In the article "Born in Sorrow, Died in Happiness" in the junior high school textbook, there is such a sentence: "If you enter, you cannot be a family member, and if you go out, you are invincible to foreign troubles, and the country will always die." This means that a nation is often in danger of collapse if it does not have ministers who uphold the law and sages who can assist the king, and if it does not have a neighboring country and a scourge from abroad.
The meaning of this sentence is not difficult to understand, the key is that there is a common kanji "拂" through the word "弼", which makes many people wonder. Considered according to the principle that "tongkan characters" must be pronounced or close to the sound, it is even more confusing, and the pronunciation of the two is far apart. Did the ancients really make a mistake? Is this borrowed tphot really fake? If we think of it this way, we are "speaking to the sound of the ancients with the sound of the present."
<h1>"Tong fake characters": To put it bluntly, most of them are ghosts made by a group of people who write typos and lazy people in ancient times</h1>
The ancients did not write the original characters, so why borrow it? In fact, the reason is very simple, we don't have to imagine too complicated.
The generation of the pass is that the ancients forgot the original word or to save trouble. To put it bluntly, the ancients also forgot to write when they forgot to write, what to do if they forgot? At that time, it was not as good as now, and I would not have written and pulled out my phone for a few seconds to get it done. In ancient times, paper dictionaries were difficult to find, and even if there was a dictionary, no one could carry it on their body every day, and it was quite cumbersome to check, even if it was li bai and Du Fu's generation. Without dictionaries and mobile phones, the ancients still had a method, so they simply wrote a homophonic or close-sound word to replace it, and now it is said that it is to write a "typo" on the make-up.
There is another situation, I would have written this word, but I was in a hurry, and I really didn't have much time for a stroke, especially if I didn't have too many strokes to write. So, the ancients began to borrow again, so they found a homophone with few strokes or a phonetic word to replace.
In fact, even now we encounter difficult Chinese characters are also thinking of shorthand, but unfortunately many times they are written incorrectly, such as "restaurant" written as "歺 hall", "歺" and "meal" are not pronounced differently, which is a big mistake and cannot be recognized by the public.
Therefore, "Tongkan" is now said to be "alias", but now it is very elegantly called "Tongkan", which feels particularly tall. The ancients wrote this, and later many people revered the ancients, and began to imitate, and after a long time, the convention became customary, and this alias was recognized.
<h1>"Tong fake character" is not just a word can be on top, the sound is the same or the sound is close to the qualification</h1>
There is a kind of borrowing relationship between the kanji and the original character, and the original word is not used, which is tantamount to the "typo" written today. However, the pronunciation must be the same or similar. For example, "relatives Panzhi", "Pan" tong "rebellion", the two pronunciation is the same; "left hand leaning on a hengmu", "heng" tong "horizontal", both pronounced the same.
The relationship between the tongkan and the original character is loose, and there is no relationship between the two, "pan" and "rebellion", "balance" and "horizontal", but there is a correlation in pronunciation, and the meaning is not related.
Tongkan is a temporary borrowing and will not be fixed for long-term use. Therefore, the tongkans we see generally have to be memorized by rote, and the number of occurrences of each kanji is really pitiful.
<h1>The "whisk" of "entering the family can not be whisked" should be "bow", and many people think about it and still don't know the solution</h1>
According to the general law of tongkan characters, tongkan characters and this character must be close to the sound or the same sound to pass the false, and the difference between "fu" and "弼" seems to be a world of difference today. Therefore, many people say that this is too unreasonable, other common words are honest and responsible, but this is unacceptable, it should be that our ancestors made a mistake, right?
The reason for this understanding is that we have made the mistake of using the present tone to pronounce "fu" and "弼". If "fu" and "弼" are pronounced according to modern pronunciation, there is no similarity between sound, rhyme and tone, just like the difference between rock and classical music, and the style is really different.
<h1>Qian Daxin's "ancient light lip tone" is the key to solving the problem</h1>
To solve this problem, we must start from the evolution of ancient sounds, in order to be simple and clear, we use theoretical and illustrated methods to explain to everyone. First of all, let's talk about the theory, this theory is the "ancient no light lip tone" proposed by the Qing Dynasty historian and philologist Qian Daxin.
What does Qian Daxin mean by this? In short, there are two kinds of lip vowels in ancient times: one is the accent of the lips, that is, the double lip sound, and the b and p of the current Hanyu Pinyin are; the other is the light lip sound, which is the lip tooth sound, and the f of the present sound is. However, in the ancient tone, the light lip tone f-tone does not exist, only b and p. It can be said that this is a great discovery that solves a big puzzle of Chinese pronunciation. According to this theory, the "fen", "seal" and "attachment" of the f vowel are now read as "basin", "bang" and "ministry" in ancient times. Under this principle, the ancients would use the kansa "fen", "feng" and "annex" instead of "basin", "bang" and "ministry".
Speaking of this, we basically understand that the original vowels of "fu" and "弼" are heavy lip sounds, which are two-tone words. In addition, we use another example to prove the relationship between the two, in ancient texts the word "fu" is often used instead of the word "bi", such as:
The gentleman(psycheaises") gives up what he desires and will do it. (Analects of Ji Shi)
From the above, we can see that we use the ancient theory of no f tone to solve the problem of the different vowels of "whisk" and "bow". However, even if the two vowels are the same, the vowels are still different, one is u, the other is i, or the difference is large. How can this be explained?
<h1>From the ancient glyph and ancient pronunciation of the word "弼", it can also be proved that "拂" and "弼" are similar to the ancient sounds</h1>
The word "弼" was produced earlier, from 㐁 and 弜 sound in the Western Zhou Jinwen, but by the Warring States period the word "弼" had changed, and the glyphs or congli and fu sounds, so at this time the pronunciation of "弼" had the same pronunciation as "拂".
In addition, from the perspective of ancient sounds, "fu" and "弼" have similar and identical sounds, and both pre-Qin belong to the same rhyme.
See 1
<h1>Where does the meaning of the word "弼" "help" and "assist" come from? </h1>
The origin of the word "弼" is also controversial, from the glyph "弼" as a ideographic word, which is composed of two "bows" plus "hundred". However, in the beginning, it was not the word "hundred" in the middle, but the "㐁" was a reference to "㐁", and it was not in the middle. The character "㐁" is pronounced tiàn, which is the original character of "簟", which means mat. The gold glyph of the word "弼" is as follows:
As can be seen by the glyph, the two "bow" characters of "弼" were originally two "bows" side by side, with no "㐁" characters in the middle. There are two explanations for the word "弼":
One view is that "弼" is the sound of the meaning and shape, "弜" is the shape, "㐁" is the sound, and the combination is a tool for correcting the bow. From this meaning, "correction" is derived, and then the meaning of "help" and "assistance" is derived.
The second theory holds that the "㐁" in the middle of the word "弼" is a hieroglyph, the pictogram of the mat, and the meaning of the carport. Then, the combination of "弜" and "㐁" means that the carport is supported by two "bows". This claim can be verified from the literature, which is often written as "茀". For example, "Mao Gongding": Mo Gong Ding: Mu Bi Fish Suit, written in the "Book of Poetry And Xiao Ya" as "Mo Gong Ding Fish Suit", this can be proved. "Poetry Qi Feng Zai Drive": "Zhu Yun. Mao Heng's biography: "The car is covered with a cocoon." (see 2) The carport cannot be extended without two or more bow supports. Later, it was extended from the meaning of "two bows supporting the carport" to the meaning of assistance and help.
Bow-shaped carriage shed
Comparing the two theories comprehensively, the second is more credible, which highlights the two bows and one "㐁" (carport), and each has its own uses, and the meaning is natural. The two "bows" support the "carport" to have the stretching effect of the carport. In addition, this statement is also supported by the above literature.
The first theory, that the "bow" is an instrument for correcting the bow, is not well documented and hard to convince. Because this statement is only an explanation of "弜", "弜" is a tool for adjusting the bow, and in ancient times, when the bow was loose and not used, people often put bow-like supports on the inside of the bow in order to maintain the strength of the bow. This support is the "bow", the second "bow", one is the "bow", the other is the "bow". This statement is only an interpretation of "弜", while ignoring the word "㐁", and adding "㐁" has the meaning of auxiliary and auxiliary. The "bow" used by people in ancient and modern times is as follows:
Ancient tools for correcting bows
A tool that appeared later to correct the bow
<h1>summary</h1>
According to the principle of passing and falsehood, the two are not similar to each other. However, the ancient sound of the word "fu" and "弼" is the same as the heavy lip sound, according to the principle of "ancient no light lip sound", there is no "f" sound in the ancients, only b and p sounds, and later from b and p to differentiate the f sound. Therefore, the "bow" and "whisk" vowels are both heavy lips. This evidence resolves the confusion of the different tones. In addition, both ancient are intoacous characters, and it can be seen from the comparison of ancient sound charts that the rhymes of the two are the same. The character "弼" has undergone a deformation in the Warring States glyph, congli and fusheng, which is also evidence that the two have been homophonous. The word "弼" is a pictographic character, the middle "㐁" is the mat for the carport, and the double bow is used to support the carport, which is extended to the meaning of auxiliary and auxiliary.
Resources:
1. The original picture is derived from the website of the Master of Traditional Chinese Studies.
2. Li Xueqin, Ziyuan, Tianjin Ancient Books Publishing House, 2013.