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In ancient times, heating in winter was as important as eating every day, and it was a necessary guarantee for survival. This is why poverty is described as "hunger and cold". How did ancient people keep warm?
As early as prehistoric civilizations, northerners paid great attention to keeping warm when building houses. Half of the semi-hidden houses inhabited by the Banpo civilization are dug into the ground to keep warm from the wind. A pit is dug in the middle of the ground in the house, and the surrounding area is compacted with earth to make a fire for heating, called a "fire pit".
During the Qin and Han dynasties, firewalls reappeared and were first used in the court. There was a firewall in the ruins of the Xianyang Palace of the Qin Dynasty. The interior of the fire wall is hollow, and the wall is heated from the inside, so the inside of the house is warm. A derivative of the firewall is the torch, which is particularly popular in the northeast. "Song Wenjian" tells the story of the Jurchens in the north who laid a layer of soil around their houses, and there was a fire under the soil, and they ate and lived on the soil. Today, there are still wings and kangs in the northern region. Especially in the northeast, the warmest way to entertain guests is to invite you to your home to decorate the kang, and then warm the kang.
Hollow firewall diagram: network
The discovery of the hot kang at the site of the Wu'an Zhao kiln brought to the mainland the history of the hot kang from the Western Han Dynasty to the Shang Dynasty.
Image source: Tahe Daily, June 2022
Next, let's talk about the small heating items of the ancients. The most common is brazier, in which a charcoal fire is burned. Conditionally wealthy people used more elaborate metal braziers, while ordinary people without conditions used clay pots. Since charcoal or firewood was burned in braziers for heating, fuel coal was a necessity for ancient life. At that time, officials distributed not only money and rice, but also charcoal. The original meaning of "俸禄" in today's annual salary and monthly salary is firewood and firewood. Charcoal was very important in ancient family life.
"Sitting around the fire" is a common family scene in ancient winter. Until now, in some parts of the southern part of the mainland, braziers are lit in homes in winter, and everyone sits around the fire to keep warm.
Chain copper square furnace (Warring States) Image source: Anhui Museum
In 1933, it was found in the tomb of King Chu in Shou County. The four corners of the mouth have curved curls. There are four laying rings on both sides of the outer abdominal wall, which are connected by ring chains and play the role of lifting beams. There are four small convex feet under the abdomen, and four square buttons are arranged vertically below. The abdomen is decorated with fine feathers. The edges and feet of the roll correspond to square holes, which appear to have been used to attach lids or set frames, similar to perforated lids on some charcoal today. This stove can be used to burn charcoal for heating, as well as for frying and grilling food.
The stove that burned the prince's baby (Spring and Autumn period) Image source: Rijksmuseum
This Ziying furnace was discovered in 1923 in Lijialou on South Road, Xinzheng County, Henan Province. Mr.
In 1923, the Lijialou Zheng Cemetery on South Street of Xinzheng City was unearthed. It is cuboid in shape, rounded corners, flat-bellied and flat-bottomed, with ears on both sides and three knobs at each end. On the edge of the inner entrance of the nave is a seven-character inscription "The Liao Furnace of Prince Yingci".
There is also a type of oven called a smoker. It is a fire storage device made of clay or copper or iron specially used indoors. Smoking furnaces are also known as "hot furnaces" and "red furnaces". The great poet of the Tang Dynasty, Bai Juyi, also called the incense burner "Biechun Furnace", as evidenced by a poem: "The heat of the pavilion is at the beginning of spring, and the fire is slow". Slowly disappear, the evening wind is still cold, the night party is still the same, alone for a long time, don't be hard when passionate, who can be cold forever in four seasons. ”
Above the dream of the Red Mansion
The volume of braziers and heaters is relatively large, and it is inconvenient to move and use them. That's why the ancients invented a miniature version of the brazier – the hand oven. As the name suggests, it is a charcoal stove that can be held in your hand, filled with still hot wood ash, which can be kept warm wherever you go. The Ming and Qing dynasties were the most popular era of hand kilns, and they are often mentioned in "Dream of Red Mansions". In the Ming and Qing dynasties, the craftsmanship of the hand kiln also reached its peak, and a good hand kiln itself is also a superb craftsmanship. At that time, rich people would put some spices or medicinal herbs on their hands when using them, which could not only keep warm, but also play an aromatic role.
"Zhang Mingqi" type lifting beam type handheld oven (Ming)
It is now in the Overseas Chinese Museum. Heating appliances. Copper texture, handmade, excellent copper quality, soft luster.
The Song Dynasty also saw the emergence of a portable heating object called "Tang Pozi". Have you found that in the TV series "The Legend of Zhen Huan", the hostess has to take charcoal every month, and the home is not warm enough, so she can only rely on Tang Pozi for heating. This type of heated object has been used in modern times. Tangpozi are usually made of metal or ceramics and are shaped to resemble large kettles without spouts. Fill it with hot water, cover it with a cloth cover, and you can put it on the bed to sleep warmly. "Zopp" means hot water, while "pozi" interestingly refers to its role in helping people sleep.
Bronze painting enamel hand stove (Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty)
Image: Wanchang's 2018 Spring Auction
The tableware is also very exquisite, such as a variety of hot pots, fire bowls, wine warmers and other practical tableware, used to heat food, such as "longevity mark silver gilt fire bowl", "clear copper wine" warm pot".
"Isolation Lunch Box": Painted gold blue and white colorful eight treasure pattern porcelain warm bowl
Photo: Nanjing Museum
Silver polished blue mulled wine glass (transparent)
Colorful porcelain ironing (Qing Kangxi)
The scalding inkstone is rectangular in shape and hollow inside, which can be heated by burning charcoal.
In terms of winter clothing, modern people wear down jackets and warm clothes, but the old ones are not so well treated. In winter, poor families can only sew cats and reed flowers into clothes or quilts to keep out the cold. The situation has improved after the large-scale cultivation and application of cotton. Wealthy families choose to make coats and hats out of animal fur, thick and windproof. The costumes of the Ming and Qing imperial families were even more luxurious. Winter dragon clothes are mostly made of black fox skin, and studded with mink skin, which is better warm. The crown is made of smoked mink and black fox fur.
Bright yellow satin embroidered cloud dragon mink inlaid sea dragon skin court coat (Qing Kangxi)
This is the winter imperial uniform worn by the Kangxi Emperor. Inside is mink.
Stone blue satin mink coat (Qing Kangxi)
Bronze satin with dragon patterns and precious motifs and dark flowers lined with mink. This is the winter clothes of the Kangxi Emperor.
If you look back at the daily life of the ancients, it is not as beautiful as shown in the TV series. If we travel back to ancient times, we won't even be able to survive a cold winter. Only by understanding the past can we better cherish the future and cherish the hard-won warm life of the present.
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