lords, Worship of Laishan". and "Hanshu Suburban Worship History": In the first year of Emperor Xuandi's Shenjue (61 BC), from Fang Shiyan, worship "Laishan in Huang", all here.
5. Linqu [qú] County. West Hanzhi County. Its seat was in Zhuwang Village, 23 li, northwest of present-day Laizhou City, Shandong Province. Eastern Han Dynasty.
Note: During the Western Han Dynasty, Qi County, which was also part of Qingzhou, also had a Linqu County.
【Sea Temple】In the northwest of Jiangjia Village, Haimiao, Yong'an Street, Laizhou City, there is the East Sea Temple, commonly known as the Sea Temple. It is a sacred place for ancient emperors to worship the sea, and its history can be traced back to the seawater temple in the Western Han Dynasty.
6. Qucheng County. In the sixth year of Emperor Gao of Han (201 BC), he made the meritorious minister Zanda the Marquis of Qucheng (later Lü was made Marquis of Ye), and in the first year of Emperor Jing's reign (149 BC), the state was divided into counties. Its seat was in the south of Dongqucheng Village, Silkworm Zhuang Town, Zhaoyuan City, Shandong Province. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, it was renamed a houguo, and later reverted to a county. Emperor Xingzhong of Northern Wei changed its name to Xiqucheng County. Northern Qi was abolished into Ye County. Tang Wude was restored in the fourth year (621), and abolished in the sixth year.
【Samshan, Wanlisha, Yangqiu Mountain, Zhishui】Sanshan, that is, three mountains. It is on Sanshan Island, fifty miles north of present-day Laizhou City, Shandong Province. "Shiji Feng Zen Shu": The eight gods worshiped by ancient emperors, "four yin lords, temple three mountains". Wanlisha, northeast of present-day Laizhou City, Shandong Province. Book 20 of the Taiping Huanyu Ji reads: "Press: Sha Chang 300 li. According to the "Historical Record", thirty miles northeast of the county, the two banks of the Banzai Water are also. "There are ancient Wanli Sha Temples. "Hanshu Suburban Worship Record": In the first year of Emperor Wu's Yuan Feng (110 BC), "It was the drought of the years, the Son of Heaven was born, and the name of death was prayed for thousands of lisha". Yangqiu Mountain, that is, Luoshan (Mule Mountain) northeast of present-day Zhaoyuan City, Shandong. Water control, that is, the Dagu River in eastern Shandong today.
7. Muping County. West Hanzhi County. "Yuanhe County Record" volume 11 Muping County: "In the sun of Mushan Mountain, its land is flat, so it is known as Muping." "The seat of government is in Guxian Town, Fushan District, northwest of present-day Yantai City, Shandong Province. The Western Jin Dynasty was abolished, and later restored. Northern Qi moved to the southeast of present-day Penglai County, south of the Fifty Limaling Mountains. It was abolished in the first year of Tang Zhenguan (627), and restored in the second year of Lin De (665), and moved to Ninghai Town, southeast of present-day Yantai City. Ming Hongwu was abolished in Ninghai Prefecture. In 1913, Ninghai Prefecture was changed to Ninghai County. In 1914, it was renamed Muping County due to the same name as Ninghai County in Zhejiang Province. In 1994, it was reorganized into Muping District of Yantai City.
8. Dongmu County. At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, in the sixth year of the reign of Emperor Gao (182 BC), Liu Xingju the Prince of Qi was made the Marquis of Dongmou, and in the second year of Emperor Wen (178 BC), Liu Xingju was renamed the Prince of Jibei, and the state of Hou was changed to a county. The seat of government was in Ninghai Town, Muping District, southeast of present-day Yantai City, Shandong Province. The Western Jin Dynasty was abolished into Muping County. (Tang Linde moved Muping County to the site of the former Dongmu County in the second year.) ）
9. 惤 [jiān] County. i.e. 㡉 County. The prefecture is named after the cloth. According to Xu Shen's "Saying": "㡉, Buye, out of Donglai." "The Book of Continuing Han and the Records of the State of Wei are both written as County. Its seat was southeast of present-day Longkou City, Shandong Province. The Eastern Han Dynasty was changed to the State of Marquis, and the State of Wei Shi of the Three Kingdoms was divided and restored to County (郡). "Jin Shu Hui Di Ji": In the first year of Guangxi, "Donglai" made Liu Baigen rebel and called himself "Duke of Hui". This is the place. In the seventh year of Tianbao of Northern Qi (556), it was merged into Huang County.
10. Yuli County. West Hanzhi County. Its seat was in the northwest coast of Fushan District, Yantai City, Shandong Province (north of Qizhang Village). The Eastern Han Dynasty was merged into Muping County.
Note: The orientation of Yuli County in the Han Dynasty, the "Taiping Huanyu Ji" said: 120 li southeast of present-day County (Dengzhou/Dongmu Commandery, in present-day Penglai City); "Qi Cheng" Yun: Yuli City was eighty miles northwest of Ninghai Prefecture (present-day Muping District, Yantai City). Therefore, it is located in the present-day Fushan District of Yantai City. The Republic of China's "Shandong Tongzhi" recorded: "Yuli Zhi is located in Yingzitou, northeast of present-day Fushan City". The Qing "Zengxiu Dengzhou Fuzhi" said: "Ran Fushan is called Guyuli, or Yunyingzi, that is, Qikang Gongcheng, to prepare for the exam. Therefore, the theory that appeared after the Qing Dynasty that Guyuli County was in Yuli Town, northwest of Rushan City, should not be valid. The present-day Yuli Town and Yuli Ancient Village are likely related to the migration of people during the Han and Wei dynasties.
11. Changyang County. West Hanzhi County, named after the Yang of Changshui. Its seat was thirty miles southwest of present-day Wendeng City, Shandong Province, southeast of Song Village Town. The Western Jin Dynasty was abolished, but it was restored in the eighth year of Yuan Kang (298), and the seat of governance was moved to the present twenty-three li southeast of Laiyang City, Shandong Province. In the first year of Tang Yonghui (650), he moved to the present-day city of Laiyang. In the first year of the fifth Tang Tongguang (923), it was renamed Laiyang County.
12. Never Sleeps County. In spring and autumn, it is the "city that never sleeps" in Lai Country. In the "Book of Han Geography" Donghai County Buye County, Yan Shigu quoted the "Records of Qidi": "In ancient times, there were days and nights, and they were seen in Donglai, so Laizi established this city, in the name of never night." "The Western Han Dynasty never sleeps in the county. The seat of government was in the village of Buye, northwest of Beibuliu Town, Rongcheng City, Shandong Province. Eastern Han Dynasty.
【Chengshan Sun Temple】成山, northeast of present-day Rongcheng City, Shandong Province. It is a land-bound island, running east-west, 11 kilometers long, and the main peak, Cone Mountain, is 271 meters above sea level. In spring and autumn, it is called Chaoyun. Its end is known as the mountain head, also known as the mountain horn and the high angle of Shandong. It is a dangerous place for sailing. In ancient times, Chengshan Tou was considered to be the place where the sun god lived. "Shiji Qin Shi Huang Benji": In the twenty-eighth year (219 BC), the first emperor toured the east, "to the east of Bohai, passing the yellow and the beast, poor into mountains, climbing the fang, standing stone to praise Qin De". That is, referring to this mountain, Qin's standing stone still exists, commonly known as the Li Si Stele, and the book is called "the end of the sky". "Shiji Feng Zen Shu": The eight gods of Qizhou, "The Lord of the Seven Days, the temple becomes a mountain." Mountains enter the sea, the northeast corner of the mountain, to welcome the sunrise and clouds." In the third year of the reign of Emperor Wudi of Han (94 BC), the mountain was built and the Sun Lord Shrine was built. There is still a Japanese lord's shrine in the temple of the first emperor of Chengshan Tou.
Chengshan Lisi Monument (now imitation)
13. Dangli County. In the fourth year of the Western Han Dynasty (113 BC), it was placed in the county. "Shiji Wudi Ji": "Bai (Luan) is a general of Wuli,...... He also named Princess Wei Chang's wife, Zhao Jin Wanjin, and changed his name to Qiyi (Tang Muyi) as Dangli. "This is the place. Its seat was thirty-six li southwest of present-day Laizhou City, Shandong Province. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, it was established as a marquis state, and later restored as a county. Northern Wei was renamed Changguang Commandery. Jinye County, Northern Qi Province. Tang Wude was restored in the fourth year (621). In the sixth year of Wude (623), it was abolished.
14. Luxiang County. West Hanzhi County. Its seat was fifty miles northwest of present-day Pingdu City, Shandong Province. In the fifth year (5th year) of Emperor Ping of Han, Chen Feng was made Marquis of Luxiang, and during the Eastern Han Dynasty, the state was divided into counties. In the second year of Yongping (59), it was changed to the Langxi Kingdom, and later it was also part of Donglai County. Northern Qi Tianbao was abolished in the seventh year (556). It was restored in the sixteenth year of the Sui Emperor (596). In the first year of Tang Zhenguan (627), it was incorporated into Changyang County.
15. Marquis of Yangle. In the second year of the founding of Emperor Cheng of Han (31 BC), Liu Jiao, the Prince of Dongjiao, was made Marquis of Yangle (the Book of Han Prince Marquis Table is the Marquis of Leyang), and in the first year (8 BC), the state was divided into counties. Its seat was in the village of Twenty Liqi, southwest of present-day Laizhou City, Shandong Province. Eastern Han Dynasty.
16. Yangshi County. West Hanzhi County. Its seat was in the south of present-day Laizhou City, Shandong Province. The Eastern Han Dynasty was abolished.
17. Xuxiang County. According to legend, Xu Fu sought immortals here during the Qin Dynasty, so it was named Xu Xiang. In the first year of Yuan Yan (12 BC) of the Han Yuan Emperor, Liu Yi, the Prince of the Eastern Communist Party, was made the Marquis of Xuxiang, and in the first year (9 BC) of Wang Mang's founding of the state, the state was divided into counties. Its seat was in the township of 30 miles northeast of present-day Longkou City, Shandong Province. Eastern Han Dynasty.
4. Illustration of the geographical situation of Donglai County
The geographical location of Donglai County in the Han Dynasty is shown in the following two figures:
The geographical scope of the Qingzhou Tattoo History Department of the Han Dynasty
The relative position of Donglai County among the nine counties of the Qingzhou Tattoo History Department
The geographical location of the counties of Donglai County at the end of the Western Han Dynasty can be seen in the figure below:
Geographical map of Donglai County at the end of the Western Han Dynasty
Combined with the surrounding topography, the geographical structure of Donglai County in the Han Dynasty is shown in the figure below:
Map of the geographical structure of Donglai County in the Han Dynasty
It can be seen from the picture that Donglai County in the Han Dynasty is located at the easternmost tip of the Shandong Peninsula and is the end edge of the Qingzhou region. From the distribution of its subordinate counties, it can be seen that this area is still in the "pioneering" stage, and all counties are distributed along the coastline, showing the remarkable characteristics of "more west and less east". It can be seen from this that the original owner of the region, "Wei Yi", was originally in the form of a primitive tribe, and it was the Lai people who migrated from the west in the late Spring and Autumn period who first carried out agricultural development in the coastal area, and until the Han Dynasty, the population and cities were still concentrated in the three coastal plains in the west (present-day Laizhou, Longkou and Yantai). After that, it was not until the Sui and Tang dynasties that its eastern coastal and inland areas were more fully developed.