#古籍里的历史#
Today, I will lead you to explore a dynasty with a low sense of existence in history, the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Whether in the "History Books" or subsequent related documents, records of the Eastern Jin Dynasty are very rare. However, it was such a dynasty, which was not well documented, but also lasted for about a hundred years and gave birth to eleven emperors. Therefore, we have reason to know and know this mysterious dynasty.
Sima Rui, the founding emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty
The demise of the Western Jin Dynasty
In the last years of the Western Jin Dynasty, the "Rebellion of the Eight Kings" seriously consumed the strength of the Western Jin Dynasty, and the ensuing political corruption and economic collapse led to the Xiongnu, Xianbei, Qiang, Qiang, and Di ethnic minorities who were originally attached to the Western Jin Dynasty to take the opportunity to go south to establish their own regimes.
In 311, less than half a year after Sima Yue's death, Liu Yuan's son Liu Cong sent troops to capture Luoyang and capture Emperor Huai of Jin. After the Later Han army occupied Luoyang, it burned, killed and looted, and the prince, the clan family, and a large number of officials and civilians died in this turmoil. Since most of these events occurred during the reign of Emperor Yongjia of Jinhuai, it is known as the Yongjia Rebellion.
Yongjia Rebellion
In 313, Liu Cong poisoned Emperor Huai of Jin, and the widow of the Western Jin Dynasty supported Emperor Huai of Jin's nephew Sima Ye to ascend the throne in Chang'an, known as Emperor Huai of Jin, and he was also the last emperor of the Western Jin Dynasty. In 316, the Later Han army captured Chang'an, the Western Jin Dynasty was completely destroyed, and the northern region entered the Five Hu and Sixteen Kingdoms period.
The Later Han regime led by the Xiongnu Liu Yuan and Liu Cong's father and son directly buried the Western Jin Dynasty, and also opened the prelude to the "Five Hu Chaohua". , the country once again moved from unity to division.
The establishment of the Eastern Jin Dynasty
After the Rebellion of the Eight Kings and the Rebellion of Yongjia, it directly led to a large number of people in the north dying of famine and war. In order to avoid chaos, a large number of gentry people crossed the Yangtze River and migrated from the Central Plains to the south. According to historical records, the number of people who went south was as many as one million, forming the climax of the first southward migration in Chinese history, which is known as the "southward crossing in clothes".
The Eastern Jin Dynasty was an emperor
After the fall of the Western Jin Dynasty, in 317 AD, Sima Rui, the king of Langya, who was guarding the south, was proclaimed emperor and inherited the state title of Jin, with the capital Jiankang, which is today's Nanjing. Sima Rui became the first emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Emperor Yuan of Jin.
Because the establishment of the Eastern Jin Dynasty was mainly due to the strong help of Wang Dao, Wang Dun and others in the "Langya Wang Clan", they took the opportunity to control most of the power of the imperial court, so the world called it "Wang and Ma sharing the world". In order to grasp more power, Emperor Yuan of Jin began to constantly squeeze out Wang Dao Wang Dun and others, but unexpectedly, he was completely emptied after the "Wang Dun Rebellion".
The king and the horse share the world
The angry Emperor Yuan of Jin died after 6 years as emperor, and was succeeded by the crown prince Sima Shao as Emperor Ming of Jin. Although Emperor Ming of Jin quelled the "Wang Dun Rebellion" and strengthened the centralization of power during his reign, he unfortunately died of illness after 4 years of reign, and Sima Yan, the 5-year-old prince, succeeded him as Emperor Cheng of Jin.
Emperor Cheng of Jin was young, and his mother Empress Dowager Yu Wenjun was in the court, because the Empress Dowager's brother Yu Liang insisted on recruiting Su Jun, the hero who was the champion general at the time, to enter Beijing to reduce his military power, which directly triggered the "Su Jun Rebellion", but fortunately was finally pacified by the famous Eastern Jin generals Tao Kan, Wen Jiao and others.
When Emperor Cheng of Jin was 22 years old (reigning for 18 years), he suddenly fell ill, and because his two sons, Sima Pi and Sima Yi, were relatively young, he decided to pass the throne to his younger brother Sima Yue for Emperor Kangdi of Jin. Helplessly, Emperor Kang of Jin also died of illness after only reigning for 3 years, and the 2-year-old crown prince Sima Dang succeeded him as Emperor Mu of Jin.
During the reign of Emperor Mu of Jin, the general Huan Wen of the Western Dynasty eliminated the "Cheng Han" regime entrenched in Sichuan, and the three Northern Expeditions achieved certain results, and the territory of the Eastern Jin Dynasty was significantly expanded. However, Emperor Mu of Jin was also a short-lived emperor and died young at the age of 19. Since Emperor Mu had no son, Empress Dowager Chu Garlic decided to let Emperor Jin Cheng's son Sima Pi succeed to the throne for Emperor Jin Dynasty.
Emperor Wei of Jin liked the art of immortality, and died after 5 years of reign because he took too many pills, and his brother Sima Yi succeeded him as emperor. Because Sima Yi was deposed by the ambitious courtier Huan Wen in the 6th year of his reign, it is also known in history as the abolished emperor of Jin.
In order to control the imperial government, Huan Wen installed Sima Yu (the youngest son of Emperor Yuan of Jin and brother of Emperor Ming of Jin) as emperor, and was Emperor Jianwen of Jin. Emperor Wen of Jin Jianwen was only a puppet set up by Huan Wen, the so-called "arch silent guarding the way", and before he was critically ill and dying, he also wanted to issue an edict directly to Huan Wen - "the young son can be supplemented, if not, the king takes it himself", but was strongly opposed by the left general Wang Tanzhi and others. In the end, Emperor Jianwen of Jin had to revise the edict and let Huan Wen follow Zhuge Liang and Wang Dao's example.
Huan Wen
The depressed Emperor Jianwen of Jin died after only eight months of reign, and was succeeded by the 11-year-old crown prince Sima Yao as Emperor Xiaowu of Jin. Two famous historical events occurred during the reign of Emperor Xiaowu of Jin, one was the defeat of the million-strong army led by the former Qin emperor Fu Jian in the "Battle of Shuishui", and the other was when drinking with the favored concubine Zhang Guiren, he was covered with a quilt by the other party because he was ridiculing the other party, and he was only 35 years old (reigned for 25 years).
After the death of Emperor Xiaowu of Jin, the 15-year-old crown prince Sima Dezong succeeded him as Emperor An of Jin. Unfortunately, only 9 years later, Huan Wen's son Huan Xuan led an army to attack Jiankang, formally usurped the throne and established the "Huan Chu" regime, and Emperor An of Jin was demoted to the title of King of Pinggu. In the same year, Liu Yu, a military general, raised troops to defeat Huan Xuan and welcomed the restoration of Emperor An of Jin. After that, Liu Yu not only quelled the "Sun Enlu Rebellion", but also defeated the separatist regimes such as "Huan Chu", "Southern Yan", "Zhan Zheng" and "Later Qin", becoming a hot figure in the Eastern Jin Dynasty.
The demise of the Eastern Jin Dynasty
Due to Liu Yu's outstanding performance and his meritorious achievements in the Northern Expedition, he successively recovered Huaibei, Shandong, Henan, and Guan, recaptured Chang'an and Luoyang from the Hu people, and cleared the Western Shu and other separatist forces. In 418, Liu Yu was made the chancellor of the dynasty, and the following year he was given the title of Prince of Song, standing at the peak of power in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, only one step away from the imperial throne.
Liu Yu
In 419, Emperor An of Jin died suddenly (recorded as Liu Yu poisoned and killed), and his brother Sima Dewen succeeded him as Emperor Gong of Jin.
In 420, Liu Yu forced Emperor Gong of Jin to take the throne, proclaimed himself emperor, changed the name of the country to Song, and became known as the Liu Song regime. The Eastern Jin Dynasty perished, and Chinese history entered the period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties.
epilogue
The capital of the Eastern Jin Dynasty is today the city of Nanjing
In general, the presence of the Eastern Jin Dynasty in history was not strong. On the one hand, the emperors had surprisingly short lifespans (supposedly caused by the marriage of close relatives), and on the other hand, few of them could really hold real power, and power was basically controlled by the clan gatekeepers in turn. Therefore, it was almost difficult for the emperors to make a difference, so that there were not many opportunities to make a name for themselves in the history of youth. For example, in the famous "Battle of Shuishui", many people knew the Xie An brothers of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, but did not know that the emperor at that time was Sima Yao, the emperor of Jin Xiaowu.
The reason for this result is precisely the talent selection system of the "Nine Grades Zhongzheng System" created by the Wei Emperor Cao Pi before the Jin Dynasty and Wei. This system differed from the Chaju system of the Two Han Dynasties and the imperial examination system after the Sui and Tang dynasties. It divides talent into nine levels, but there are only two categories, namely upper grade and lower grade. As the true portrayal of the Eastern Jin Dynasty Gate Shi clan system says, "the upper grade has no cold door, and the lower grade has no Shi family".
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