China City Talent Attraction Ranking: 2023
Text: Ren Zeping's team
Zhaopin recruits experts in the research group
Guide
Population is the foundation of all economic and social activities, and talent is the first resource. In our previous series of reports, we put forward the logic of "people go with industry and people go to higher places", pointing out that the population is continuing to concentrate in large cities and metropolitan areas. With the disappearance of the demographic dividend and the increasing value of talents, we have cooperated with Zhaopin.com for many years to launch the "China City Talent Attraction Ranking" report, in order to accurately grasp the characteristics of talent flow and continue to track the trend of talent flow. In 2022, the total number of Chinese outlets will decline to a certain extent, but the trend of talent flow differentiation is obvious.
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Data description: Zhaopin.com has 321 million+ professional users, and the number of monthly active users is 51.27 million+; About 8 of them have a college degree or above, far exceeding 22.1% of the country's total employed population. About four of the job seekers became mobile cross-city job seekers.
In 2022, the characteristics of mobile talents will gradually return to the level of 2019. From the perspective of gender, 56% of the floating talents in 2022 are men, higher than the overall job search of 53%, and men are more likely to seek employment across cities; In terms of age, 66.9% of the floating talents aged 18-30 are higher than the overall job seekers of 61.1%, and talents under the age of 30 are more likely to seek employment across cities; In terms of educational qualifications, 52% of the floating talents have a bachelor's degree or above, higher than 45% of the overall job seekers, and highly educated talents are more likely to seek employment across cities; From the perspective of salary level, 30% of the floating talents have a monthly income of more than 8K, which is higher than 28% of the overall job seekers, and those with higher incomes are more likely to seek employment across cities; From the perspective of industry, 50% of the mobile talents are distributed in the IT Internet, real estate, and manufacturing industries, among which the proportion of talents seeking jobs in different places has increased significantly compared with 2021 due to the real estate industry in the adjustment period.
Overview of the list: Beijing and Shanghai rank in the top three, and talents in the Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta are gathered. 1) China's top 100 most attractive cities for talents: The top 100 eastern cities account for more than 70%. From the results, Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen, Guangzhou, Hangzhou, Nanjing, Chengdu, Suzhou, Wuhan and Wuxi ranked in the top ten in 2022. In 2022, the proportion of fresh graduates, master's degree and above talents investing their resumes in first-tier cities will be 20.7% and 26.8%, both higher than the proportion of mobile talents flowing to first-tier cities, and fresh graduates and talents with master's degree and above tend to gather in first- and second-tier cities, especially master's degree talents and above are more inclined to gather in first-tier cities. 2) Talent flow trend: first-tier cities, the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta talent gather, and the cross-regional mobility of talents in high-level cities is rising. In terms of regions, thanks to the strong economic foundation and high strategic positioning, the eastern region continues to gather talents, and the central, western and northeastern regions continue to have a net outflow. In terms of sub-lines, in 2022, the net inflow of first-line, second-tier, third-tier and fourth-tier talents will account for 5.3%, -0.5%, -0.5%, and -4.3%, respectively, with the gathering of first-line talents slowing down, the second-tier talents slightly outflowing, and the third and fourth tiers continuing to outflow. In terms of urban agglomerations, more than 60% of talents will flow to the five major urban agglomerations, and in 2022, talents in the Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta will continue to gather, talents in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei will turn into net inflows, and talents in the middle reaches of Chengdu-Chongqing and Yangtze River will continue to have a net outflow.
Key cities: The proportion of net inflow of talents in Beijing, Shanghai and Jiangsu has increased, and talent flow in urban agglomerations has become the mainstream. 1) First-tier cities: The proportion of net talent inflow in Beijing increased, while the proportion of Shanghai and Shenzhen decreased slightly. In the early stage, due to strict population control and ease of industries, the proportion of net talent inflow in Beijing decreased year by year, until it recovered in 2020, and continued to reach a new high in 2022, mainly due to higher income levels and relaxed talent introduction policies. Shanghai's net talent inflow in 2022 will account for the largest proportion in the country, mainly due to the initial results of Shanghai's new economy promotion policies and the relaxation of settlement policies; Although Shenzhen's population will show negative growth for the first time in 2022, there is still a net inflow of talents, and the concentration of talents is obvious, mainly due to the rapid economic development, high level of innovation and development, and strong ability to attract and retain talents; Shenzhen and Guangzhou are each other's first target cities for talent outflow; In recent years, Guangzhou has had a net and stable inflow of talent, mainly due to the rapid economic development and the lowest cost of living among first-tier cities. 2) Second-tier cities: the net inflow of talents from Jiangsu and its proportion is on the rise, and the net inflow of talents in Ningxi is stable and the proportion is stable. From 2019 to 2022, the proportion of net talent inflow in Hangzhou has always been positive, and the talent attraction ranking is firmly in the forefront, mainly because Hangzhou e-commerce and other industries have developed rapidly and the average salary surpasses Guangzhou and ranks fourth among key cities; The net inflow of talents in Nanjing from 2018 to 2022 has always been positive and stable, mainly due to the rapid development of high-tech industries and the implementation of Nanjing's "Ningju Plan" and relaxed settlement policies; Chengdu's talent mobility in 2022 will return to the level of 2019; The proportion of net talent inflow in Suzhou from 2018 to 2022 is on the rise, mainly due to Suzhou's strong economic strength, ranking sixth in the country in GDP in 2022, and being the closest to Shanghai and obvious location advantages; Wuhan will maintain the trend of net inflow of talents in 2022, mainly due to the good implementation effect of the "students staying in Han" policy and the relaxed threshold for settlement; Wuxi's net inflow of talents from 2018 to 2022 is relatively stable, mainly due to the higher wages and relatively small cost of living in Wuxi compared with cities in the same echelon.
Risk warning: sample bias; There is a certain discrepancy between resume delivery and actual talent flow.
directory
1 Data description: Declassify the characteristics of mobile talents through cross-city job search data
2 Overview of the list: Beijing and Shanghai rank in the top three, and talents in the Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta are gathered
2.1 Top 100 Most Attractive Cities in China: Beijing and Shanghai rank in the top three, and the top 100 eastern cities account for more than 70%.
2.2 Talent flow trend: First-tier cities, the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta have gathered talents, and the cross-regional mobility of talents in high-level cities has increased
3 Key cities: The proportion of net inflow of talents from Beijing, Shanghai and Jiangsu increased, and talent flow within urban agglomerations became the mainstream
3.1 First-tier cities: The proportion of net talent inflow in Beijing increased, while the proportion of Shanghai and Shenzhen decreased slightly
3.2 Second-tier cities: the net inflow of talents from Jiangsu and its proportion is on the rise, and the net inflow of talents in Ningxi with a stable proportion
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1 Data description: Declassify the characteristics of mobile talents through cross-city job search data
Data description and characteristics: Zhaopin.com has 321 million + professional users, 51.27 million + monthly active users, and a cumulative number of cooperative enterprises of 11.76 million+, of which about 8 of the users who have resume delivery behavior in that year have a college degree or above, far exceeding 22.1% of the total employed population in the country; Among the job seekers, about four became cross-city job seekers, that is, mobile talents whose current cities of residence and resumes are invested in different cities.
1) From the perspective of gender, 56% of migrant talents in 2022 are men, higher than 53% of the overall job seekers, and men are more likely to seek employment across cities. In 2022, the ratio of men to women among job seekers is 53:47, of which the ratio of men to women for mobile talents is 56:44. In 2019, 2020 and 2021, the male and female ratios of migrant talents were 60:40, 57:43 and 58:42 respectively, and the sex ratio of job-seeking talents narrowed.
2) From the perspective of age, 66.9% of the floating talents aged 18-30 will account for 66.9% in 2022, which is higher than the overall job search of 61.1%, and talents under the age of 30 are more likely to seek employment across cities. In 2022, 39.6%, 27.3%, 16.5%, 8.9%, 4.2% and 3.4% of the floating talents aged 18-25, 31-35, 46-45 and above accounted for 39.6%, 27.3%, 16.5%, 8.9%, 4.2% and 3.4% respectively, and each age group was 5.6, 0.2, -2.6, -1.8, -0.9, and -0.6 percentage points higher than the overall job seeker, indicating that talents under the age of 30 are more likely to seek employment across cities. From 2019 to 2022, the proportion of migrant talents under the age of 30 was 64.8%, 68.6%, 64.4% and 66.9%, respectively.
3) From the perspective of education, 52% of the mobile talents in 2022 have a bachelor's degree or above, higher than the overall 45% of job seekers, and highly educated talents are more likely to seek employment across cities. In 2022, the proportion of job seekers with junior high school and below, high school, junior college, undergraduate and graduate degrees was 4.5%, 8.4%, 42.5% and 39.6%, respectively. The proportion of undergraduate and postgraduate degrees among floating talents is higher than the overall level, and 51.6% of floating talents have a bachelor's degree or above in 2022, which is 6.9 percentage points higher than the overall job search. From 2019 to 2021, the proportion of migrant talents with bachelor's degree or above was 50.7%, 56.6% and 55.7%, respectively, and the proportion of migrant talents with education gradually recovered to the level of 2019.
4) From the perspective of salary, 30% of the floating talents in 2022 have a monthly income of more than 8K, which is higher than 28% of the overall job search, and those with higher incomes are more likely to seek employment across cities. In 2022, 72.4% and 70% of the total job-seeking talents and floating talents have monthly income below 8K, and 27.6% and 30% have monthly income above 8K. From 2019 to 2021, the proportion of mobile talents with monthly income above 8K was 26.4%, 24.4% and 29.6%, respectively, and high-income earners were more likely to seek employment across cities.
5) From the perspective of industry, 50% of the mobile talents in 2022 will be distributed in the IT Internet, real estate, and manufacturing industries, among which the proportion of talents seeking jobs in different places will increase significantly compared with 2021 due to the adjustment period of the real estate industry. The top three industries with the most job seekers in 2022 are IT, communications, electronics, Internet, real estate, construction, production, processing, manufacturing, accounting for 20.7%, 15.6%, and 13.9% respectively, accounting for 50.1% in total; The top three industries with the most mobile talents are also the above three industries, accounting for 21.1%, 17.5% and 13.7% respectively, accounting for a total of 52.3%, indicating that the distribution of mobile talents is more concentrated, and the distribution of mobile talents in the real estate and construction industry is much higher than that of all job seekers.
2 Overview of the list: Beijing and Shanghai rank in the top three, and talents in the Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta are gathered
2.1 Top 100 Most Attractive Cities in China: Beijing and Shanghai rank in the top three, and the top 100 eastern cities account for more than 70%.
From the perspective of the talent attraction index, Beijing, Shanghai and Shenzhen ranked in the top three in 2022, Beijing occupied the top spot for many consecutive years, and Guangzhou, Hangzhou, Nanjing, Chengdu, Suzhou, Wuhan and Wuxi ranked in the top ten.
In order to measure the talent attraction of a city, the talent attraction index is defined as the proportion of talent inflow, the proportion of net talent inflow, the proportion of fresh graduate talent inflow, the proportion of talent inflow with master's degree or above, per capita disposable income, and net population inflow. The proportion of talent inflow = talents flowing into a city / the total number of national floating talents, and the proportion of net talent inflow = (talents flowing into a city - talents flowing out of a city) / the total number of national floating talents, respectively, reflecting the city's ability to attract and retain. Among them, talents flowing into a city refer to talents whose current residence is not in the city, but whose resumes are invested in that city; Talent outflow from a city refers to talents who currently reside in that city but whose resumes have been invested in other cities; The total number of floating talents in the country refers to talents whose current place of residence and the place where their resumes are invested are inconsistent. The proportion of fresh graduates inflow = the total number of fresh graduates investing in a city/the total number of fresh graduates looking for jobs, and the proportion of talent inflow with master's degree or above = the total number of job seekers with master's degree or above invested in a city, respectively, reflecting the city's attraction to young college students and highly educated talents.
As a political, economic and cultural center, Beijing ranked first in the talent attraction index for three consecutive years; Due to the obvious salary advantage, Beijing has maintained a high attractiveness to job seekers, with the relaxation of talent introduction policies, Beijing's talent inflow has increased, the outflow trend has eased, and talents have maintained a net inflow, ranking first in recent years; Shanghai has a large economy and stable growth, ranking 1st, 1st, 1st, 1st, 3rd, 2nd and 2nd respectively from 2017 to 2022; Shenzhen has moved down, ranking 2nd, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 3rd and 3rd from 2017 to 2022; Guangzhou ranked 4th, 4th, 4th, 4th, 5th, 4th and 4th from 2017 to 2022, which is relatively stable; Due to the rapid development of the industry represented by e-commerce, Hangzhou has always ranked first among second-tier cities, ranking 5th, 5th, 5th, 2nd, 5th and 5th respectively from 2017 to 2022; Nanjing, Chengdu and Suzhou are relatively stable, ranking Nanjing 6th, 7th, 6th, 6th, 8th and 6th from 2017 to 2022; 7, 6, 7, 8, 6, 7 in Chengdu; 8, 9, 9, 7, 7, 8 in Suzhou; Wuxi is among the top ten for the first time in 2022.
Among the top 50 cities in 2022, there are 37, 6, 5 and 2 in the eastern, central, western and northeastern regions, accounting for 42.5%, 7.5%, 5.3% and 5.9% of the total number of cities in each region, respectively. There are 4, 28, 15 and 3 first, second, third and fourth tier cities, accounting for 100.0%, 80.0%, 18.5% and 1.7% of the total number of first, second, third and fourth tier cities, respectively; There are 19, 7, 3, 3 and 2 urban agglomerations in the Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and Chengdu-Chongqing, accounting for 73.1%, 77.8%, 23.1%, 11.1% and 12.5% of the total number of cities in each region.
In 2022, the proportion of fresh graduates, master's degree and above talents investing in resumes in first-tier cities will be 20.7% and 26.8%, which are 2.1 and 8.1 percentage points higher than the flow of mobile talents to first-tier cities, respectively. About 50% of fresh graduates, master's degree and above will invest their resumes in second-tier cities, and fresh graduates and master's degree talents and above are more inclined to gather in first- and second-tier cities. From the perspective of fresh graduates, the total inflow of fresh graduates into first- and second-tier cities accounted for 69.9%, which was higher than the overall inflow of talents accounted for 63.5%, and compared with the overall mobile talents, fresh graduates were more inclined to first- and second-tier cities. From the perspective of master's degree and above talents, the total inflow of master's degree and above into first- and second-tier cities accounted for 77.5%, higher than the proportion of talent inflow accounted for 63.5%, of which the proportion of master's degree and above talents in first-tier and second-tier cities was 4.2 and 5.9 percentage points higher than that of talent inflow, respectively.
2.2 Talent flow trend: First-tier cities, the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta have gathered talents, and the cross-regional mobility of talents in high-level cities has increased
The proportion of net talent inflow is the core indicator of the talent attraction index, which is equal to (talents flowing into a city - talents flowing out of a city) / the total number of mobile talents in the country.
1) By region, the cross-regional mobility of talents in the east will rebound slightly in 2022, while the mobility of talents in the northeast will decline; The net inflow of talents in the eastern, central, western and northeastern regions accounted for 14.0%, -6.0%, -4.7% and -3.4% respectively, and talents continued to gather in the east, and the central, western and northeastern regions continued to have a net outflow. From the perspective of the proportion of talent inflow and outflow, from 2018 to 2022, the proportion of talent inflow in the eastern region decreased from 60.8% to 59.3%, and the proportion of talent outflow decreased from 55.1% to 45.2%, and the mobility of talents in the eastern region rebounded slightly compared with 2021, and nearly 60% of the country's talents flowed into the east; The proportion of talent inflow and outflow in the central and western regions showed an upward trend, and the mobility of talents increased. From 2018 to 2022, the proportion of talent inflow in Northeast China decreased from 5.3% to 4.3%, and the proportion of talent outflow decreased from 8.3% to 7.7%, and talent mobility declined. From the perspective of the proportion of net talent inflow, the proportion of net talent inflow in the eastern region increased from 5.7% to 14.0% from 2018 to 2021, and talents continued to gather in the east, benefiting from a strong economic foundation and high strategic positioning; The central and western regions continue to have a net outflow of talents, and the proportion of net outflows will increase in 2022.
2) From the perspective of sub-lines, in 2022, the cross-regional mobility of talents in first-tier cities will decline, and the mobility of talents in third- and fourth-tier cities will be relatively stable, with the net inflow of first-tier, second-tier, third-tier and fourth-tier talents accounting for 5.3%, -0.5%, -0.5%, and -4.3% respectively, slowing down the gathering of first-tier talents, a slight outflow of second-tier talents, and a continuous outflow of third-tier and fourth-tier talents. From the perspective of talent inflow and outflow, from 2018 to 2022, the inflow of front-line talents will drop from 21.8% to 18.6%, and the proportion of outflow will drop from 22.7% to 13.4%, and the proportion of outflow will decrease much more than the proportion of inflow; The proportion of second-tier talent inflow decreased and the proportion of outflow increased; The proportion of inflow and outflow in third- and fourth-tier cities has increased, and the proportion of outflow has increased more than the proportion of inflow. From the perspective of the proportion of net talent inflow, the net inflow of talents in first-tier cities from 2018 to 2022 accounted for -0.9%, -2.7%, 3.5%, 5.4% and 5.3%, respectively, and the gathering of first-line talents slowed down in 2022; Second-tier cities were 3.6%, 1.1%, 3.4%, 0.4% and -0.5% respectively, mainly affected by the increase in the proportion of talent outflow; The third-tier cities were -0.3%, 1.8%, -1.0%, -1.0% and 0.5% respectively, with a continuous net outflow of talents; The fourth-tier cities were -2.3%, -0.3%, -5.8%, -4.8% and 4.3% respectively, and the outflow of talents continued, and the proportion of net outflow from third- and fourth-tier cities decreased slightly in 2022.
3) In terms of urban agglomerations, more than 60% of talents will flow to the five major urban agglomerations, and in 2022, talents in the Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta will continue to gather, talents in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei will turn into a net inflow trend, and talents in the middle reaches of Chengdu-Chongqing and Yangtze River will continue to have a net outflow. From the perspective of talent inflow and outflow, from 2018 to 2022, the proportion of talent inflow in the Yangtze River Delta decreased from 22.2% to 21.4%, and the proportion of talent outflow decreased from 17.6% to 13.5%; The proportion of talent inflow in the PRD increased slightly, with the proportion of outflow falling from 11.5% to 10.4%. The proportion of talent inflow and outflow in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei showed a downward trend; The proportion of talent inflow and talent outflow in Chengdu and Chongqing is relatively stable; The proportion of talent inflow and outflow in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River increased slightly. In 2022, the cross-regional mobility of talents in the five major urban agglomerations will decline, and the total proportion of talent inflow in the five major urban agglomerations will decrease from 64.5% to 62.1% from 2018 to 2022, and the proportion of talent outflow will decrease from 60.6% to 51.7%. From the perspective of the proportion of net talent inflow, from 2018 to 2022, the proportion of net talent inflow in the Yangtze River Delta increased from 4.6% to 7.9%, and the net inflow of talents was higher than that of other urban agglomerations, and a large number of talents gathered in the Yangtze River Delta; The PRD increased from 2.2% to 3.9%, with net talent inflow slightly lower than in 2021. The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region was -2.9%, -4.0%, -0.7%, -0.6% and 0.5% respectively, and the net outflow of talents remained but the proportion of talents shrank, and the increase in the proportion of net talent inflow in Beijing led to a decline in the proportion of the overall net outflow of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. Chengdu-Chongqing and the middle reaches of the Yangtze River showed a net outflow of talents.
3 Key cities: The proportion of net inflow of talents from Beijing, Shanghai and Jiangsu increased, and talent flow within urban agglomerations became the mainstream
3.1 First-tier cities: The proportion of net talent inflow in Beijing increased, while the proportion of Shanghai and Shenzhen decreased slightly
In terms of the proportion of net talent inflow, the net inflow of talents in Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen and Guangzhou will account for 1.5%, 1.9%, 1.1% and 0.7% respectively in 2022, with Shanghai being the highest and Guangzhou the lowest. From the trend of changes in the proportion of net talent inflow, due to strict population control and ease of industries in the early stage, the proportion of net talent inflow in Beijing decreased year by year, until it recovered in 2020, and continued to reach a new high in 2022, mainly due to the relaxation of talent introduction policies in recent years. The proportion of net talent inflow in Shanghai has changed in a "V" shape, with net talent inflow accounting for 1.9% in 2022, a slight decrease from 2021, but still the top spot; The net inflow of talents in Shenzhen and Guangzhou in 2022 decreased slightly by 0.2 percentage points compared with 2021.
1) Beijing: The proportion of net talent inflow from 2018 to 2022 was -2.7%, -3.9%, 0.2%, 1.0% and 1.5%, respectively, and the proportion of net inflow continued to increase in 2022, mainly due to the decrease in the proportion of talent outflow under factors such as the relaxation of talent policies in recent years; In 2022, Shanghai will still be the first target city for Beijing's talent outflow, and the total proportion of the top ten cities in Beijing will decrease compared with 2021. From the perspective of talent inflow and outflow, the proportion of talent inflow in Beijing from 2018 to 2022 dropped from 7.1% to 5.9%. In recent years, the proportion of talent outflow has decreased significantly, and the proportion of talent outflow has dropped from 9.9% to 4.4% from 2018 to 2022. Beijing's talent inflow and talent outflow ranked first in the country, but in the past, the outflow climbed year by year, and the outflow was significantly greater than the inflow, which made the talent outflow show a net outflow trend, until 2020, the talent outflow slowed down significantly, and the net outflow turned into a net inflow, and the net inflow of talents accounted for -3.9%, 0.2%, 1.0% and 1.5% respectively from 2019 to 2022.
From the source point of view, the top ten cities with talent inflow to Beijing in 2022 accounted for a total of 33.3%, of which Tianjin accounted for the first proportion at 5.3%, and Beijing has an obvious role in siphoning surrounding cities. The inflow of talents into Beijing is mainly due to Beijing's large economy and high income level, with a GDP of 4.2 trillion yuan and a per capita disposable income of 84,000 yuan in cities and towns in 2022, ranking second only to Shanghai. According to Zhaopin's recruitment data, the average recruitment salary in Beijing in 2022 is 13,480 yuan/month, second only to Shanghai among key cities. In July 2021, the Beijing Human Resources and Social Security Bureau issued the "Beijing Municipal Measures for the Administration of Introducing Graduates", which applies to graduates who are "employed for the first time within two years of graduation", and at the same time relaxes the age limit, increasing the age limit from 24 to 26 for undergraduate students and from 27 to 30 for graduate students, significantly relaxing the talent introduction policy, and increasing the proportion of talent inflow in Beijing in 2022.
In terms of whereabouts, the top ten cities in Beijing accounted for a total of 41.1%, down from 43.2% in 2021. Among them, 7.8% of the talents flowing out of Beijing went to Shanghai, 8.8% of the talents who flowed out of Shanghai went to Beijing, Beijing and Shanghai are the first of the target cities for the outflow of talents, and the ratio of talents from Beijing to Shanghai and Shanghai to Beijing is 0.89, which indicates that the net inflow of talents from Shanghai to Beijing, that is, the flow of talents from Beijing to Shanghai is less than the talent flow from Shanghai to Beijing. Beijing continues to ease the core functions of non-capital and connect with synergistic industries with Tianjin and Hebei. According to the Beijing Municipal Development and Reform Commission, as of 2022, the city has not handled more than 24,400 new establishment or change registration services. A total of nearly 3,000 general manufacturing and polluting enterprises have been withdrawn, and nearly 1,000 regional professional markets and logistics centers have been dissolved and upgraded. The talent acceptance capacity of the surrounding urban agglomerations in Beijing is weak, and only 2 of the top ten cities with talent outflow from Beijing are Tianjin-Hebei cities, accounting for only 9.2%, down from 13% in 21 years.
2) Shanghai: From 2018 to 2022, the net inflow of talents in Shanghai accounted for 0.9%, 0.5%, 1.2%, 2.1% and 1.9%, respectively, and the talent agglomeration was obvious, mainly because Shanghai's new economic promotion policies have achieved initial results in recent years and the relaxation of settlement policies has reduced talent outflow. From the perspective of the proportion of talent inflow and outflow, the proportion of talent inflow in Shanghai decreased from 5.6% to 4.7% from 2018 to 2020, and the proportion of talent inflow in 2022 remained basically stable, while the proportion of talent outflow decreased significantly, and the proportion of talent outflow in Shanghai decreased from 4.8% to 2.3% from 2019 to 2022, a significant decrease.
From the perspective of sources, the top ten cities with talent inflow to Shanghai accounted for a total of 37.9% in 2022, lower than 38.8% in 2021, and the concentration of talent sources in Shanghai has declined. Among them, there are 3 cities in the Yangtze River Delta, accounting for a total of 10%, down from 10.5% in 2021. The inflow of talents into Shanghai is mainly due to Shanghai's large economy, high salary level, initial results of the new economy promotion policy and relaxation of talent introduction policy in Shanghai. In 2022, Shanghai's GDP will reach 4.47 trillion yuan and the per capita disposable income of urban residents will be 84,000 yuan, ranking first in the country. According to the Shanghai Municipal Commission of Economy and Information Technology, the number of China's top 100 Internet enterprises in Shanghai in 2021 was 18, ranking second among all provinces and cities in the country, and the development effect of the "online new economy" is obvious. Shanghai's 2021 new version of the Measures for Introducing Talents to Apply for Permanent Residence in Shanghai has increased the number of channels for talent introduction and settlement from 16 to 18, and the settlement channels have been significantly relaxed; At the end of 21, the settlement policy of the five major new cities and free trade zones will be relaxed, and local fresh graduate students can directly settle down. In 2022, the conditions for settling talents in Shanghai will be relaxed again, and five types of talents, including high-level talents, talents urgently needed by key institutions, high-skilled talents, innovation and entrepreneurship talents, professional talents and other special talents, can directly settle in Shanghai, and the application period will be reduced from 15 days to 5 days.
From the perspective of whereabouts, the top ten cities in Shanghai accounted for a total of 48.0% of the talent flow in 2022, lower than 49.0% in 2021, and the concentration of talents flowing out of Shanghai declined. Among them, there are 3 cities in the Yangtze River Delta, accounting for a total of 18.6%, up from 17.8% in 2021. The 2016 13th Five-Year Plan and the Outline of Shanghai's Urban Master Plan (2015-2040) both require that Shanghai's permanent population be limited to 25 million by 2020 and beyond. In 2022, the proportion of talent outflow in Shanghai will decrease significantly, mainly due to the relaxation of settlement policies, including the relaxation of the evaluation standards for residence transfer, etc., the period of talent residence transfer introduced by employers in Zhangjiang Science City has been shortened from 7 years to 5 years, the number of key talents in key industries has been shortened from 7 years to 3 years, and the number of people who have settled in Shanghai in 2022 will be 32,400, an increase of 76% over 2020.
3) Shenzhen: Although the population will show negative growth for the first time in 2022, there is still a net inflow of talents, and the net inflow of talents from 2018 to 2022 accounts for 0.4%, 0.2%, 1.3%, 1.4% and 1.1% respectively, and the talent gathering in the past three years is obvious, mainly due to Shenzhen's rapid economic development, high level of innovation and development, strong ability to attract talents and retain talents, and Shenzhen and Guangzhou are the first target cities for talent outflow. From the perspective of the proportion of talent inflow and outflow, from 2018 to 2022, the proportion of talent inflow in Shenzhen will decrease from 4.7% to 4.5%, the proportion of talent outflow will decrease from 4.6% to 3.4%, and the cross-regional mobility of talents will decline. Due to the similar decline in the proportion of inflow and outflow, the proportion of net talent inflow has remained stable in the past three years, accounting for 1.3%, 1.4% and 1.1% of talent in 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively.
From the perspective of sources, the top ten cities where talents flowed into Shenzhen accounted for a total of 41.1%, lower than 41.2% of the top ten sources in 2021, and the concentration of talent sources in Shenzhen has declined. Among them, there are 4 cities in the Pearl River Delta, accounting for a total of 20.7%; 10.8% of the talents flowing into Shenzhen came from Guangzhou, and 14.6% of the talents flowing into Guangzhou came from Shenzhen, and Shenzhen and Guangzhou are the first source cities for each other. The inflow of talents into Shenzhen is mainly due to the relatively fast economic development and high level of innovation and development, and Shenzhen's GDP reached 3.2 trillion yuan in 2022, ranking third in the country. Shenzhen is also home to many famous enterprises such as Huawei, Tencent, and Ping An, especially Internet companies, attracting a large number of talents.
From the perspective of destination, the top ten cities in Shenzhen accounted for 52.0% of the total talent flow, lower than 52.9% of the top ten sources in 2021, and Shenzhen's talent destination is more scattered. Among them, there are 4 cities in the Pearl River Delta, accounting for a total of 29.8%, down from 32.4% in 2021. 12.3% of the talents who flowed out of Shenzhen went to Guangzhou, followed by Dongguan and Shanghai, accounting for 8.6% and 5.5% respectively. In 2022, among the industry talents flowing in and out of Shenzhen, IT, communication|electronics|Internet accounted for 31.7% and 32.8%, both of which were much higher than those in other 9 cities.
4) Guangzhou: From 2018 to 2022, the net inflow of talents accounted for 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.9%, 1% and 0.7%, respectively, mainly due to Guangzhou's rapid economic development and the lowest cost of living among first-tier cities; Guangzhou's talent flow to Pearl River Delta cities accounted for 37.2%, which was higher than Beijing's flow to Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and Shanghai to Yangtze River Delta cities, and the talent circulation in the Pearl River Delta city cluster was stronger. From the perspective of talent inflow and outflow, from 2018 to 2021, the proportion of talent inflow in Guangzhou decreased from 4.2% to 3.7%, and the proportion of talent outflow decreased from 3.3% to 2.8%, showing a downward trend year by year, but the proportion of talent inflow and outflow in 2022 increased by 0.3 and 0.5 percentage points respectively compared with 2021, and the cross-regional mobility of talents increased.
In terms of sources, the top ten cities where talents flowed to Guangzhou accounted for a total of 40.1%, lower than the 39.1% of the top ten sources in 2021. Among them, there are 3 cities in the Pearl River Delta, accounting for a total of 21.3%, accounting for a slight increase compared with 2021. The main reason for the inflow of talents is that Guangzhou has a fast economic development and the lowest cost of living among first-tier cities. According to the "2022 Global Cost of Living Survey Report" released by Merce, among the 133 cities in the world, Beijing, Shanghai and Shenzhen ranked 10th, 12th and 13th respectively, while Guangzhou ranked 18th; In 2022, the price-to-income ratios of Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen and Guangzhou will be 29.4, 35.2, 36.5 and 20.3 respectively, and Guangzhou's cost of living and housing prices will be the lowest among first-tier cities.
In terms of whereabouts, the top ten cities in Guangzhou accounted for 52.8% of the total proportion of talent flow, down from 55.5% in 2021. Among them, there are 5 cities in the Pearl River Delta, accounting for a total of 37.2%. In contrast, 9.2% of Beijing's outflow of talents went to the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration, 18.6% of Shanghai's outflow went to the Yangtze River Delta city agglomeration, 29.8% of the outflow of talents from Shenzhen went to the Pearl River Delta city agglomeration, and the proportion of Guangzhou talent outflow to the cities of the Pearl River Delta city agglomeration was significantly higher. On the one hand, because the Pearl River Delta is mostly Cantonese-speaking cities with similar cultures, on the other hand, there are many universities in Guangzhou, and talents from Guangdong Province gather in Guangzhou for their studies, and return from Guangzhou to other cities in the province after graduation. According to the data of the Ministry of Education, the number of ordinary colleges and universities in Guangzhou and the number of 211 universities are 37 and 6, ranking 5th and 6th respectively; According to data from the National Bureau of Statistics, the number of general college students in Guangzhou in 2021 was 1.41 million, ranking first in the country.
3.2 Second-tier cities: the net inflow of talents from Jiangsu and its proportion is on the rise, and the net inflow of talents in Ningxi with a stable proportion
From the perspective of the proportion of net inflow of talents in 2022, among the 6 key second-tier cities, Wuxi entered the top ten for the first time, with Hangzhou Ningrong and Suhanxi 1.3%, 0.8%, -0.6%, 1.0%, 0.2% and 0.6% respectively, Hangzhou the highest and Chengdu the lowest. From the change in the proportion of net talent inflow from 2018 to 2021, Hangzhou has risen from 1.2% to 1.6% year by year, and fell slightly to 1.3% in 2022, but it is still the city with the highest net inflow among the six key cities. The industries represented by e-commerce in Hangzhou are developing rapidly, the environment is livable and the salaries are relatively high; Nanjing continued to have a net inflow of talents, and the proportion continued to remain stable, and Nanjing's 2018 "Ningju Plan" was implemented and the settlement policy was relaxed to attract talents; In recent years, the proportion of net talent outflow in Chengdu has gradually declined; The proportion of net talent inflow in Suzhou showed an upward trend, rising from 0.4% in 2018 to 1.0% in 2022, respectively, with obvious talent agglomeration; In 2017, Wuhan began to implement the "one million college students studying in Han" policy to retain talents; Wuxi's net inflow of talents in the past two years has maintained a proportion of about 0.5%.
1) Hangzhou: The proportion of net talent inflow from 2018 to 2022 was 1.2%, 1.4%, 1.6%, 1.6% and 1.3%, respectively, which was always positive; The talent attraction ranking is firmly in the forefront, mainly due to the rapid development of industries represented by e-commerce and live broadcasting, the livable cultural environment and the average salary ranking fourth among key cities. From the perspective of talent inflow and outflow, from 2018 to 2022, Hangzhou's talent inflow accounted for relatively stable, always maintained at about 3%, and the proportion of talent outflow decreased from 2.1% to 1.7%, and Hangzhou's talent retention capacity gradually increased. Talent inflow is significantly greater than outflow, which keeps the net inflow of talent at a high level, with the proportion of net talent inflow rising from 1.2% to 1.3% from 2018 to 2022.
From the perspective of sources, the top ten cities where talents flowed to Hangzhou accounted for a total of 33% in 2022, which is a certain increase from 32.5% of the top ten sources of talents in 2021. Among them, 3 are from the Yangtze River Delta region, accounting for a total of 10.0%, which is significantly lower than in 2021, of which Shanghai is the largest source of talents in Hangzhou, and Hangzhou's talent source areas are more diversified and the scope of talent introduction is wider. The inflow of talents into Hangzhou is mainly due to the rapid development of the industry, especially the e-commerce industry represented by Alibaba, which has developed rapidly and has a high income level. According to the Hangzhou Municipal Bureau of Statistics, in 2022, the annual added value of the core industries of the digital economy in Hangzhou will be 507.6 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 2.8%, and an average growth rate of 7.2% in two years, higher than its GDP growth rate. As an "e-commerce capital", Hangzhou will account for 27.8% of the IT|Communications|Electronics|Internet industries in 2022, which is significantly higher than other key cities except Shenzhen, of which 9.5% will flow to the Internet/e-commerce secondary industry, higher than the rest of the key cities. At the same time, the average recruitment salary in Hangzhou in 2022 is 11,807 yuan / month, ranking fourth among key cities, higher than the first-tier city of Guangzhou, which is more attractive. From the perspective of whereabouts, the top ten cities in Hangzhou accounted for a total of 42.9%. Among them, 7 go to the Yangtze River Delta region, accounting for a total of 29.5%, and Hangzhou talents mainly flow to the Yangtze River Delta region, and there are close exchanges within the region.
2) Nanjing: The net inflow of talents accounted for 0.9% from 2018 to 2021 and 0.8% in 2022, which has always been positive and stable, mainly due to the rapid development of high-tech industries and the implementation of Nanjing's "Ningju Plan" and relaxed settlement policies, attracting talents. From the perspective of talent inflow and outflow, from 2018 to 2022, the proportion of talent inflow in Nanjing decreased from 3.0% to 2.4%, and the proportion of talent outflow decreased from 1.9% to 1.6%, which is significantly greater than the proportion of talent outflow, making the proportion of net talent inflow in Nanjing have remained at the level of 0.8%-1%, which is basically stable.
From the perspective of sources, the top ten cities where talents flowed into Nanjing accounted for a total of 32.3%. Among them, 4 are in the Yangtze River Delta region, accounting for a total of 14.9%. The inflow of talents into Nanjing is mainly due to the rapid development of high-end industries and relaxed settlement policies. In 2022, the output value of high-tech manufacturing on the scale will increase by 10.9% year-on-year, entering the "fast lane". In 2018, the "Ningju Plan", that is, the "Implementation Measures for Talent Settlement", was implemented, no longer based on employment as the premise for settling down, and the age requirements were also relaxed from 35 to 40 years old, and the annual increase in Nanjing's household registration population from 2018 to 2021 exceeded 100,000. In terms of whereabouts, the top ten cities in Nanjing accounted for a total of 45.5%. Among them, 7 are in the Yangtze River Delta region, accounting for a total of 33.9%. Talents in Nanjing and the Yangtze River Delta interact more frequently, partly because there are many universities in Nanjing, and talents in the Yangtze River Delta gather in Nanjing for their studies, and return from Nanjing to other cities in the Yangtze River Delta after graduation. According to the data of the Ministry of Education, the number of ordinary colleges and universities and 211 universities in Nanjing are 37 and 12, ranking 5th and 3rd respectively.
3) Chengdu: From 2018 to 2022, the proportion of net talent inflow was -0.3%, -0.6%, -0.1%, 0.0% and -0.6%, respectively, and the proportion of talent inflow, fresh graduate talent inflow, and master's degree and above talent inflow ranked among the top five in the country. Chengdu has a large inflow and outflow of talents, accounting for 3.1% and 3.7% of talent outflows in Chengdu in 2022, with strong overall talent mobility. At the same time, Chengdu is attractive to young college students and highly educated talents, with the inflow of talents accounting for 4.1% in 2022, ranking fifth in the country, and the inflow of talents with master's degree or above accounting for 4.1%, ranking fourth in the country.
In terms of sources, the top ten cities with talent flowing to Chengdu accounted for a total of 37.4%, down from 38.2% in 2021, and the source was more extensive. Among them, Chongqing is the first source of talent inflow in Chengdu, accounting for 10.8%, mainly because the planning of the Chengdu-Chongqing Twin Cities Economic Circle has been implemented, which has helped the flow and exchange of talents in cities in the economic circle. The main reason for the inflow of talents into Chengdu is that Chengdu, as a central city in the western region, has a relatively active economic development and developed cultural and creative and electronic information industries, according to our previously released "China Cities High-quality Development Ranking 2022", Chengdu's score in the innovation and development dimension is only lower than that of Suzhou. At the same time, Chengdu has launched a supporting system of talent services such as "Rongcheng Talent Green Card" and "Rongpiao Talent Code" to build a talent settlement system that combines "renting, selling and supplementing", and "building nests and attracting phoenixes" to attract talents. From the perspective of whereabouts, the top ten cities in Chengdu accounted for a total of 40.4%, lower than 42.5% in 2021, and 32.1% of Chengdu's outflow of talents in 2022 came from the real estate and construction industry, which was significantly higher than other key cities, and much higher than the proportion of Chengdu's inflow of talents to the industry of 11.9%.
4) Suzhou: From 2018 to 2022, the net inflow of talents accounted for 0.4%, 0.3%, 0.7%, 0.9% and 1.0%, respectively, showing an overall upward trend, and the continuous concentration of talents, mainly due to Suzhou's strong economic strength and rapid development, leading innovation and development, and obvious location advantages. From the perspective of talent inflow and outflow, the proportion of talent inflow in Suzhou has remained stable in recent years, maintaining at about 2.3%, and the proportion of talent outflow has decreased significantly, the proportion of talent outflow from 2.0% to 1.4% from 2018 to 2022, the proportion of talent inflow is greater than the proportion of outflow, so that the proportion of net inflow of talents has shown an upward trend, and the proportion of net talent inflow in Suzhou from 0.4% to 1.0% in 2018-2022.
From the perspective of sources, the total proportion of talents flowing into Suzhou in the ten major cities reached 36.4%, of which 5 cities were cities in the Yangtze River Delta region, accounting for a total of 19.8%, and Suzhou had close talent exchanges with cities in the Yangtze River Delta. The main reason for the inflow of talents is that Suzhou has strong economic strength, leading innovation and development, and is located in the hinterland of the Yangtze River Delta and the closest to Shanghai, which is the biggest beneficiary of resource spillover and attracts talent gathering. In 2022, Suzhou's GDP will be 2.4 trillion yuan, ranking sixth in the country and first in the province, ranking second in the Yangtze River Delta, and only lower than Shanghai. In 2022, Suzhou High-tech Zone will introduce 1,210 innovative enterprises and 377 high-quality science and technology projects throughout the year; It has been approved as 2 Chinese unicorns and 9 potential unicorns in China. From the perspective of destination, the top ten cities with talent outflow in Suzhou accounted for a total of 46.5%, of which 6 cities were cities in the Yangtze River Delta region, accounting for a total of 33.8%. Suzhou's manufacturing industry leads the country, and in 2022, the total industrial output value will be the second in the country and the added value will be the third in the country. The mobility of talents in Suzhou's manufacturing industry is significantly higher than that of other cities, with 21.4% of the talents outflow from Suzhou in 2022 coming from production|processing|manufacturing, and 22% of the inflow of talents coming from production|processing|manufacturing.
5) Wuhan: From 2018 to 2022, the net inflow of talents accounted for 0.8%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.5% and 0.2%, respectively, showing a net inflow trend, mainly due to the implementation of the "one million college students studying in Han" policy and the low cost of living, and the threshold for settling in Wuhan in 2021 continued to be relaxed, promoting its net inflow of talents. From the perspective of talent inflow and outflow, from 2018 to 2022, Wuhan's talent inflow accounted for 2.7%, 1.9%, 2.1%, 2.4% and 2.2%, respectively, and talent outflow accounted for 1.9%, 1.8%, 2.0%, 1.8%, 2.0%, 2.0%, and 2.0%, and the talent inflow has a downward trend, but the proportion of inflow is still greater than the proportion of outflow, and talent shows a continuous net inflow trend.
From the perspective of sources, the top ten cities where talents flowed to Wuhan accounted for a total of 36.9%, lower than 38.3% in 2021, and the source of talents was more extensive. The inflow of talents into Wuhan is mainly due to the implementation of the "One Million College Students Studying in Han Entrepreneurship and Employment Project" in 2017 to attract graduates, including providing college students with comfortable housing or rental housing 20% below the market price, relaxing the conditions for settlement, and stipulating guiding minimum annual salary standards. In 2021, Wuhan established Talent Group Co., Ltd. to introduce talents to the city, and Wuhan continued to relax the settlement conditions, approaching the "zero threshold", and the degree of openness to settlement was the largest among national central cities. As the third largest city in the country in terms of the number of college students, Wuhan's talent inflow has increased significantly. In 2022, 317,000 new students will be added to study in Han University, exceeding the quota of the "Students Staying in Han" project plan (100,000 per year). From the perspective of whereabouts, the top ten cities in Wuhan accounted for a total of 41.4%, lower than 43.9% in 2021, and the proportion of outflow declined.
6) Wuxi: From 2018 to 2022, the net inflow of talents accounted for 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.8%, 0.5% and 0.6%, respectively, accounting for relatively stable, and the main reason for talent inflow was higher wages and relatively small living costs compared with cities in the same echelon. From the perspective of talent inflow and outflow, from 2018 to 2022, the proportion of talent inflow in Wuxi increased from 1.1% to 1.2%, and the proportion of talent outflow decreased from 0.8% to 0.6%, and the mobility of talents in Wuxi remained stable and continued the net inflow of talents.
From the perspective of sources, the ten major cities where talents flowed into Wuxi accounted for a total of 35.5%, of which 6 cities in the Yangtze River Delta accounted for 25.2% in total. The inflow of talent into Wuxi is mainly due to the higher wages and relatively small cost of living in Wuxi compared to cities in the same echelon. In 2022, the average salary of non-private employees in Wuxi will be 123,000 yuan, higher than the 115,000 yuan and 116,000 yuan in Changsha and Qingdao, but the rental price is lower than the two, and the ratio of house price to income in Wuxi in the past 10 years is lower than that of Qingdao. In 2016, Wuxi launched the "Taihu Lake Talent Plan", focusing on supporting the introduction and cultivation of key talents in six types of industrial development, formulating various welfare policies such as work subsidies, salary subsidies, and relocation subsidies, and constantly updating and iterating. Wuxi also adopts the model of "attracting talents by competition", aiming at the development direction of key industries, holding innovation and entrepreneurship competitions, and attracting talents at home and abroad. From the perspective of destination, the top ten cities in Wuxi accounted for 51.1% of the total talent flow, and the outflow to the Yangtze River Delta cities accounted for 40.9%, and most of the outflow talents flowed to the Yangtze River Delta cities.