Photo/Wang Hai
Huairou North Daliang, about 80 kilometers north of the center of Huairou City, with an altitude of 1158 meters, is the boundary mountain between Beijing and Hebei. It is bounded by a ridge, Huairou District in the south and Fengning Manchu Autonomous County in the north.
The ridge extends east-west to demarcate the county boundary, and Huairou in the south of the mountain calls it "North Daliang", and Fengning behind the mountain is called "South Daliang". The saddle-recess of the girder, also known as the "Maoshan Pass", is 975 meters above sea level, and in ancient times it was an ancient road pass connecting nomadic and farming peoples into and out of the mountain. Before the "Huaifeng Tunnel" was built, it was also a cross-ridge pass of the modern highway.
"Maoshan Pass", about 15 kilometers south of Laogoumen Village, is the closest pass from Beijing and Huairou to Fengning and even Inner Mongolia. In the past hundred years, passenger and freight vehicles behind the front beam of the mountain have been used in this port.
"North Liang", the left and right peaks are densely forested, and the valleys are deep and secluded. In spring, summer and autumn, birds and beasts are active in the forest; In the harsh winter, the snow and ice cover the peaks and valleys.
National Highway 111 starts from Dongzhimen in Beijing and northeast to Jiagedaqi, Inner Mongolia, also known as the "Jingjia Highway". The highway runs through the whole area of Huairou from south to north, and connects Fengning to the north. Therefore, the "Huairou section of National Highway 111" is also called "Huaifeng Highway".
After the Huaifeng Highway goes north out of the "River Defense Estuary", it is up and down in the mountain slope valley that stretches for hundreds of miles, and the flying beam walks through the valley through the tunnel. People ride on the road, like they are in a sky garden, and see the beautiful mountains and waters on the way. People who have traveled the 111 full route said that the most strange, beautiful and attractive section is Huaifeng Road.
The road crosses the "Maoshan Pass" from south to north, or passes through the Huai Phong Tunnel, and the mountain immediately eases. The road passes through Fengning Dage Town, connects to the county road in the north, and gradually goes under the dam, you can panhuan dam on the grassland.
Before the Qing Dynasty, Huaifeng Road was a rugged mule and horse carriage road on a mountain road, and many sections of the road could only be carried in a single row, and when the retrograde pack teams met, they had to wait at a slightly wider place. The Maoshan Pass is the most dangerous, and one animal can barely cross it.
From south to north, dozens of miles across the mouth of Maoshan Pass is Fengning Dage Town. In ancient times, the town not only had the military convenience of peeping south Yanshan, but also was a large-scale commodity distribution center outside the border. Because the goods and supplies of the residents of Liangqian and Lianghou were mostly traded in Dagek and Tanghekou through Maoshan Pass, this mountain pass was very important in terms of military and people's livelihood. At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the People's Dynasty, military disasters and bandits were frequent, and cutting paths and plundering goods was even more common.
In fact, in addition to taking the "Maoshan Pass", there are also detour routes to cross the North Girder. The first is to take the "Zhuan Shanzi", and then walk along the Tang River waterway to the "Toudao Cave" through the "Great Lawn" past the Hongtang Temple. But it is much farther away than the "Maoshan Pass".
In 1933, the Japanese army included the north of the Great Wall as the "puppet state of Manchuria". In 1938, on the basis of the original Yanshan Ancient Carriage Road, the Japanese puppet built the carriage and horse road from the mouth of the Huairou River to the mouth of the Tanghekou, barely passing the carriage, while the Tanghekou to the mouth of Maoshan is still an ancient road.
At the beginning of the founding of New China, the road south of the mouth of the Tanghe River was converted into a road for passing cars, but it often suffered water damage. In 1958, the section from Tanghekou to Fengning was extended, and the Maoshan Pass was opened up and widened. Since then, in the decades of road administration, the winding road has been upgraded year by year, and large vehicles have been unblocked and less obstructed, but after all, the transport vehicles have to be coiled with loads, and the transportation capacity is discounted, and the risk still exists. In 2014, the nearly 3-kilometer-long "Huaifeng Tunnel" was put into use, and the Huaifeng Highway was fully upgraded to modern times.
In recent years, many people who swim freely on the self-driving dam often refer to Huairou Laogoumen as "Beijing's North Gate" in their "tweets", which is indeed very graphic in a broad sense. However, in terms of physical geography, "Maoshan Pass" and "Huaifeng Tunnel" are the key gateways in and out of Huairou Mountain, and gradually enter or exit Beijing.
"Horn Goumen" is the name of the mouth of the two valleys on the right bank of the Tang River, and it is also the name of a village, and it is also the name of an administrative township in Huairou District.
The northernmost "Maoshan Pass" of Huaifeng Highway is within the township of Hornagoumen, and the "gate" of Hornagoumen is very close to the gate of "Yakou" in and out of Beijing. If from the humanistic concept, it is appropriate to say that Laogoumen is Beijing's "Arctic Township" and "North Gate".
Beijing's Huairou District Laogoumen and Changshenying Manchu Townships, as well as Tanghekou and Baoshan townships, are located at the northern end of the capital. North side by side with Fengning County in Hebei; East shook hands with Luanping County. Its townships are all mountainous. The terrain is low in the south and high in the north, overlooking the wilderness.
Outside the mouth of the Great Wall, the mountains are connected, and the peaks and mountains are uneven; river valleys, criss-crossing; Around the valleys, the rock cliffs are vicissitudes. Waterfront terrace, soil fertilizer suitable for planting. However, in the early years of the Ming Dynasty, it was abandoned for a long time, and later it became a buffer between nomadic and agrarian peoples. Although a small number of Mongol tribes are active, they do not live soon, only in the summer and autumn seasons to chase water grass nomadic fishing and hunting.
Historical documents habitually refer to the Mongolian Doyan Department as "Wuliangha" and "Wulianghai". The Ming court appointed the leader of Duoyan as the commander, and Duoyan grew in strength. Furthermore, the Woodyanha and other guards are generally called "Doyan Three Guards", or the Doyan Sanwei station is called "Woodyanha area".
Zhu Di launched the "Battle of Jingyan", won the support of Duoyan Sanwei, captured Daning (present-day Chifeng South), and borrowed 3,000 iron horses from Duoyan as the elite of the "Jingjian Army" to go south to Jinling. After Zhu Di obtained the imperial throne, he immediately gave the southwestern land of Daningwei to Duoyan as a token of gratitude. Therefore, the area east of the north of present-day Huairou and Miyun has always been a seasonal nomadic pastory for various tribes of Duoyan.
In 1644, after the Jurchens settled in Beijing, part of the valleys of the Tanghe, Baihe and Tianhe rivers in the Huairou Mountains were occupied as Manchu settlements. At the same time, it has also become a major north-south transportation route.
According to the "Records of Chengde Prefecture" and "Records of Luanping County," "In the ninth year of the Kangxi Dynasty, in order to alleviate the inadequacy of the "banner land" enclosed by the Gyeonggi region, the Hubu Department made a decision to occupy the Baihe and Tanghechuan mountain fields in the outer Laogoumen of Gubeikou, Tanghekou, Changsentry Camp, and Baoshan Temple."
In the summary of the Luanping Zhi, there is the phrase "Yangmu Banner Camp directly handed over wooden planks, wooden troughs, wooden poles, charcoal, and saddle wood to the Internal Affairs Office to fill the rent." He also introduced that the banner households of the Eagle Hand Camp mainly hunted, and also procured mountain treasures, and handed over mountain treasures to Duyusi.
The two battalions of bannermen took the surnames Peng and Miao as the main ones. The surname Miao was mostly found in the upper reaches of the Tanghe River (present-day Fengningdi) and Hushha in Luanping in the east; The surname Peng is settled in the area from the middle and lower reaches of the Tang River from the Hornagou Gate to the mouth of the Tang River. It can be seen from the text that this is a contemporary writer, according to the interview, without indicating the source of which document.
In recent decades, the author has no objection to the fact that Luanping Yixun River, Hushha, Hornagoumen, and Changsentry Camp were once the "eagle hand camp" of the Qing Dynasty and were hunting agencies under the jurisdiction of the Qing Internal Affairs Office. But I still want to provide a little more historical detail for followers, to supplement the reference. Now, I will pile up my own random visits over the past ten years, the relevant archives of the Great Treasury of the Internal Affairs Government, as well as the eagle hand camp in Tanghechuan and other places, the livestock hunting farm of the Internal Affairs Office, and the hunting process of domesticating eagles and falcons.
Eagle Hand Battalion and Eagle Fighter
A hawk hand
The administrative organization of the Laogoumen in the early Qing Dynasty followed the Manchurian camp flood system. The wrappers, eagle hands, and bannermen under the left collar of each flag are managed in the form of military-political integration. Since the establishment of the flag camp at the Hornagou Gate, generations of Manchu sons and daughters have begun to pioneer and defend the land, collect mountain treasures, cut new trees, and multiply in the rich Tanghe River, which has a history of 350 years.
According to word of mouth (there is no documentary evidence), the Eagle Hand Battalion was managed by the Thousand General elected by the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Initially, there were dozens of eagle men stationed in the camp, and a number of idle sulas were requisitioned according to hunting tasks to participate in auxiliary hunting. Sensuma and Eagle Hands receive salaries, while Sura is an errand. In addition to managing the administrative affairs of the camp according to the system and resolving disputes, General Qian also urged the dispatch of errands and protected the forest on the whole road. The main business is to catch a large number of fresh pheasants after the mid-autumn every year, and send them to the Internal Affairs Office or the Rehe Department on time, according to quality, and in full quantity to hand over to the emperor.
The pheasants sent to the Ministry of Internal Affairs are either alive and dead, and two dead chickens can be discounted to one live chicken. In particular, live chickens with moderate individuals are the most favored. Therefore, it is not feasible to break the rope with an arrow to kill the gun. And because the mountains are high and densely forested, the wattle grass is uneven, and it is difficult to bait and trap the net. Tang Hechuan once had the method of "fishing chickens", that is, with thicker needles and threads, more than a dozen beans, each wearing a small knot, and then tying one end of the thread to the thorn branches, pheasants pecking at the beans along the line, and in an instant, the thread beans were entangled in the chicken's body. Although this method can be used in small quantities, chickens must die and cannot be caught in batches. Therefore, in order to ensure the quality of pheasants, eagle hands still train eagle falcons to capture pheasants according to the customs of old Manchuria in Kanto.
The royal family uses chicken, mostly after the beginning of autumn, because the pheasant is fully eaten in summer and autumn, and the body is large and fresh, full of deliciousness.
◆Falconry training
Eagle hands, also known as eagle masters and eagle handles, are called "beating animals", "eagle nest paving chiefs", "palm cages" and so on in the official documents of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
According to the traditional customs of the Manchu people and the spring breeding habit of the eagle falcon, the eagle hand captures and domesticates the falcon, mostly caught and domesticated in early autumn, hunted after the mid-autumn festival, and released in early spring. The hunting and releasing process includes four steps: falconry (pulling falconry), falconry taming, falconry hunting, and returning to nature.
◆Prelude to falconry
Tang Hechuan Peng's surname Eagle Hand is called Eagle Catcher, Zhang Ying (Zhang Net), which is "Please Eagle". Before catching falcons, hawkmen mostly "sacrifice eagles" according to the rules. Older eagle bearers generally refer to falcons as "eagle brothers". The form of the eagle sacrifice is very simple, randomly building a miniature temple with stones, using vertical branches and grass as incense, placing some simple offerings with you, replacing wine with real wine or water, and sprinkling sacrifices. At the same time, the sacrificial words are chanted. The eagle word commonly used by the eagle hand everywhere varies depending on the location of the eagle hand. The ritual words in the Kanto region outside Shanhaiguan are more elaborate and unified. Outside Guanlikou (inside Shanhaiguan, outside Gubeikou), it is "wish anywhere". Even if it is "outside the mouth and inside the mouth", the "eagle sacrifice word" is not the same. Miyun stone box, Zhuanghetun "eagle nest shop", the word for eagle sacrifice often has the word "white horse"; Luanping Hushi and Jintaizi are commonly used in the area of "long tide".
In the spring of 2005, according to the recollection of an old man surnamed Wu in Donghuangliang Village, the words of the Tanghe River Eagle Handle (Eagle Hand) chant were: "Brother Eagle, you are in the sky, and there are Pingchuan on both sides of the Tang River." There are chickens and rabbits in the Jingxiao forest, you came here without hunger and cold. Please come and help today, Kaichun will send you back to the mountain." According to Old Man Wu, every year after the "lunar year", the sky slowly warms up, and even if the eagle is reluctant in his heart, he has to send the eagle away. Because after the Qingming Festival, pheasants and harrier eagles should hatch eggs, and a strong eagle can eat the meat of a cow a year, but it cannot afford to raise it.
◆Falconry (Eagle Hunting)
The ecological environment of the Tanghechuan Horngou Gate, Changsentry Camp and Tanghekou areas is superior, and in ancient times, the trees and grass were thick, eagles soared into the sky, and pheasants fluttered and played in the grass. For hawkmen, "please eagle" is not difficult.
First of all, the eagle hand chooses the grass that does not overlook the dead corner, and supports the larger basket with mesh or a special eagle net and opens it. Use a live chicken or pigeon, dove, etc. as bait. Use a stick tied to a rope to prop up the basket or the side of the net, leaving enough for the harrier eagle to enter the net. Then tie the live chicken leg feet with another thin rope. Try to keep the drawstring hidden in the wattle bushes. At this point, the eagle hand can hide in the eagle's nest made of bushes or grass, hold two ropes at the other end, and observe the eagle flying harrier in the sky.
Once eagle hands see an eagle flying nearby, sometimes despite the sharp eyes of the mountain eagle foraging, they find the "pseudo-prey" under the basket net. But the eagle hand still pulls the chicken on the rope, and the chicken flaps its wings. At this moment, the majestic harrier eagle glided and dived, landing instantly, the frightened and helpless chicken fluttered more and more, and the mountain eagle did not hesitate to get into the upside-down basket net and catch the live chicken with its claws. The falconer kept his eyes on what happened in this instant, and whenever he saw the crooked neck of the chicken or pigeon, he decisively pulled down the stick, and the basket firmly held the eagle. According to the experience of eagle hands, the old eagle landed loudly; Harrier eagles or falcons are small, but they carry a sound wind when rushing down, while leopard eagles land lightly and silently.
The harrier eagle covered in a net basket is violent by nature, with flexible claws that can hurt people's eyelids. Hawkmen do not dare to take eagles with their bare hands. At this time, you need to hold soft objects such as cloth bags into the net and let them tear and peck, but not for long. After a while, the eagle hand saw the opportunity, quickly grabbed the base of the eagle's wings with the abandoned cloth, and put the leather "eagle cover" prepared in advance around the eagle's head, and attached the eagle sleeve with a leather rope loop, and used the rope loop to cover the eagle's claws, so that it could not hurt others or themselves. After the falcon was initially controlled, the eagle held the eagle in both hands, prayed to Sunday, and then worshiped the mountain god.
◆ Cultivate feelings (falconry)
When the eagle returns home, he must use "fatigue tactics" to weaken his unruliness. First control the eagle on the eagle shelf, do not leave the person at night, disturb its sleep, do not eat, commonly known as "boiling eagle". The intention of the eagle hand is to kill the harrier eagle's fierceness, and the second is to make the eagle bitter first and then sweet, so that it is tamed. After a week of suffering, the eagle hand knew that he had reached his limit, and immediately "started eating", but did not directly feed meat. The eagle hand will snare a few, tie a rope tied to the paw, and tie it to the collar of his shoulder, teasing the hungry eagle to catch it over and over again. In a few days, the eagle will become accustomed to perching on the shoulders and arms of the eagle.
In the next step, the Hawkmen can take the eagle to the mountains. One end of a long rope is tied to a tree in the distance, and the eagle pulls out a "rope bridge" with the other end. The eagle is placed on a rope near a tree or stump, and a soft leather rope is tied to an eagle's paw, which is tied to a "rope bridge" with a leather rope less than a meter long. Its buckle knot is loose and slides freely. Then feed the falcon with meat or live finches, and at the same time take a temporary name and shout to the falcon. Under the temptation of food, the eagle at this time is desperate to spread its wings and prey. However, due to the limitation of the rope sleeve, he could not fly high, and could only slide with the rope sleeve on the long rope to the owner's shoulder or arm. After shouting and gliding for predation more than a dozen times, the clever falcon quickly became familiar with the owner's voice and some habitual gestures, and the eagle and people quickly established a relationship. After that, the master can untie the eagle rope, and whenever and wherever the owner shouts or makes an outstretching motion, the sturdy eagle falcon will respond to the call and stand on the master's shoulder. The master is also caressed, feeding meat and setting up eagles in the courtyard or valley. But it is necessary to control the fat and thin of the eagle, too fat and too thin can not be used. The documents of the Qing Internal Affairs Office called the unqualified fat eagle "Shuo Man". The feed usually used by hawkers is specially made. Except for occasional "rewards" or adjustments to fat and lean, pure meat is hardly fed.
◆Hunting pheasants
Eagle hunting mountain pheasant, referred to as "eagle release". Before releasing the eagle, the hawker feeds some self-formulated feed to maintain the emotions of the person and the eagle. The feed is a portable bulbous, smaller than a walnut and larger than a chestnut. The main ingredients are: ground meat, suzi, sorghum noodles, buckwheat noodles, sorghum noodles and a local weed. This grass is very special (name forgotten), it is found in the Horn Gou Gate, Long Sentinel Camp, and Tanghekou Mountains. The grass is sweet, and the fibers are thin and tough. It is chopped and kneaded with water with other raw materials to form a dough and dried in the sun. After the eagle swallows, the grass cannot be digested, and finally it is necessary to throw the grass out of the belly like a chicken and rabbit bone. This not only saves feed meat, but also satisfies the habit of throwing out waste after feeding eagles, and does not "eagles are full and do not catch chickens".
When hunting, the eagle's legs are first tied together by a leather rope at a certain distance, and it is difficult to take off autonomously, commonly known as "tripping feet". Then you can carry it on your shoulder to go hunting.
Eagle hunting is an activity in which small teams cooperate with each other. An eagle hand, with one or two Sura (according to the internal affairs clerk, help Ding), Sula carried a wooden pole, waving through the grass, waving the wooden pole and shouting, to startle the pheasants in the bushes. This move is commonly known as "shouting slope, rushing slope", "encircling slope" and "rushing to fight". The eagle bears the eagle with a shoulder or arm bracket, with a net pocket hanging from the waist, and is alive within the hunting range. "Rushing the slope" people shouted in their throats, "Yo roar - ho - ho", the mountain echoed the valley. As soon as the long pole was flicked, the branches fluttered, the wattle grass crackled, and the pheasants in the grass were either two or four, and they flew low in fright. The falcon's eyes were like electricity, and he had already shaken his wings and claws and could not bear it, but his legs and claws were bound by short leather ropes, and it was difficult to take off on his own.
At this time, according to the target of the prey, the eagle hand raised his arm at the right time, threw the eagle upward, and the falcon was helped, and spread its wings smoothly, like black lightning, towards the terrified pheasant. The poor pheasant, who at this time had neither the right to dominate the air nor the ground, had to resist a little and was captured by the eagle.
After the eagle grabbed the chicken and landed, it was bound by the "stumbling foot", that is, it could not fly with the chicken again, and could not drag the chicken away, and wanted to peck and bite, helplessly, the eagle's beak has been added by the eagle hand to the hoop, it had to hold the prey stunned. Then, the eagle hand walked over without hurry, picked up the pheasant, skillfully parted his wings, put his hands into the net pocket behind him, set up the falcon, took out a feed ball, fed it into the eagle's mouth, as a reward, and then began the next round of "chicken attacking".
After the end of the eagle and chicken hunting, the eagle men descended the mountain one after another, and of course the results were different, and people gathered the frightened chickens in baskets or cages. Carried by Sula to the camp, where mules had long been prepared. After special personnel screening and acceptance, and then the special transport personnel assigned by General Manager Qian tied the chicken coop to the back of the mule, brought the dry food seal, and stayed overnight, or went south to Jingshi or east to Rehe for business. However, sometimes it is also intersected with the main shop of the internal affairs office near the Miyunshi Box City. Later, the messenger handed over the wild game, took the voucher, and returned to the camp to restore his life.
This kind of chicken hunting activity is from mid-autumn to cold or early spring, because the chickens are no longer tender, and because the pheasants are about to lay eggs and hatch, and then release the eagle to hunt the chickens, which is contrary to the natural balance. The emperor has an order: All the benefits of the mountains and zes must not be taken in vain, take them in moderation, and do not hurt the fundamentals.
◆Send the eagle back to the mountain
After the beginning of spring, the "sending eagles" began. In the days before sending the eagle, the eagle hands were very reluctant. Feed pure meat two days in advance, and take the departing eagle brother to "walk the eagle". Releasing the eagle into the air, the eagle hand turned and left, and no longer shouted, but the eagle did not go in the air, and still fell diagonally and landed on the shoulder of the owner. Sometimes the owner hides immediately after releasing the eagle, but the eagle flies low for a long time or lands stunned and does not leave. After a few times, the hawkman takes the eagle home and does not feed. Two or three days later, it was taken to a slightly farther mountain area and actually released. After the release, the hawker remained secretly observed until the falcon took off and circled and did not return. The eagle hand will go in the direction where the eagle flies, recite the greeting, and return to worship.
II Eagle Hand Battalion
The archives of the Qing Dynasty recorded in detail the specific areas and tasks of the village such as "hunting animals", "harvesting", "vegetable garden" and "orchard" outside the Kanto or Koulikou. Hunting pheasants is just one of them. Camps that mainly pay for pheasants can use other prey to discount the amount of pheasants. The same is mainly based on foxes, wolves, deer, rabbits, goats, pigs and leopards, and can also be offset by birds and birds such as pheasants and magpies.
According to the "Luanping Zhi", after the Yong and Qian dynasties, with the prosperity of the eagle hand camp and the cattle farm, the population of export reclamation in the customs gradually increased, and the income from the mountain land lease in the qiying gradually increased. In addition to paying pheasants and eggs to the imperial family, the Eagle Hand Battalion also had to raise mules and horses for the Internal Affairs Office, and provide manpower, vehicles and other errands for the emperor to travel to and from the summer villa throughout the years. Later, the banner battalions such as Eagle Hand and Yang Mu also changed from paying in kind to paying money and grain. However, this introduction is mainly for the eastern region of Luanping, which belongs to the 24 imperial estates of the accounting department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Because the mountain "Huangliang Zhuang" also has eagle hands and hunters. Grain farms can catch prey such as pheasants, wild goats, roe deer or keep horse mules in captivity. Cover the money and food due. However, it is not clear whether the eaglemen in the Luanping "Xihe" region (present-day mountainous area north of Huairou) also had errands other than paying for pheasant game.
However, according to Huairou's existing "Genealogical Order of the Peng Surname", the eagle hand Qianzong of the Long Sentinel Camp and the Horn Gou Gate had to prepare mules, horses, men and husbands, and bring tribute to the Luanping Kara River Tunxing Palace in accordance with the requirements of the Internal Affairs Government in accordance with the requirements of the Internal Affairs Government. As far as Jiaqing, because the emperor went to Chengde less and less, Qianzong's trip to Yudao Hou gradually stopped. Since the horn gou gate does have a "thousand generals", and the Qing dynasty thousand presidents are indeed related to "camps". Therefore, the Luanping County Record, based on the customary name of the people, called the "Animal Fighting Village" or "Orion Zhuang" belonging to the Internal Affairs Office to domesticate falcons and hunt wild mountain fowl as the "Eagle Hand Camp".
In recent decades, the name "Eagle Hand Camp" has been widely used in many media. Especially after being used by Manchu cultural experts and various papers, it seems that the Qing Dynasty really had such an organizational body with military and political colors. However, after searching through the relevant Qing Dynasty documents, including the family tree of the surname Peng, the title "Eagle Hand Camp" never appeared.
Long Sentinel Camp Peng Dexin's "Genealogical Order of the Gate": The Manchu surname Peng, originally stationed outside Shenyang. The first ancestor, Peng Lian, entered the customs in 1644 with his brother Peng Chun (transferred to Manchuria during the Kangxi Dynasty). In June of the second year of Shunzhi (1645), Peng Lian entered Beijing with the banner, and was specially rewarded by the emperor for Peng Lian's land in Zhuanghetun and Tanghechuan's real estate Mushan Farm. The surname Peng Qian always has a different surname Qian, and the two Peng surnamed Qian are always close to the same family. They respectively managed the mountain fields allocated by the Internal Affairs Office inside and outside Gubeikou, and when the emperor went on tour, he went to the palace and the naturalized city as needed. Usually hunt chickens and livestock or farm. The thousand total calendar year takes turns to live in Kyoto on duty, handing over live pheasants, there is no quota for live chickens every year, and there are a number of dead chickens. Each thousand total should hand over 117 pairs of dead chickens in a year, each eagle hand should hand over 58 and a half dead chickens a year, each thousand total should receive 48 rice and 24 taels of silver in a year, and each eagle hand in a year should receive 24 rice and 12 taels of silver.
The "genealogy" outlines the situation of the Peng ethnic group after entering the mountains in the early Qing Dynasty, which is highly consistent with the records of the internal affairs documents. However, in the middle of the Qing Dynasty, both hunting and engaging in "nongjia" changed. The historical significance of "Peng Lian entered Beijing and rewarded Peng Lian in Zhuanghetun and Tanghechuan real estate land mu mountain farm in Zhuanghetun and Tanghechuan in the genealogy" is particularly important. Not only does it completely prove that "Hawkhand Camp" is only a common name. It also reflects the historical fact that in the early Qing Dynasty, the Manchus wantonly occupied the land, mountains and houses around Gyeonggi after entering the customs.
(1) After the Peng ethnic group entered the customs with the royal family, because of their ancestors' merits, in the form of the emperor's reward, they obtained the "mouth" Zhuanghetun (now the forty-mile reservoir area north of Miyun City, and moved south to Shilipu Town in the fifties) and the middle and lower reaches of the "mouth" Tanghe River mountainous area. The "real estate" enclosed is the military residence of Miyun Houwei, the former Ming and Later Military Governors, in Zhuanghetun.
(2) "Eagle Hand Banner People" are banner men who are mainly engaged in hunting animals and randomly serve the royal family with yellow flags at any time.
(3) At the beginning of the Qing Shun rule, when the Manchus entered the customs enclosure, they did not have time to name dozens of industries such as "cattle hunting", "pearl diving", honey picking, orchards, melon gardens, ginseng digging, and eagle hands.
(4) In the early Qing Dynasty, he obtained the surname Peng of Miyunzhuang Hetun, Huairou Tanghe Mountainous Area, all of them were in the banner military household, the rank of eight-pin Lilu, and the general post in the army was quite a thousand. Therefore, when the name of the mountain management organization is not clear, the recipient is the person in charge or the patriarch, and is still honorifically called "Qianzong". Although this kind of thousand general has nothing to do with the battalion brigade and does not enter the military series, it was still called by the name of the battalion at that time. Therefore, in daily life, the name "Eagle Hand Camp" gradually formed.
The reverse is the same, if it is a quasi-thousand president, it will never be based on the recommendation of the family. Therefore, in the middle and late Qing Dynasty, the surname of Horngou Men Peng Qianzong could be elected by the family members. It can be proved that "Eagle Hand Camp Thousand Chief" is a customary title, and its position of responsibility and authority is only equivalent to the "leading urge" or the head of the first-class imperial grain village under the accounting department of the internal affairs government. Unlike the Huangliang Zhuang Ling, the "Eagle Hand Qianzong" does not belong to the accounting department, but is under the jurisdiction of the Duyu Division.
3. Beat the cattle Zhuangding
Before the middle period of the Kangxi Dynasty of the Qing Dynasty, two branches of the Peng family used the Tanghechuan Horngou Gate outside the mouth and the Baihechuan Zhuanghetun in the mouth as livestock or agricultural and commercial territories. During this period, although there were mutual helpers, they did not belong to each other. From the forty years after the Kangxi Dynasty, due to environmental and traffic disadvantages, the attention of the Outer Horn Goumen was gradually reduced. Zhuanghetun and stone boxes are the places where the emperor must pass to and from the Rehe River throughout the years. It is more convenient for Zhuanghetun Qian, who is located in the mouth, to serve the emperor, although the errand is increased, but the opportunity to meet the emperor is more, and the praise and reward by the emperor also increase (Zhuanghetun is near the stone box city, and there are "stone boxes beating animals" during the Qing Dynasty).
In the "Archives of the Great Treasury of the Qing Internal Affairs Office", there are dozens of inscriptions on the number of money and grain in a year for the chief of the Internal Affairs Office (as the prince) who "sold the three flags and sacrificed the old Ding." Among them, Du Yusi reported the number of eagle hands under the supervision of Peng Weiqing, the person in charge of the Sanqikou and the Inner and Outer Breeding Village (Eagle Hand Eagle), the number of pheasants to be handed over, the number of live pheasants discounted to two dead chickens, and the completion situation.
In particular, the information on the newly reclaimed mountains outside the mouth of the eagle hand and the collection of 1466 pheasants is very noteworthy. First, during the Yonggan period, the eagle hand Ding household has always paid pheasants instead of the land tax; Second, in Gubeikou, "the Eagle Hand Peng Weiqing and other mouths of the Miyun Residence have room for reclamation", which generally points out that the Eagle Hand households living in the Hornagou Gate and the Tanghe River in the long sentinel camp have newly reclaimed arable land. The "leeway" in the text is the new land that is not within the original amount, and after the specified number of years, more than 1,000 chickens need to be requisitioned. This shows that after the Manchus entered the Grace Mountain Land, they never stopped the development and utilization of the mountain. The third is to show that the Peng surnamed Yinghand in Miyunzhuang Hetun or "Stone Box Eagle's Nest" has been continuing the ancestral business like the Tanghechuan Peng family.
During the Kang Qian period, because the emperor had to export for summer and hunting every year, the eagle hand Dinghu increased the task of domesticating eagle harriers. In order to ensure the timely delivery of eagles for the royal family's hunting, the Internal Affairs Office set up seven or eight "eagle nest shops" around Zhuanghetun and Shichang City, which must pass through the Rehe River. Dozens of experienced eagle players were selected to domesticate harrier eagles for the royal family so that the emperor could pass by and take them. It can be seen from the word order of the name of the eagle hand surnamed Peng in the eagle nest that there is no "Zhengda Hall of Light" in the name of these eagle hands. Although it is not a surname of Tanghechuan Peng, it is the same family.
The Qing Dynasty's "Inscription of the Governor of the Internal Affairs Office, Karu Kangxi Nian", records that eight dens were set up in the north of Shichang City at that time. Each nest lays a nest leader who is responsible for the management of the nest shopkeeper. According to the case of Du Yusi, this year twenty-four eagles were sent to those who were stationed in Shi Boxer and other places to keep them. Among them, the head of the nest, Peng Mang, raised an eagle to raise eagles, and now he is dead; The nest Peng Xiang caged the eagle when he sent it spitting food, and is now dead; Pengqi gabion raising eagles were full when they were sent, and now they are well changed; Pengqilan caged eagles, which were good when they were delivered, but not changed well today. The Pengqi gabion eagle belonging to Pengmanwopu was disabled when it was delivered, and it is now corrected. Peng Qilan, Peng Yue, and Peng Nian's caged eagles are good when they are sent, but they are not changed well, or they vomit food when they are sent, and die after being caged. Check the file, if the eagle sent is good, and the change is good, the nest is long and the cage person is not rewarded. If the eagle is good and dies after being caged, the head of the nest and the cage bearer shall each be whipped thirty; If it is not changed well, the head of the nest will still be whipped thirty, and the cage man will be whipped twenty-seven. If the eagle sent is not good, and it is well reared and corrected, it will be rewarded with a satin robe with a long satin robe and three horses of hair and green cloth for the cage bearer. Therefore, it is proposed to give Peng Mang, the head of the nest, thirty whips, and three horses of Pengqi stone hair and green cloth."
It can be seen that by the middle and late Qing Dynasty, Zhuanghetun and Tanghechuan Peng surnamed Yingshou were Qi Ding who ate grain on the banner as errands and paid taxes with hunting expertise. And Peng Qianzong, who is based on Hornagou Gate and Zhuanghetun and manages the eagle hand Ding household, is the superior "coating" of Shangsanqi, under the jurisdiction of the Internal Affairs Office, who is specially favored by the royal family, is good at managing mountains and forests, and is similar to a butler. In the late Qing Dynasty, with the decline of the Qing Dynasty, the eagle hands in and outside the mouth gradually moved towards farming. At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the People's Dynasty, the Han population went out to make a living, and the northern areas of Huairou and Miyun quickly realized the integration of Manchu and Han. Mountain farms, terraces and river beaches were further developed. Agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and commerce have gradually become large-scale. As the manager of the Eagle Hand Camp, the hereditary Senzō became a local "rich and powerful home". According to the "Luanping County Record", in the three years of the Republic of China, Peng Dacai, Peng Dahe, a large household of the Eagle Hand Banner Camp of Hornagoumen, which had been in decline for several years, still had more than 130 tiles and grass houses, and more than 100 hectares of mountain grounds.
Back then, after the Peng ethnic group entered the customs with the banner owner of the banner where they were located, they were ordered to enter the mountains or go out of the country. Generations of Manchu sons and daughters, with their hardworking hands, on the banks of the Tang River and Baishui, have eradicated defilement, grazing livestock, cultivating forests and fruits, breaking rocks and opening roads, awakening mountains that have been dormant for 10,000 years, and creating a brilliant mountain civilization for a hundred years. With inexhaustible wisdom, they implanted Manchu culture thickly into the mountains of northern Beijing; Sprinkle the full charm and style on the green mountains and green waters. Today, the descendants of the stone box and the Zhuanghetun eagle hand have long abandoned their homes in order to build the Miyun Reservoir. The new generation of Manchu sons and daughters of Hornagoumen, while consciously inheriting the characteristic culture of their hometown, are actively upgrading to build their own happy homeland under the guidance of modern science and culture; With the responsibility of the master of the country, he strives to protect the precious green and send the fragrance of the mountains to the sky of the motherland; Sow the style of the Yu River to a harmonious society.
First draft on June 25, 2005
Added and revised in May 2015