Wood-panel lacquer painting / Sima Jinlong
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Everything reflects the unique memory and history of that era.
Memory mirror world,
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More than 170,000 cultural relics have witnessed countless vicissitudes,
How much is recorded in the past of historical figures.
This period
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A brief history of artifacts, the situation at that time, those people
Sima Jinlong: The hometown and country of King Langya
he
He was the son of Pian Pian and was born into the royal family of the Jin Dynasty.
By the shadow of my father,
Become two nobles.
He was also Emperor Xianwen's old minister in the East Palace,
When Empress Dowager Wen reigned, she still held important positions,
With a political stance of "walking on thin ice",
Alone in the political maelstrom.
He is still a lonely courtier who cares about his motherland,
He grew up in Daibei,
I can't forget my father's words and deeds when I was a child.
Sixty years
Nor did this fade his ideal of revitalizing Gangnam.
"How many things in ancient and modern times are finally exchanged in jokes",
Thousands of years later, the motherland ceased to exist,
King Kang of Langya can only be accompanied by a few thin screens,
Forever sleeping under the lonely spring soil.
▲Statue of a female musician unearthed from Sima Jinlong's tomb
order
The son honors the nobility in the shadow of his father
”
This is a time of social fragmentation,
It was also an era of meritocracy.
It was also the peak era of national integration.
▲ Epitaph of Sima Jinlong of Northern Wei
Sima Jinlong, character Rongze, is a native of Xiaojingli, Fei Township, Wenxian County, Hanoi County (Wenxian County, Jiaozuo City). Its epitaph reads: "Envoy Jie Shizhong, General Zhenxi, Commander Yu Zhen, Sikong, Jizhou Assassin, King Kang of Langya". He could not obtain so many noble status, it was inseparable from the prestige of the family, and even more inseparable from the efforts of his father Sima Zhizhi.
According to the content of the epitaph, combined with historical documents, the Sima clan, who was born in Xiaojingli, Fei Township, Wenxian County, has been a high-ranking official family for generations since the Eastern Han Dynasty. During the reign of Sima Fang's son Cao Wei, the famous Sima Yi gradually seized military and political power. During the reign of his sons Sima Shi and Sima Zhao, Emperor Cao Wei had become a puppet in the hands of the Sima clan. In the second year of Xianxi (265), Sima Yi's grandson Sima Yan accepted Emperor Wei's abdication and established a regime known as the Western Jin Dynasty.
However, under the double blow of internal strife and external aggression, the Jin Dynasty collapsed after only half a century of its establishment, and the Central Plains once again fell into war. The Sima Rui clan, with the support of the family, went south to Jiankang (Nanjing) and established the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Sima Jinlong's father, Sima Zhizhi, was the eighth grandson of Sima Yi's younger brother Sima Kui, and the son of Sima Rongqi, the assassin of Yizhou in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Sima Rongqi was unfortunately killed by his subordinates while quelling the rebellion. At the age of 17, Sima Chuzhi returned to Danyang (in the area of Dangtu County, present-day Ma'anshan City, Anhui Province) with his family to escort his father's coffin. At this time, the Eastern Jin regime had been manipulated by the powerful minister Liu Yu. In his place, Liu Yu killed many members of the Sima family at Jiankang, including Chu Zhi's uncle and brother. After Sima Chuzhi escaped pursuit, he mobilized more than 10,000 volunteers in the Ru and Ying areas (around present-day Xuchang and Luohe in Henan Province) to fight against the Liu and Song regimes.
According to the Book of Wei, volume 37, "The Legend of Sima Chu", in the late Ming Dynasty of Northern Wei, the governor of the Western Jin Dynasty conquered Henan Commandery, Yingchuan Commandery, and Dongjun (around present-day Luoyang City, Xuchang City, Anyang City, Henan Province) and other places. The envoy attached, and the Ming Yuan Emperor Tuoba gave the history of Jingzhou assassination. Soon after Emperor Taiwu came to the throne, he was summoned to the dynasty, paid homage to the general Nan'an, and made him the king of Langya. Sima Zhizhi fought against the Liu Song army many times and made meritorious achievements. After that, he followed Emperor Taiwu Tuoba Tao to conquer Northern Liang and expedition to Rouran, and achieved great success. Governor.
▲Reconstruction picture: Sima Jinlong and Qin Wenji banquet scene painting "King Yan"
Source: Nanjing Museum
In addition to fighting in the battlefield, Sima Zhizhi also intermarried with Xianbei nobles after coming to Northern Wei. He not only continued to marry Princess Hanoi and gave birth to Sima Jinlong, who was of Han and Xianbei blood, but also married Qin Wenjichen, the daughter of Yuanhe, a famous minister of Northern Wei, for Jinlong. In the fifth year of peace (464), Sima Zhizhi died. Wencheng Emperor Tuoba Jun was very mourning and merciful to him. Mound.
After Qin Wen's death, Sima Jinlong married Juqu again. The father of the sentence was the last emperor of Northern Liang, the mother of the last emperor of Northern Liang, the mother of Princess Wuwei, the sister of the Taiwu Emperor Tuoba Tao. Through the marriage, not only the blood of the Xianbei aristocracy was integrated into the Sima family, but also the relationship between the Sima Jinlong family and the Northern Wei royal family became more complicated, and also allowed Jinlong and his in-laws to witness and participate in the intricate evolution of the imperial throne of the Wencheng, Xianwen and Xiaowen dynasties.
Two
Walk on thin ice and protect your family's voice
”
Under the coercion of the torrent of the big time,
A family that is not attached to imperial power is like duckweed.
A family that is too clinging to imperial power,
If you are not careful, you will fall into it.
Gaze into the abyss for too long,
The abyss will look back.
▲ The wood lacquer painting unearthed from Sima Jinlong's tomb As the son of a high-ranking nobleman, Sima Jinlong just graduated from Chinese calligraphy and immediately taught Zhongshan. This position is an official of the inner court, with unlimited personnel, living in forbidden places, usually accompanying the emperor on tours, expeditions, and serving the emperor with martial arts, divination and other skills. Later, between the second year of Tai'an (456) and the sixth year of peace (465), Jin Long was promoted by the Wencheng Emperor Tuoba Jun to be a prince lecturer, explaining knowledge to the young Tuoba Hong and accompanying him to study. Learn. According to the available epitaph information, Sima Jinlong's third son, Sima Yue, was born in the third year of peace (462), so it is speculated that Yuan He became his father-in-law during Jinlong's tenure in the Eastern Palace.
Yuanhe belongs to the Xianbei tribe of Hexi, and his real name is Bald Qiang. After the fall of Southern Liang, he led his troops to surrender to Western Qin. After his father was killed, he fled to Northern Liang before surrendering to Northern Wei. Emperor Taiwu valued his talent and made him the Marquis of Xiping, giving him the surname Yuan. Later, Yuan Poqiang made repeated battle merits, and Emperor Taiwu congratulated him and promoted him to the title of Shangshu in the palace. This position commanded the soldiers and horses in the palace, the guards and warehouses in the palace.
▲Wood lacquer painting unearthed from Sima Jinlong's tomb
In February of the second year of Zhengping (452), the eunuch Zong Ai killed Emperor Taiwu and established Tuoba Yu the Prince of Nan'an as emperor. In October, Zong Mo ordered people to kill Tuoba Yu. Yuan He believed that Zong Wei would endanger the country, so after consulting with the ministers Lu Li and Liu Ni, he suddenly attacked Zong Wei, killed Zong Wei, welcomed Wen as emperor, and changed Yuan to Xing'an. After Emperor Wencheng ascended the throne, Yuan He was promoted to general of Zhengbei and made him the Prince of Xiping. Soon, he was worshipped as a general of Zhengnan and the assassin of Jizhou, and was renamed King of Longxi.
During his tenure in Jizhou, Yuan He had outstanding political ability and won the support of the people, and was later promoted to imperial lieutenant. After Emperor Xianwen Tuoba Hong ascended the throne, Huang Xing invaded Rouran in the fourth year (470). He personally led the army into battle. Yuan He also joined the army and defeated Rouran. With this great victory, Emperor Xianwen intended to completely free himself from the control of the empress dowager in the court. He first killed Li Yi, who was favored by the Empress Dowager, in the winter of that year, but his follow-up plan had not yet begun, and he was killed by the Empress Dowager and other forces the following year. Forced to surrender the throne. Faced with the strong pressure of the Empress Dowager, Emperor Xianwen once wanted to retreat. He wanted Zen Buddhism to lie on his famous uncle Tuoba Zitui. He Yuan returned to the court.
▲Wood lacquer painting (partial)
This change of power, Yuan He once again played a key role. He stood firmly by Empress Dowager Feng's side, united with many princes and ministers, and sternly refused Emperor Xianwen's request. Looking at Empress Dowager Wen and his enormous power, Emperor Xianwen, who was 18 years old at the time, was finally forced to pass the throne to the then four-year-old Xiaowen Emperor Tuoba Hong and became Emperor Taishang. Yuan He even personally handed over the jade seal and ribbon to Emperor Xiaowen Tuoba. Macro. In early June of the sixth year of Yanxing (476), the imperial court suddenly ordered martial law inside and outside Pingcheng, and the soldiers of Suwei Jingcheng also made a big move. A few days later, Tuoba Hong, who was the emperor of Taishang, died mysteriously and suddenly in the palace at the age of 23. His henchman Sima Wan'an Guo was given death, and the following year his uncle Tuoba Zitui also fell ill and died. On the way, he went to Qingzhou to serve as an assassin.
▲Wood lacquer painting (partial)
On the occasion of the two supreme power changes, Genbu sided with the victor and received great credit. Of course, as Yuan He's son-in-law, Sima Jinlong's family power and status will naturally rise. Although Jin Long was once Emperor Xianwen's old minister in the East Palace, accompanying him to study and solve confusion, he was not implicated in the chaos in the palace because of Yuanhe's affairs.
As the saying goes, "a companion is like a tiger". As a high-ranking nobleman during the Northern Wei Dynasty, Sima Jinlong lived in the whirlpool of high-level political struggles in the imperial court. He felt the brutality of politics. If he is not careful, his family may be killed. Therefore, he constantly reminded himself to be cautious in his words and actions in order to survive the political torrent and vortex, and even inscribed the relevant words on his beloved lacquer screen.
▲Wood lacquer painting (partial)
There are one or three inscriptions in the lower part of the lacquer screen unearthed from the Golden Dragon Tomb, all of which are related to caution, such as "walking on thin ice", "Zikou, the door of life and death, the art of success or failure", "not being cautious in speaking, so the three people (guarding) the mouth of "Golden Renming" come out of danger, and what is said is (death) death. Fear when talking, worry when talking is like entering water, facing danger, thinking twice before acting" and so on. These wary words are like a mirror, reflecting the mistakes made by the losing side in the political storm of the time. Even today, more than a thousand years later, when I read these words again, I still feel a strong, irrepressible sense of fear.
▲ "Walking on Thin Ice"
Three
Hometown feelings
”
The moonlight is like frost,
The grieving Hu Jia could not replace his hometown.
The longing for my hometown can only be pinned on the wild geese returning from the south,
Expect the autumn wind to send them soon
Show me Jiankang, which I haven't been to.
▲Statue of a female musician unearthed from Sima Jinlong's tomb
Sima Jinlongchu grew up in the Dai ethnic group, flowing with the blood of the Han and Xianbei ethnic groups, and grew up in a family environment where the north and south of the Han Dynasty blended. He accepted the habits of the Xianbei people, as can be seen from the costumes of the men and women in the tombs. But under the influence of his father, he could not forget the Jiangnan homeland destroyed by Liu Song. The title of King of Langya was of great significance to Sima Chuzhi, as it was a title conferred by the Western Jin Dynasty before Sima Rui, the founding emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Sima Chuzhi must have the idea of drinking the Yangtze River and rejuvenating the country. Since he left the north, he has gone through three dynasties: Emperor Mingyuan, Emperor Taiwu, and Emperor Wencheng. He repeatedly requested the southern expedition, but failed. Liu Song's national power was comparable to that of Northern Wei. After Chu Zhi's death, the title of general of Zhengnan was included in the funeral ceremony given by the Northern Wei court, which shows the depth of his obsession. After Sima Jinlong took the throne, he did not make any battle achievements in his life, because he lacked his father's ability to gallop on the battlefield, but he inherited his father's obsession with reviving the country.
▲Statue of a female musician unearthed from Sima Jinlong's tomb
During the excavation of the Golden Dragon Tomb, some of the lacquer fragments on the screens that had peeled off due to moisture were cleaned up, and there were some inscriptions on them. It contains the words "Jin Gongzi Chong'er", "(Zhang) Meng Tan", "Gao He" and so on. "Jin Gongzi Chong'er" is from "Zuo Chuan · Twenty-three Years of the Duke of Xuan", which tells the story of Jin Wen Gong Chong'er escaping the nineteen-year exile of the Jin state. "Zhang Mengtan" and "Gao He" are from "Han Feizi Nanyi", which tells the allusion of Zhao Xiangzi who rewarded meritorious heroes after defeating Zhibo in the Battle of Jinyang.
Combined with the deeds of "Prince Chong'er of Jin" and the experience of Sima Zhi's father and son, there is a hidden political intention to restore the Eastern Jin Dynasty. If combined with "Zhao Xiangzi's good reward", it seems that Jin Long believes that if he can successfully restore the country, he will reward the meritorious ministers around him like Zhao Xiangzi defeated Zhibo.
▲Statue of a female musician unearthed from Sima Jinlong's tomb
Moreover, this lacquer painting screen should be Jin Long's favorite thing during his lifetime, and every time he sees these two paintings, he should inspire himself not to forget his father's last wishes, and he has quite a posture of sacrificing himself. Guts.
This shows Sima Jinlong's unwavering dedication to the restoration of the kingdom and Yu Jiangnan, as sixty-four years have passed since at least the eighth year of Taihe (484), when Jin Long died, and sixty-four years have passed since Liu Yujiansong's first year of Yongchu (420). Born in. The passage of time did not fade Sima Jinlong's ideals. Considering that the screen was unearthed in the back room of the Golden Dragon Tomb, most of the ancients regarded death as life. Perhaps this lacquer screen was also placed in Sima Jinlong's bedroom during his lifetime. Then this obsession with restoring the country should be deeply ingrained in the heart of the golden dragon. A very secret wish.
▲Cultural relics related to Sima Jinlong's tomb in the exhibition hall of Datong Museum
end
The mausoleum of the Millennium Empress Dowager
”
The ideal of restoration cannot be realized,
But he witnessed the fall of Liu Song with his own eyes.
Thousands of years later, archaeological discoveries,
Become a classic of national integration.
▲Hand-handed biography
In the eighth year of the Empress Dowager of Civilization, Sima Jinlong died. His tomb is on the east bank of the Yu River, not far from the Yonggu Mausoleum on the west bank of the Yu River. In addition, the length, width and height of the back chamber of the Golden Dragon Tomb are 6.12 meters, 6.01 meters and 5.20 meters, respectively, and the length, width and height of the back chamber of the Wannian Hall of the Emperor Xiaowen Tomb next to Yonggu are 6.12 meters, 6.01 meters and 5.20 meters respectively. The height of the mausoleum is 5.68 meters, 5.69 meters and 6.79 meters, respectively, and the tombs of the two are roughly the same. It can be seen that the site selection and rules of Sima Jinlong's tomb should have been given by Empress Dowager Feng, who was actually in power at that time. The Golden Dragon Tomb guards the Yonggu Mausoleum like a guard. It is a pity that the old country cannot be restored, but it is also a comfort that Jin Long finally saw the fall of Liu Song before his death.
In short, through the combination of historical records and archaeological materials, we have some understanding of Sima Jinlong's inner world at that time. He not only accepted the Confucian classics taught by the Sima clan since the Han dynasty, but also learned about the oral traditions of the Tuoba clan. National memory itself is a typical example of the integration of ethnic ancestry and northern and southern cultures at that time. More than a thousand years have passed, the family and country of the King of Langya have changed beyond recognition, only a strong friendship remains, and the screen attached to the tomb silently tells the story of Sima Jinlong to posterity...
▲Wood lacquer painting unearthed from Sima Jinlong's tomb
▲Night view of Datong Museum
Wonders in the Clouds Datong Museum
Consultant|Duan Xiaoli
Feng Hanqing, Datong Museum
Photo|Datong Museum Li Hang
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Series|Shanxi Evening News all-media reporter Nan Lijiang
Review | Fang Tianji