I. Preface
Among the many numbers, the ancients were particularly fond of "three". "Three stinkers, who have competed against Zhuge Liang", "Things are not more than three", "Three dozen white bone essences" and so on, the shadow of "three" is almost everywhere. "Three" is a special existence.
Map of the Dongting Shang Gang Immigration Map of Hunan Province
Geographically, the ancients invented geographical areas such as "Three Qin", "Three Wu", "Three Jin", "Three Xiang", and "Three Chu". If "Three Qins" and "Three Jins" really refer to a province, then "Three Wus" and "Three Chus" are much more vague. As a geographical term, "Sanwu" was mainly formed in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and it is generally believed that it mainly includes the jurisdiction of Wu County, Wuxing County, Huiji County and other three counties, and these three counties actually originate from Huiji County, so people are used to calling the three counties Sanwu. However, it is also said that in addition to the three counties such as Wu County, "Sanwu" also includes other counties, and the scope is much wider.
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Second, the source of the three Wu
Sanwu is the geographical general name of Jiangnan in ancient times, with a relatively vague meaning, referring to Wuxing, Wujun and Huiji. Since the Wei and Jin dynasties, Sanwu as a geographical name has been referred to differently throughout the dynasties, and although the area around Taihu Lake is the main scope, it often includes a large area of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and Qiantang River. Yun Daoyuan's "Notes on the Classic of Water" mentions, "In the twelve years of Emperor Gao of Han, one Wu Ye, later divided into three, the world name Three Wu, Wu Xing, Wu County, and Hui Ji Yi Yan". This means that they originally belonged to the Huiji County set up in the Qin Dynasty, and in the early Han Dynasty, they followed its old, only "One Wu", and later it was divided into three counties in administrative divisions, such as Wu County, Wuxing County, and Huiji County, collectively known as "Three Wus".
The Evolutionary History of Jiangsu and Zhejiang: The Three Kingdoms
The Tang Dynasty's "Yuanhe County Record" summarizes the geographical division since the Han Dynasty, calling Wu County, Wuxing and Danyang County as Sanwu, emphasizing the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and expanding Sanwu to today's Anhui, because Danyang County since the Han and Jin dynasties includes Wuhu, Dangtu, Xuancheng, Huizhou, Nanjing, Yangzhou, Zhenjiang, Changzhou, and the northwestern corner of Zhejiang. It can be seen that in the psychological consciousness of the ancients, although the administrative division of Sanwu has changed, the name of "Sanwu" is "not alarmed", which has been inherited by the Tang, Song, Yuanming and Yuan Ming dynasties to this day, generally referring to the "Jiangnan" area. This kind of conceptual consciousness that is not controlled by the political field can be deeply rooted in the hearts of the people and last for a long time, and it also reflects that people's cultural thinking has its own relatively independent field, highlighting the sustainability of "Sanwu" as a cultural concept.
History of Sanwu:
1. In 222 BC of the Qin Dynasty, Huiji County was established, Zhiwu County (present-day Suzhou City).
2. In the Western Han Dynasty, there was still Huiji Commandery and Zhiwu County, at which time Huiji County was also known as Wu County.
The Evolutionary History of Jiangsu and Zhejiang: The Western Han Dynasty
3. In the fourth year of the Yongjian of the Eastern Han Dynasty (129), the northern part of the branch Ji County was placed in Wu Commandery and ruled Wu County. Huiji County moved to San'in County.
4. In the second year of Wu Taiping of the Three Kingdoms (257), the southeast of the branch Ji County was placed in Linhai Commandery, governing Linhai County (present-day Linhai City), and soon moved to Zhang'an County (present-day north bank of Jiaojiang District, Taizhou City).
5. In the first year of Wu Baoding of the Three Kingdoms (266), it was divided into the eastern part of Danyang Commandery, the western part of Wu County was placed in Wuxing Commandery, and Wucheng County (present-day Huzhou City) was established, so the "Three Wus" were formed. The southern part of the branch was placed in Dongyang Commandery, and Changshan County (present-day Jinhua City) was established.
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3. Development of the Sanwu area
Three Wu and two Zhejiang compete prosperously
The Sanwu region of the Tang Dynasty, inheriting the prosperity of the gold dust of the Six Dynasties, from Suzhou to Hangzhou, is a place yearned for by literati and inkers. Bai Juyi is a northerner, lingered in Jiangnan in his early years, and also served as a Hangzhou thorn history for two years and Suzhou thorn history for more than a year, and has a deep attachment to Jiangnan, when he returned to Luoyang as an official, he wrote "Remembering Jiangnan Three Songs", which left a far-reaching impression of Jiangnan in people's minds:
Jiangnan is good, the scenery is old; The sunrise river flowers are red and the fire is victorious, and the spring river water is as green as blue. Can you not remember Gangnam?
Jiangnan Yi, the most remembered is Hangzhou; The mountain temple looks for guizi in the middle of the month, and the county pavilion pillow looks at the tide. What a day to visit!
Jiang Nan Yi, followed by Wu Gong; Wu wine a glass of spring bamboo leaves, Wu Wa double dance drunk hibiscus. Meet again sooner or later!
From the Southern Song Dynasty to the Yuan, Ming, and Qing Dynasties, the Sanwu region, centered on Suzhou and Hangzhou, has become the most prosperous and beautiful region in the world in people's minds, and the proverb "there is heaven above, Suzhou and Hangzhou below" is also popular and has been used to this day. Fan Chengda's "Wu Junzhi" volume 50: "The proverb says: 'Heaven in heaven, Suzhou and Hangzhou underground.' He also said: "Suhu is ripe, and the world is full." 'The lake does not arrest Su, Hangzhou is the huifu, the proverb is Su before Hangzhou, and the speaker doubts it. Bai Juyi said: 'The river is cold, and the Maoyuan is too prosperous. Only Qiantang County is busy. In the Tang Dynasty, Su Zhixiong was the first in Zhejiang. "霅川 refers to Huzhou; Maoyuan is a synonym for Suzhou. Fan Cheng cited Bai Juyi's poem as evidence that although the Sanwu region is a paradise on earth, the degree of prosperity is still slightly different: Suzhou is the most prosperous, Huzhou is relatively cold, and Hangzhou is in the middle.
Map of "Sanwu"
It is worth noting that during the Southern Song Dynasty, Hangzhou was the Son of Heaven and should be the first good area, but it was not as prosperous as Suzhou, and it can also be seen that the social and economic development of the Jiangnan region is not an isolated point city prosperous, but the wealth and prosperity of the entire area. In the Yuan Dynasty, Ao Dun Zhou Qing's "Double Tone Toad Palace Song Yongxi Lake": "The West Lake is full of smoke, a hundred acres of wind pools, and ten miles of lotus fragrance." It is advisable to rain and sun, and Yixi Shi to apply heavy makeup. The tails and tails are drawn together, and the joy is all day. Spring is warm and fragrant, and the years are healthy. There is heaven above Jinnai, and Suhang below. "Originally, the object of the chant was West Lake, and when I spoke, I led to a well-known proverb, and I also put Suzhou in front of Hangzhou.
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Fourth, the extension of the concept of Sanwu
The concept of "Sanwu" has changed over the years. In the Ming Dynasty, Ming Ren Yan Wenxuan wrote the following note under the title of the poem "Xici Old Wu" in the "Luo Cheng Collection": "Zhang Jiushao's "Three Wu Ji": 'Eastern Wu Suzhou, Middle Wu Runzhou, West Wu Huzhou'... Runzhou, present-day Zhenjiang Prefecture. In the "substance" written by Ming Ren in the book "Zizhi Tongjian Compendium", there are also two references to "Zhang Jiushao: 'Three Wu refers to Eastern Wu Suzhou, Zhongwu Runzhou, and Western Wuhu Prefecture'" (Vols. 19 and 21). Zhang Jiushao was a beginner in the late Yuan and Ming dynasties, and his "Three Wu Ji" no longer exists, and these are quotations from his original text by people in the middle and late Ming dynasty. Ming Ren Zhou Qi's interpretation of "Three Wus" in his book "Nominal Examination" is the same as Zhang Jiushao, saying "Suzhou Eastern Wu Ye, Runzhou Zhong Wu Ye, Huzhou West Wu Ye" (Book 3).
Mingren Peng Dayi explained the "Three Wus" in his book "The Examination of the Mountain Hall", and pointed out that the three Wus first referred to the three counties of Wuxing, Wu Commandery and Huiji ("Notes on the Water Classic") during the Southern and Northern Dynasties, and in the Tang Dynasty, Wu Commandery, Wuxing, and Danyang appeared (Tongdian), and another said that "Suzhou is Eastern Wu, Runzhou is Middle Wu, and Huzhou is Western Wu" (Volume 15), which should refer to Zhang Jiushao's statement. Until the Qing Dynasty, documents such as Cheng Zhe's "Rong Cha Li Theory" (volume 9) and Guo Mengxing's "Essays on the Noon Window" (volume 3) still adhered to Zhang's theory. It can be seen that in the Ming and Qing dynasties, the view of "Zhongwu Runzhou" was more recognized, which originated from the traditional concept of "three Wu".
Wuyue National Jiedu made a historical map of the prefecture and county
In the final analysis, from the historical records, the name "Zhongwu" first appeared after the Wuyue king Qian Wei defeated Yang Xing to secretly relieve the siege of Suzhou, and in the second year of Later Tang Tongguang (924), the Fang Town "Zhongwu Army" was set up in Suzhou, and in the eighth year of the Northern Song Dynasty Kaibao (975), the Wu Army was renamed "Pingjiang Army" (Fan Chengda's "Wu Junzhi"), which is the origin of the place name "Pingjiang" in Suzhou later. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Gong Mingzhi, a native of Kunshan County of Pingjiang Prefecture (Northern Song Dynasty and Suzhou was promoted to Pingjiang Prefecture in three years), wrote the book "Zhongwu Jiwen", which recorded various life stories such as anecdotes, historical sites, and miscellaneous talks about the city in Suzhou.
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5. The interpretation of "three Wu" in the poem
Wanghai Chao Southeast Shape Victory
【Song】Liu Yong
Southeast shape victory, Sanwu capital, Qiantang has been prosperous since ancient times. Smoke willows paint bridges, wind curtains and green curtains, and 100,000 homes. The clouds and trees circle the embankment sand, the angry waves roll frost and snow, and the sky is endless. The city is full of pearls, household profits and luxury.
Heavy lake stacked Qingjia, there are three autumn laurels, ten li lotus flowers. The Qiang pipe makes the sun clear, the song sings in the night, and the frolic fishing and the lotus baby. Thousands of horses with high teeth, drunken listening to drums, chanting smoke. The different sun map will be good and return to Fengchi Kua.
"Sanwu" in ancient times referred to the three places of Wuxing, Wujun and Huiji, which means that Hangzhou's geographical location is particularly good, and it is regarded as an important city in the southeast and Sanwu area. In fact, it does not simply refer to which three places, but to highlight the prosperity of Hangzhou. Ancient literati sometimes pursued rhetoric without necessarily delving into the meaning behind it.
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6. Conclusion
"Sanwu" generally refers to Wu County (Suzhou), Wuxing County (Huzhou), and Huiji County (Shaoxing), but often does not refer to these three place names alone, but the Jiangnan land behind these three place names. For example, Wu County was later divided into Biling County (present-day Changzhou), Huiji County was divided into Linhai County (Taizhou), and Dongyang County (Jinhua) was divided, and these places can sometimes be counted in the "Three Wus".
Map of the counties of the left and other places of the Western Jin River
After the Tang Dynasty, the ancients did not pay much attention to the meaning of the original Three Wus, also known as Eastern Wu Suzhou, Middle Wu Runzhou, and Western Wu Huzhou. Some people also hope that Wen Shengyi thinks that Wu County, Wu Jiang, and Wu Xing are the three Wus, so this article will not discuss it.
"Sanwu" is an important regional concept in Chinese history, mainly referring to the water towns of Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Anhui provinces in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. This region has played an important role in history, economic, cultural and other aspects, and has had a profound impact on Chinese history.
Schematic map of Wuxing County and modern Huzhou
First of all, in terms of economy, the Sanwu region is one of the developed economic regions in eastern China, and has been the land of fish and rice since ancient times, and the rich water village plains have given birth to prosperous agriculture, handicrafts and commerce. Especially in the Ming and Qing dynasties, the textile industry, ceramics, silk weaving industry and other industries have been vigorously developed, and cities such as Suzhou and Hangzhou have become the economic centers of the country. The economic prosperity of the Sanwu region has also had a significant impact on China's taxation, trade and national power.
Secondly, in terms of culture, the Sanwu area is one of the important birthplaces of Chinese culture, with a long cultural tradition and unique cultural style. There are cultural heritage such as Jiangnan gardens, water town architecture, Wuyu Kunqu opera, as well as literary and artistic achievements such as paintings, poetry, and novels. The Sanwu culture has profoundly influenced the development of Chinese culture and art, and has also had an important impact on cultural exchanges in East Asia.
In short, the Sanwu region has an important economic and cultural status in Chinese history and has had a profound impact on the development of Chinese history. And it is certain that Sanwu (Suzhou, Huzhou, Shaoxing) and the two Zhejiang (Jiangnan Zhejiang West Road, Zhejiang East Hai Right Road) were originally a family.
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