Military fierce people, political idiots

In the thirteenth year of Yuan Jia (436), the 30-year-old Song Emperor Liu Yilong fell ill.

He issued a divine decree to recall the current minister of auxiliary affairs and the number one general Tan Daoji.

As one of the founders of the Liu and Song dynasties, Tan Daoji did not think much about it, and quickly followed the envoy towards Jiankang City (present-day Nanjing).

But as soon as the group entered the palace, they were arrested.

Immediately, under a divine decree, Tan Daoji was executed on charges of attempted treason.

Before his execution, this famous general, who did not know what crime he had committed until his death, tore off his turban and fell to the ground, pointed in the direction where Emperor Wen of Song's palace was located, and roared angrily: "It is the Great Wall of Ruins!" ”

However, compared to the self-destruction of the Great Wall, Emperor Wen of Song obviously had a greater demonic heart.

▲ Liu Song "Great Wall", famous general Tan Daoji (?) -436）。 Image source/network

1

As a general of the Gong Gao Zhen Lord, Tan Daoji was the right-hand man of Emperor Wen of Song's father and Emperor Wudi of Song, Liu Yu.

Unlike Liu Yu, whose true origin is doubtful, Tan Daoji is a descendant of the Tan clan of Gaoping in Shandong. It's just that he lived in a period of great division in the world. Frequent regime changes, accompanied by never-ending wars and turmoil, left unarmed families to follow their lords and monarchs. After several rounds of migration, by the time Tan Daoji was born, the Gaoping Tan clan had become a major downcast family in the south.

At this time, the Eastern Jin Dynasty, which had fled to the south, never gave up sharing the world with Shi Dafu. Tan Daoji's uncle Tan Yongzhi relied on his birth and talent to join the court and serve the country. After the death of Tan Daoji's parents, Tan Pingzhi adopted the four Tan Daoji brothers as if they were his own.

The result of Shi Dafu sharing the world with the imperial family was the expansion of the power of the courtiers. In the middle and late Eastern Jin Dynasty, the Longqian Huan family, headed by the son-in-law of Emperor Ming of Jin, the general Huan Wen, posed a great threat to the imperial court. After Huan Wen's death, the central power fell into the hands of another first-class clan, Situ Xie An, the leader of the Xie clan of Chen County.

In order to counter the Longqian Huan clan, which used Jing and Yangzhou as their military bases, and to always guard against the southern invasion of northern forces, Xie An ordered his nephew Xie Xuan to train "Beifu soldiers" in the area around Jingkou (present-day Zhenjiang, Jiangsu).

And Jingkou is the ancestral home of the Gaoping Tan clan after moving south. Under the call of protecting the family and defending the country, Tan Pingzhi, Tan Daoji and other Tan disciples successively joined the Beifu Corps, and met their future "Ming Lord" - Liu Yu there.

▲Zhenjiang Xi Jindu, Gaoping Tan clan and most of the "Yongjia Nandu" immigrants landed here.

Liu Yu came from the grassroots class and grew up in Jingkou at an early age. He did not have any great ideals when he first became a soldier, just because he did not have enough to eat, the soldiers of Tubei Province had a good salary, and he went to the army to earn money and food to support his family.

Tan Pingzhi and Liu Yu, two people of similar age who also felt the sufferings of the people, suddenly became "brothers in life" in the army.

Liu Yu is tall and burly, and he was born to serve in the army. As soon as he entered the barracks, he was given the weight of the champion general Sun Wuji and received his subordinates as a Sima (equivalent to a military secretary). Tan Yongzhi was not bad, and with his origin, he was appreciated by Sima Daozi, the king of the courtier, and became a military officer (equivalent to a military staff officer).

The two ran their respective roads.

In the eighth year of the Eastern Jin Dynasty (383), the Battle of Shuishui broke out, and the Beifu soldiers became famous in the first battle. Tan Pingzhi and Liu Yu also successively became the backbone of this new army.

Or because of Sun Wuji's recommendation, Liu Yu switched to the account of Liu Jiao, the leader of the Beifu army, and became a soldier.

Relying on his relationship with Liu Yu, Tan Yongzhi introduced his nephew Tan Daoji to Liu Yu.

From then on, the fate of Tan Daoji and Liu Yu and even the subsequent Liu Song dynasty was tied to death.

2

In the first year of Emperor Yuanxing of Jin (402), when Huan Xuan, son of Huan Wen, rebelled against Jingzhou, Tan Daoji ushered in a turning point in his fate.

At that time, Xie An, Xie Xuan, and the leaders of the Chen County Xie clan who created the Beifu Corps had passed away. Feng shui takes turns, and the world's family once again takes the lead of the dragon and the Huan clan. The heir of the Long Kang Huan clan is Huan Xuan, son of Huan Wen. Compared with his father, Huan Xuan is even more arrogant and ambitious.

Sima Dezong, the emperor of Jin'an, was the nominal co-lord of the world. However, this person lacked intelligence and suffered from stuttering, causing the power of the imperial court to fall into the hands of the imperial uncle and Sima Daozi, the prince of the huiji.

In order to enhance the defense strength of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Sima Daozi issued a decree to "free slaves as guests" after taking power. He allowed some officials in eastern Zhejiang to be "exempted from slavery as guests" and join the army for military service. As a result, the fundamental interests of the family families who moved from the north to the Eastern Jin Dynasty of Eastern Zhejiang were seriously damaged and there were many complaints.

Huan Xuan seized this weakness, quickly raised troops, and tried to persuade the leaders of the armed forces with a family background to form an alliance with him.

Liu Jiaozhi, the leader of the Beifu army at the time, was the military figure that Huan Xuan tried to win over.

After the important leaders of the Beifu Corps died one after another, Liu Jiaozhi, who was born in the army, sat on the throne of the corps leader with his military merits. Under his leadership, the Beifu Corps successfully escaped the control of the Gate Shi Clan and became the strongest "mercenary" organization in the world in the late Eastern Jin Dynasty.

However, for the general trend of the world at that time, Liu Jiaozhi did not have the ability to systematically analyze. After listening to Huan Xuan's lobbying, he quickly made the wrong choice and helped Huan Xuan overthrow Emperor Jin An and completely become a traitor who went against the dynasty.

Just as the so-called "chaotic ministers and thieves, everyone gets blamed", after Huan Xuan seized the power of the imperial government and changed the Yuan to the emperor to establish a "pseudo-Chu" regime, Liu Jiaozhi could not escape death after all.

In order to avoid future troubles, after killing Liu Jiao, Huan Xuan took the opportunity to eliminate the old forces of the Beifu Corps. Liu Yu, Tan Pingzhi, Tan Daoji, Tan Shao (Tan Daoji's older brother) and other old people from Beifu became Huan Xuan's subordinates.

For Liu Yu, who gradually rose to prominence in the Beifu Army, Huan Xuan had high hopes. To his cronies, Huan Xuan once said: "I saw Liu Tan (Liu Yu) yesterday, the wind and bones are not constant, and Gai Renjie is also a master. ”

▲ Liu Yu, Emperor Wudi of Song. Image source/network

But this "master" did not have much good impression of the new boss Huan Xuan.

Liu Yu was pulled up by one of Liu Prisoners, and now that the "benefactor" in the army has been killed, how can he swallow this breath?

Therefore, with the support of 27 loyal followers such as Tan Pingzhi and Tan Daoji, Liu Yu brazenly launched the "Jingkou Uprising".

As the youngest of the group, Tan Daoji, he was only eighteen or nine years old at the time of the "Jingkou Uprising". But age did not hinder the hero's military export, and at his suggestion, Liu Yu successively killed important members of the Huan clan such as Huan Xiu and Huan Hong. Sent troops from Jingkou, directly attacked Jiankang, forced Huan Xuan, who was in power, to nowhere to go, and finally defeated and killed.

With outstanding battle merits, Tan Daoji stood out and became one of the most important military generals under Liu Yu.

3

After the eradication of Huan Xuan, Liu Yu gradually became the most powerful military figure at the end of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and Tan Daoji gradually showed his distinctive military talents.

Considering the social emotions at that time and the impact on the political situation of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the Northern Expedition was almost the only way for the rise of powerful ministers in the late Eastern Jin Dynasty.

Therefore, in the twelfth year of Emperor Yixi of Jin (416), Liu Yu again launched a Northern Expedition after the Huan and Xie clans. Tan Daoji was arranged to cooperate with another general, Wang Zhenxi, and each led a surprise soldier to be the vanguard of the whole army.

Taking advantage of the critical illness of the Later Qin emperor Yao Xing and the princes fighting for the imperial throne, Tan Daoji and Wang Zhenxi cooperated and attacked Xuchang and Luoyang in two ways. After a short encounter, the city was broken overnight, and more than 4,000 people including Yao Huan, the general of Later Qin Zhengnan, were forced to leave the city and surrender.

In the face of this group of captives, his subordinates suggested that Tan Daoji follow the precedent of Bai Qikeng during the Warring States period to kill the 400,000 troops of the Zhao State and kill them all to avoid future troubles. Some generals also believed that if the "Jingguan" was built with the heads of prisoners, it would not only deter other invading enemies, but also show off the military merits of the Southern Dynasty and make the general's prestige famous.

But Tan Daoji stopped the cruelty of his subordinates and ordered the troops: "Killing the people is today!" He believed that "Wang Shi took righteousness as the law" and that the Northern Expedition was not to expand the war, but to adopt an attitude of stopping the war with war, fighting against evil, and pacifying the people. If you kill people with intent and take pleasure with blood, the gains are not worth the losses.

The policy of military softness he adopted quickly won the unanimous approval of the northern people.

As the Northern Expedition progressed, after Liu Yu destroyed Qin, the Eastern Jin Dynasty fell into a panic situation that could not be sealed and rewarded.

Historian Tian Yuqing believes that the imperial power of the Sima clan of the Eastern Jin Dynasty is actually an "ornament" of gate politics, and in a century-long political pattern, the situation of "king and horse", "Yu and horse", "Huan and horse" and "Xie and horse" sharing the world runs through the entire historical process.

▲ Xie An, a famous minister of the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the leader of the Xie clan of Chen County. Image source/network

In this way, the situation of "love and killing" between the royal family and the clan was created. As for the problem that the clans and the Sima clan share the world and cannot usurp their rivers and mountains, it actually comes from the mutual restraint between the gate lord clans and the contradictions between the northern and southern ethnic groups. Once this balance is broken, the Sima clan's fortune is not irreplaceable.

When Liu Yu came to power, the Chen Jun Xie clan and the Long Qianhuan clan, which had maintained this balance, had already fallen one after another, and the Huairou policy of the Northern Expedition eased the ethnic contradictions between the north and the south to a certain extent. In the face of the fission of multiple factors, the fragile Sima family Jiangshan could only be forced to change his surname.

4

In 420, the Eastern Jin Dynasty, which had lost its gatekeepers, was replaced by the Liu and Song regimes. Liu Yu became the founder of the Liu and Song dynasties, known as Emperor Wudi of Song.

The change of dynasty, Tan Daoji, who contributed a lot, and the Gaoping Tan family behind him naturally became the upstarts of the dynasty.

During Liu Yu's reign as emperor, the political balance maintained since the Eastern Jin Dynasty had been completely broken. Therefore, the restoration of imperial politics became the highlight of Liu Yu's new dynasty's reforms. This also made him more dependent and dependent on his relatives and loyal to his own forces.

But in this way, the rise of military meritorious families such as the Gaoping Tan clan seems to have laid the groundwork for the next advent of gate-valve politics.

During the alternation of the Jin and Song dynasties, the Beifu Army showed its great military prestige and strength. In the face of the current situation, Liu Yu is quite worried, fearing that it will be difficult for future generations to control this powerful armed force and the military meritorious family behind it.

For the stability of the new dynasty, he ignored the obstruction of some of the old people in the army and forcefully demolished the Beifu soldiers and divided them into two. After the split, half of the Beifu Army was commanded by his son Liu Yizhen, and the other half was assigned to the command of Tan Daoji, and all of them were sent to the front to guard the border for the new dynasty.

Just after doing this, Liu Yu, the emperor of Song Wu, died of illness.

Although Liu Yu was somewhat suspicious of Tan Daoji and other old generals after he took the throne, before he died, he still showed a trace of goodwill and warned the crown prince Liu Yifu: "Although Tan Daoji has a strategy, he has no far-reaching aspirations, and he is not like his brother Shao (檀韶) who has a difficult temperament." ”

In a word, Tan Daoji is still trustworthy.

It is precisely because of this "trust" that Tan Daoji did not suffer the fate of "cunning rabbit death, lackey cooking", but became one of the four auxiliary ministers of the Song Shao Emperor Liu Yifu, and continued to play a residual role in making contributions to Liu Song.

However, the "second generation of emperors" Liu Yifu is not a Ming monarch worth entrusting at all. As soon as his father Liu Yu died, he held a concert in the palace. In order to satisfy his personal desires, he raped the people, burned and plundered, and he did it all. For the kind reminders of the four auxiliary ministers, he turned a deaf ear, and even put on an attitude of "whoever dares to block the decay, he will die".

▲ In the Liu and Song dynasties, except for Liu Yu, the Song Wu Emperor, and Liu Yilong, the Song Emperor, most of them were young unconscious monarchs

Just when the Fuchen and the new emperor were in a fierce game, the rising Northern Wei regime in the north sent troops to the Central Plains and directly took the Tiger Pass. Tan Daoji could only put on the mantle again, fighting hard for the mediocre new emperor on the front line. However, Liu Yifu did not have any thoughts of gratitude for the matter of "loyal people forgetting to go outside", and even wanted to seize the opportunity to seize power and overthrow all the auxiliary ministers.

Seeing that Liu Yifu was not as good as "A Dou, who could not be supported", Xu Xianzhi, the minister of auxiliary affairs, had the idea of abolishing the establishment.

The distribution of power made by Liu Yu before his death was that Xu Xianzhi and Fu Liang were in charge of internal affairs, and Xie Hui and Tan Daoji commanded the troops outside. Xu Xianzhi did not have a single soldier in his hands, so he tried his best to persuade the four auxiliary ministers to unite the front, strive to abolish Liu Yifu as soon as possible, and help Liu Song Jiangshan return to the right path.

After some persuasion, Xie Hui turned back first. Only Tan Daoji has always been opposed to the abolition.

For Tan Daoji, the young emperor was not only the orphan of the lord Liu Yu, but also his "old superior" for many years. Before Liu Yu declared himself emperor, he used his son Liu Yifu to guard the base camp. At that time, Tan Daoji was an adviser to Liu Yifu.

Although the history books do not clearly state the previous relationship between the two, it is presumably that Emperor Shaodi of Song had a deep friendship with Tan Daoji.

Therefore, Xu Xianzhi and the other three never tried to forcibly persuade Tan Daoji in the process of planning the coup. They only waited for everything to be ready, and then summoned Tan Daoji into the palace in the name that the country would have a funeral, and tactfully informed them that the unanimous opinion of the central government was to "depose the Song Shao Emperor". In this way, even if Tan Daoji was entangled in his heart, he had to stand up and vote for it.

Because he knew that once the coup was successful and Xu Xianzhi and others took power, the next political enemy to deal with must be him Tan Daoji!

5

Tan Daoji, who was extremely torn in his heart, made an amazing move. On the day of the coup, he "led the troops to the front and entered the court" and put the other three "chaotic thieves" on alert.

Tan Daoji did not play cards according to common sense, and although he briefly kept himself and even the stability of the Gaoping Tan clan, the subsequent political upheaval finally wrapped him up, and gradually fell into a place of irreparable disaster.

According to the order of "brother and brother", after Liu Yifu was deposed, it was naturally his second brother Liu Yizhen who succeeded Liu Song. This person is young, compared to his brother, he is quite honest. When Liu Yu was alive, he also vigorously cultivated militarily many times, and he was the best candidate to take the throne.

However, he "loves literature and righteousness", is famous for his literary talent, and is often surrounded by representatives of the Qing Xuan clan such as Xie Lingyun and Yan Yanzhi. Xu Xianzhi was worried that at that time, the gatekeeper politics had not been completely eliminated, and Liu Yizhen ascended the throne, which might seriously damage his vested interests.

That being the case, why not start first?

Therefore, under the planning of Xu Xianzhi, Fu Liang and others, Liu Yizhen was named "disrespecting the young emperor" in advance, deposed as a commoner, and then killed.

In the face of the chaotic situation, Tan Daoji did not rectify the chaos in time, but was like an official, and then acquiesced to the fact that Liu Yizhen was falsely murdered when the three auxiliary ministers agreed.

After all the calamities were lifted, Xu Xianzhi immediately put his favorite third prince, Liu Yilong the Prince of Yidu, on the throne, and became known as Emperor Wen of Song.

As the biggest beneficiary of this coup, Emperor Wen of Song was not a weak and incompetent king. Therefore, Xu Xianzhi and the others, who happily waited for the reward of the new monarch, quickly regretted it.

Emperor Wen of Song first promoted Xu Xianzhi, Fu Liang and other coup heroes and raised salaries, and when they sat firmly, Xu Xianzhi, Fu Liang and others inevitably entered a dead end in life.

As one of the four auxiliary ministers, Emperor Wen of Song was also very jealous of him. Tan Daoji and the Beifu military forces behind it were always the key forces in the successive abolitions of the early Liu and Song dynasties. It was also because of the strength of the Beifu Army that Emperor Wen of Song had to show favor to Tan Daoji and give more pensions.

Perhaps feeling the "goodwill" from the new emperor, Tan Daoji also appropriately used his influence to maintain the stability of the dynasty for the new emperor, and sent troops to eliminate the auxiliary minister and Wei general Xie Hui who had been in the same trench.

In return, Emperor Wen of Song made him the commander of Jiangzhou with the special merits of Tan Daoji, and oversaw the military of Jiangxia and Xincai, and became a general of the Southern Army.

▲ Confrontation between Liu Song and Northern Wei during the Southern and Northern Dynasties. Source: Historical Atlas of China

However, Emperor Wen of Song's relationship with Tan Daoji was always exploitation, not trust.

Soon after Tan Daoji left Zhenjiangzhou, a bad evaluation of Tan Daoji soon appeared in the DPRK. Even Emperor Wen of Song believed that what Tan Daoji did was similar to Sima Yi in the Three Kingdoms Era, and this person could not be trusted!

In order to consolidate his position, Emperor Wen of Song sent his own confidant, another famous general of the Northern Province, to Yanzhi to seize the military power of Tan Daoji.

Tan Daoji, who was born and died for the Liu and Song dynasties all his life, could only leave the scene sadly.

6

However, it's far from over.

For the future of the Liu and Song dynasties, the founding hero Tan Daoji must die! However, killing the general for no reason, the reputation spread was not good, and Tan Daoji lived for some years.

Until the seventh year of Yuan Jia (430), Emperor Wen of Song's henchman Yanzhi was defeated by the Northern Wei army and fled during the Northern Expedition, and even the new weapons and equipment specially created by Emperor Wen of Song were also given to the Northern Wei army. After Emperor Wen of Song once again used the long-isolated Tan Daoji, the situation on the battlefield was reversed.

Tan Daoji does not have a high political IQ, but he is a military general. He and Tohiko were both soldiers of the Northern Province, but their methods of fighting were very different.

After taking office, Tan Daoji was in no hurry to lead his troops to attack. He ordered his men to carry a lot of sand, and every day in the camp he measured the sand with buckets, singing one fight after another, piling up the river sand like a hill, and finally covering it with a layer of rice.

Tan Daoji's bluff soon became known to Northern Wei's treacherous agents. The Northern Wei military unanimously decided that Tan Daoji was carrying out a counter-plot in order to use the rumors that the southern army had surrendered its pawns to lead the Northern Wei troops to attack the southern army in order to fall into its pre-arranged "pocket array".

The Northern Wei troops, who thought they had mastered the dynamics of the battlefield, were scared away by Tan Daoji.

▲ Tuoba Tao, the Taiwu Emperor of Northern Wei who was scared away by Tan Daoji. Source/Screenshot of film and television drama

But Tan Daoji's "scared" also invisibly scared Emperor Wen of Song.

Compared with the young and powerful Tan Daoji, the later descendant Emperor Wen of Song was weak and sick. The increasing military merits of Tan Daoji made Emperor Wen of Song more convinced that after his death, there would be no one to subdue Tan Daoji. After conspiring with his trusted brother Liu Yikang the King of Pengcheng, who held the power of the dynasty, a plan dedicated to the murder of the Yuan general Tan Daoji was launched.

7

In the winter of the twelfth year of Yuan Jia (435), Emperor Wen of Song fell ill again.

According to the previous plan, Liu Yikang asked Emperor Wen of Song to issue an edict to recall Tan Daoji from the local government and stay in the palace. Tan Daoji, who has always considered himself a generation of loyal ministers, naturally would not have thought that this was Emperor Wen of Song who was "inviting the king into the urn".

After receiving the order, he immediately prepared to leave for Beijing.

Before leaving, perhaps feeling that something was about to happen, Tan Daoji's wife kindly reminded her husband: "The lord of the high world, which has been jealous since ancient times, now there is nothing to do, and it will be a disaster." Obviously, even Tan Daoji's wife believes that her husband is less than bad luck.

However, Tan Daoji preferred to die alone rather than retreat.

Considering the threat of the Northern Wei regime to the Liu and Song dynasties, Emperor Wen of Song made several more trade-offs between "killing and not killing", so that Tan Daoji, who had been on duty in the palace for more than a month, ushered in a glimmer of life as the border war tightened.

However, Tan Daoji's "meritorious service to the former dynasty, great prestige, left and right hearts and hundreds of battles, and the sons have talent", these characteristics were serious obstacles to the strengthening of the monarchy of the Liu and Song dynasties. Emperor Wen of Song, who hesitated repeatedly, finally gave the order to kill.

After his illness eased slightly, Emperor Wen of Song ordered Tan Daoji to return Zhenjiang Prefecture. Subsequently, the news of Emperor Wen of Song's illness came out of the palace.

Under the guidance of Liu Yikang, the king of Pengcheng, the undefended Tan Daoji stepped into the "ancestral road" where only the emperor could walk, and was charged with "causing trouble because of his sleep illness", and was immediately arrested and imprisoned by Yousi, and punished with the death penalty.

In the spring of the thirteenth year of Yuan Jia (436), a generation of famous generals Tan Daoji was killed, and heaven and earth were moved. Shi Zai, "Daoji Death Day, Jianye Earthquake, Bai Maosheng".

After Tan Daoji was killed, a series of adverse reactions to the military posture of the North and South Korea gradually appeared.

Hearing that the old opponent had been killed, the Northern Wei dynasty raised a glass up and down to celebrate, and some Wei people who had participated in the Civil War said bluntly: "Daoji is dead, and the Wu descendants are not enough to recover!" ”

Immediately afterwards, the Northern Wei Dynasty preemptively attacked and marched south every year, causing Emperor Wen of Song quite a headache. He could only rely on the dividends brought by the "Reign of Yuan Jia" to revitalize the Northern Expedition in an attempt to minimize the influence of the north.

However, although the death of Tan Daoji lifted Emperor Wen of Song's guard, it also completely broke the military spirit of the Beifu Corps.

Since Emperor Wudi of Song rebuilt the Beifu Corps, the group of heroes will wither away one by one, and there will be no successor to the Beifu Legion, and the "self-destruction of the Great Wall" spell mentioned by Tan Daoji will automatically take effect.

Even if Emperor Wen of Song launched the Northern Expedition twice thereafter, he could not escape the fate of "Yuan Jia rushed, sealed the wolf Juxu, and won the Northern Gu of the Canghuang".

Fifteen years after Tan Daoji's death, the Northern Wei Taiwu Emperor Tuoba Tao led his troops to march straight in, marching into Guabu and fighting across the shore from the Liu and Song dynasties. Only at this time did Emperor Wen of Song helplessly cry out: "If Daoji is here, how can it be here!" ”

However, history is not going back!

Bibliography:

[Southern Dynasty Liang] Shen Yao: Book of Song, Zhonghua Bookstore, 2000

[Tang] Li Yanshou: "History of the North", Zhonghua Bookstore, 2000

Tian Yuqing: The Politics of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Peking University Press, 2005

Wang Yongping: "The Gaoping Tan Family and the Military and Political Situation of the Jin and Song Dynasties", Yuejiang Academic Journal, No. 1, 2013

Wang Yongping: "The Death of Liu Yizhen the King of Luling and the Political Situation in the Early Liu and Song Dynasties: A Perspective on the Struggle between the Shi Clan and the Hanmen in the Jin and Song Dynasties", Jiangsu Social Sciences, No. 4, 2009

Zhang Jinlong: "Political Disputes and Praetorian Military Power in the Early Years of Emperor Wen of the Southern Dynasty of the Song Dynasty", Qiushi Academic Journal, No. 5, 2003

Chen Chunlei: "Jingkou Group and Liu Song Politics", Journal of Soochow University (Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition), No. 2, 2001