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The political influence of the House of Judith in the Carolingian dynasty in the Middle Ages

author:Plato's Story
The political influence of the House of Judith in the Carolingian dynasty in the Middle Ages

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In October 821, at the assembly at Thionville, Louis arranged the marriage of his eldest son, Lothair, to Irmengard, daughter of Hugh, Bishop of Tours.

In 822, after the assembly of Atiny, he arranged a marriage for the king of Aquitaine, Igeltrud, daughter of the Count of Madrie.

These two marriages strengthened the ties between the Carolingian family and two important noble families.

In the mid-820s, Judith also gathered a loyal supporter by her side, including her family.

Her brothers Conrad and Rudolph came to France and participated in the administration of the empire.

The political influence of the House of Judith in the Carolingian dynasty in the Middle Ages

Conrad became abbot of the famous St. Gallen Abbey and married Adelaide, sister of Lothair's wife Emmengard.

This move, which was supported and helped by Louis, may be another politically charged move by Louis to consolidate ties with Hugh.

At the same time, it also indirectly closes the relationship between the Judith family and her stepson Lotaire.

The political influence of the House of Judith in the Carolingian dynasty in the Middle Ages

Rudolf acquired two important Carolingian monasteries and became abbot of St. Riquier.

The brothers' growing political influence in the Carolingian dynasty secured Judith's future political activism.

In 827, Judith's sister Emma married her stepson Louis the German.

Perhaps this marriage may seem surprising today, but in my opinion, the strategizing Judith family already had a Bavarian, Alemanian and Saxon aristocratic background at that time, which may be the main reason for the second marriage with the Carolingian royal family.

At the same time, Judith became openly involved in the political affairs of the Carolingian dynasty.

The political influence of the House of Judith in the Carolingian dynasty in the Middle Ages

She supported Louis' appointment of her half-brother Drogo as Archbishop of Metz in 823, and it was clear that Judith had earned the trust of the emperor and his supporters by this time.

Judith even won the trust of Vala's brother, Adalhard, to build the new Corvey monastery in Saxon.

Many scholars and poets gathered from far and wide to the Royal Palace of Aachen, who were Judith's most loyal supporters, praising her with poetry and prose.

The political influence of the House of Judith in the Carolingian dynasty in the Middle Ages

Among those who praise Judith, Archbishop Lisieux wrote an essay on the education of Charles the Bald, and at the beginning of which he described Judith as follows: Without flattery, you are the most beautiful and merciful queen I have ever met and heard.

This is followed by a large paragraph of exaggerated rhetoric to praise Judith.

In that male-dominated medieval era, many people could visibly flatter and praise, which shows Judith's important position in the Carolingian court at that time.

The recorded political action of Judith during this period was fragmented and always revolved around the political behavior of Louis the Pious, and the decline of women's and even the empress's public power in the family and society, so Judith may often have taken some informal ways to pursue her rights.

In 829, a young man, Walafried Strabo, joined the royal family and became the teacher of Charles the Bald.

The political influence of the House of Judith in the Carolingian dynasty in the Middle Ages

Strabo claimed to have been summoned back to the palace by Empress Judith and appointed him to teach her son.

In 829, Charlie the Bald was 6 years old and it was time for formal education.

Strabo, like Judith, was from the Alemania region, and perhaps there was enough reason to invite this brilliant and well-known scholar to Aachen.

Strabo was a leading proponent of imperial unification and the Edict of 817.

In order to preserve the unity of the empire, he can be desperate and enthusiastic.

The political influence of the House of Judith in the Carolingian dynasty in the Middle Ages

Strabo wrote many poems about Charlemagne's ecclesiastical policy and actively promoted the church reform of Louis the Pious.

He also criticized Louis the Pious, who appointed a widow as abbot.

He believed that widows were not virgins and were incapable of living chaste lives, and some abbots secretly brought lovers into the monastery to satisfy their desires.

Strabo also described widows as "dead meat", and he criticized Louis the Pious, who should not let the dead run living monasteries.

His remarks were invisibly directed at Judith's mother, Hydewig.

Heidewig was a Saxon nobleman, and thanks to the marriage of her daughter, she gained a certain status and prestige in a Frankish noble family.

The political influence of the House of Judith in the Carolingian dynasty in the Middle Ages

In 825, Heidewig became abbot of the Cheris Abbey, thus gaining the centrality of the Frankish Church.

Ceris is an ancient royal monastery that for a time was ruled by Charlemagne's sister Gisela and was the resting place of Empress Balthild and the saints of the early Middle Ages.

The Abbey of Cheris has an important connection to Carolingian rule and is a center of learning while also documenting the history of the Carolingian dynasty.

The abbot also controlled a large amount of royal resources, which was useful to both Judith and his son.

It has been suggested that the appointment of Hydwig as abbot of Cheris may have been Judith's opinion, that she would become a royal widow in the future, and that she needed her mother's support.

The political influence of the House of Judith in the Carolingian dynasty in the Middle Ages

However, Strabo's remarks did not affect his relationship with Judith, who still trusted him and hoped that he would teach his son.

Another person closely associated with Judith was the new court governor, Septimania and Bernard, Count of Barcelona.

In 824, a grand wedding was held at the royal palace, and Bernard married a wonderful woman who was also born a nobleman.

Louis the Pious, especially admired Bernard and adopted him as his godson.

In August 829, Louis appointed Bernard as guardian of his youngest son Charles, who was only 6 years old at the time.

At the same time, Bernard was also the court governor of the entire empire at the Aachen Palace, holding a high position.

The political influence of the House of Judith in the Carolingian dynasty in the Middle Ages

According to Western scholars, "the duties of the head of the court are mainly responsible for managing the daily life arrangements of the emperor and empress, and at the same time in charge of the royal treasury, including the precious materials needed to mint imperial currency and healthy coins, as well as various books and books, various precious tapestries and valuable gifts offered by foreign envoys.

Archbishop Sinkmar and Reims, describing the duties of the court governor, emphasized that the governor must obtain the consent of the queen before he can exercise this power. "At this time, Bernard is in a high position, which can be described as under one person and above ten thousand people.

However, the relationship between the Carolingian royal court was at a tense moment, and Louis the devout transferred his trusted Bernard from the border to the court to take charge of the imperial government, in order to better implement the emperor's will and protect the rights and interests of his younger son Charles.

The political influence of the House of Judith in the Carolingian dynasty in the Middle Ages

In 823, Judith gave birth to Charles the Bald, which caused the Carolingian succession arrangement to be extremely unstable, and the succession relationship could change at any time, and the political balance maintained by the Imperial Edict was broken, and began to tilt and waver.

The Carolingian dynasty gradually formed a political situation in which the emperor and empress on the one hand, the three princes and their noble and heavy ministers on the other, and the two sides competed fiercely for the resources of the empire, and Judith would be in an unprecedented dilemma.

Although there is relatively little historical record of Judith in the nineteens and twenties, she suddenly became the center of some important events in the thirties.

At the Congress of Worms in 829, Louis the Pite tried to divide an imperial territory for his youngest son Charles, but this proposal was not passed, and Louis forcibly granted the territory to Charles, and Louis supported Bernard, the court butler.

With their help, Charles the Bald gained vast territories including Alsace, Almania, Chur, and part of the Duchy of Burdi.

The political influence of the House of Judith in the Carolingian dynasty in the Middle Ages

And some of these territories should belong to the eldest son Lothair, which undoubtedly harms the interests of Lothair.

Louis's move to redraw the empire angered a part of the nobility, which was the most important factor in triggering the open rebellion of the three sons.

The sons could not bear the infringement of the rights and interests of the main supporters, and they needed to take the necessary actions to protect the interests of the nobility. Subsequently, Lothair had to take action to defend his rights and interests against Louis the Pious.

In addition, Louis the Piet, who had previously interfered in the affairs of the Aquitaine region, which also caused grievances and discontent, in 830, Rotel and Buping launched a rebellion, under the banner of "the side of the Qing monarch", posing as liberators of "the emperor and his princes", advocating the "rescue" of Louis the Piano from Judith's "tyranny" and Bernard's arrogance.

They accuse Judith of adultery with Bernard, confuse Louis the Pious, and cause trouble in the palace.

The fact that Bernard spent the entire winter in Aachen as a court butler with the royal family was enough to provide evidence for the rebels to accuse him of adultery with Judith and make him a target for the rebels.

The political influence of the House of Judith in the Carolingian dynasty in the Middle Ages

And to destroy Judith, a woman with queenly power in the court, must be achieved by attacking her chastity.

Tigan was skeptical of the rebels' accusations and presumed that Judith was the victim of a sex crime.

"It is shameful to believe that Empress Judith was insulted by Duke Bernard, one is a member of the royal family and the other is the emperor's godson, they cannot commit adultery." If Tygon euphemistically expressed the rebels' attitude towards the heinous crimes accused of Judith and Bernard, the "astronomer" is more explicit.

The leaders of the evil groups impatiently vented their long-depressed grievances.

It is said that Bernard is an arrogant and arrogant man, and that many subjects have long hated him, and even claim that Bernard has encroached on his father's couch and climbed into the emperor's marriage bed, how evil it is to spread rumors.

The "astronomers" were deeply sympathetic to what happened to Louis the Pious, and also expressed their views on the accusations of Judith and Bernard.

"Incest, both physically and mentally, is disgusting, and Bernard is the godson of Louis the Pious, and at the same time his spiritual son.

Incest is a special sexual crime that destroys the relationship between husband and wife, and the punishment of life imprisonment and confiscation of property for this crime in Charlemagne's time is indeed the method of destroying the queen.

The political influence of the House of Judith in the Carolingian dynasty in the Middle Ages

The rebels seized on Bernard's spiritual relationship with Louis the Pious, accusing him of having an unethical relationship with Judith to crush the queen's camp.

Christian sexual ethics made Judith the target of public criticism.

The Carolingian court was depicted by many poets and writers as a place full of young men and aristocratic women.

Immediately after Louis the Pious, came to power in 814, he purified the moral order of the palace, using ecclesiastical principles to severely punish sexual misbehavers, and even expelled his sisters from the royal palace in Aachen, in order to create an environment full of morality, but the palace remained a magnet for young aristocratic men and women, and young male soldiers and court ministers did exist in the court.

The author believes that the accusation of sexual misconduct against the queen is necessary, but it also shows the precariousness of the queen's position and the vulnerability of women in marriage relations in that era of male power.

The political influence of the House of Judith in the Carolingian dynasty in the Middle Ages