Speaking of Jiang Tingxi, most people regard him as a court painter in the early Qing Dynasty, but some people think that this evaluation method is somewhat one-sided, and Lin Shu holds this view in the article "Jiang Tingxi, a famous minister of the Kangyong Dynasty- and on Jiang Tingxi's Non-Court Painters": "Now, when it comes to Jiang Tingxi, people think of his paintings and think that he was a court painter during the Kang Yong period. During the Kang Yong period, especially during the Yongzheng period, Jiang Tingxi's social activities were mainly manifested in the political arena, and his political achievements far exceeded the achievements of painting. ”
In the "Qing History Manuscript Lie biography", the biography of Jiang Tingxi is quite long, but it involves his painting achievements, and the only phrase in the biography is "Tingxi Gong Poetry and Painting", which mainly talks about Jiang Tingxi's life deeds and his work achievements. The biography first states: "Jiang Tingxi, Zi Yangsun, Jiangnan Changshu, Yungui Governor Chen Xidi." At the beginning, people were raised to the inner court. In the forty-second year of the Kangxi Dynasty, he gave him the title of Jinshi and changed his name to Shu Jishi. Forty-three years, before the library was dispersed, it was edited and revised. Repeatedly transferred to the Cabinet Bachelor. In the first year of Yongzheng, he was promoted to the rank of a waiter in the Ministry of Ceremonies, and Sejong gave Shi Xianzhi. ”
Jiang Tingxi's "Peony Chart Axis" shanghai museum collection
The above passage is more general, only to say that Jiang Tingxi is the younger brother of Jiang Chenxi, the governor of Yungui. In fact, from Tingxi's grandfather's generation, the Jiang family was born into the Jinshi. Jiang Tingxi's grandfather's name was Jiang Di ( 蒋棻 ) , a ten-year scholar of Ming Chongzhen , who was a former official in Nanhai , Guangdong , and Jian'an Zhi County , Fujian Province , and was included in the "Re-cultivation of Chang Zhaohezhi" as follows: "Knowing Nanhai County, there is a law for urging science, and the officials are not allowed to do it, and they are assigned to the most counties." The prisoners are worried about punishing those who accuse and accusing confessors, and the demon Xiong Shunwu is captured, so as not to spread and incite changes. Ding Yan served Que and supplemented Jian'an County, especially with his achievements. ”
It can be seen that Jiang Di had considerable political achievements in office, and after the fall of the Ming Dynasty, Jiang Di Dumen wrote books and taught his son. His son Jiang Yi became a jinshi in the twelfth year of the Kangxi Dynasty, and was elected as a Hanlin Yuan's Chajishi, and from eighteen years onwards, he supplemented the Imperial History of Guangxi Province. Jiang Yi was a clean and honest official, and although he lived in poverty, he did not take anything from the people. What is even more rare is that Jiang Yi can sympathize with the suffering of the people, and he uses his painting talents to paint twelve "Maps of Displaced Persons" on the social conditions at the time of natural disasters, and then dedicate them to the emperor. The "Chronicle of Changshu County" contains: "Painted as more than twelve maps, known as "Refugee Map", "Cold Window Reading Map", "Flood Map", "Guanbang Map", "Chong Yi Map", "Drought Map", "Mane Map", "Winter Prison Map", "Summer Prison Map", "Storm Pass Map", "Spring Ploughing Summer Yun Map", "Urging Science Map". The emperor draped the map and wandered in the middle of the night, proclaiming his will to comfort the labor. Twenty-two years of touring the east, the road is devastated, Chen is looking forward to it, And Gu sighs left and right: "This Jiang Yi's "Map of displaced people."" ’”
Jiang Tingxi's "Furong Heron Andi Chart Axis" collection of the Palace Museum
After receiving this picture, the Kangxi Emperor carefully read it and could understand Jiang Yi's good intentions, and the Kangxi Emperor toured the east in the twenty-second year, and saw that the situation in some places was indeed as depicted in the "Map of displaced people", which made Xuan Ye sigh. Jiang Yi was the father of Jiang Tingxi, and Jiang Tingxi's brother Jiang Chenxi was a twenty-four-year scholar of Kangxi, and from the literature, Jiang Chenxi was also a capable official. Of course, the family's concept will affect Jiang Tingxi, so he studied hard from an early age and practiced martial arts hard, hoping to serve the country when he grew up. Zheng Fangkun said in the "Small Biography of famous poets of the National Dynasty": "ShaochengMenyin, galloping horse to test the sword, Gu Pan Zixiong, there is a Wei harvest, Duan Cheng style style." Slightly longer, folded reading, rich in literature, show the world, out and compete with the southeast celebrities, all of them are avoided. ”
The young Jiang Tingxi liked to ride horses and shoot arrows, Zheng Fangkun believed that he had the style of Wei Harvest and Duan Cheng, and these two were the sons of famous officials and eunuchs in history, Jiang Tingxi was also quite proud of his family origins, he wrote at the beginning of the "Qingtong Xuan Poetry Collection": "The guest asks Yu Yue Jiang Zhimen Valve Guisheng, the family scholar has received something, he knows that 'Gu Ye, this is also a scholar, not a person who has the capital to enlighten, as for the enlightenment, the ninety thousand li wind is down, and the senders of the monarch all return from the cliff. ’”
Jiang Tingxi's "Youlan Congzhu Bamboo Chart Axis" collection of Nanjing Museum
Jiang Tingxi not only studied hard, he also had a good collection of books, Chen Zhongqing said in the preface to the "Broken Mountain Collection": "Yang Sun, the son of the famous father, the heavenly gift of Yicai, the wind jian Chengshuang, such as near the Jade Mountain reflecting people, early work articles, completed into a family speech, do not send people under the fence." Sexual curiosity and antiquity, smell of different books are poured into the purchase, the Houhou shelf on the Xiang Xiang thick stack, so that the Bo Pole carries the book, the heart is universal. ”
In the twenty-sixth year of the Kangxi Dynasty, Jiang Yi died at the age of 57. At that time, Jiang Tingxi was 19 years old, and the changes in his family made him restrain his mind and study harder, and then he came to Beijing. In the thirty-eighth year of the Kangxi Dynasty, at the age of 31, he was promoted to the Shun tianfu examination, and then was recommended to work in the South Study, which often directly met the emperor, and the emperor also appreciated Jiang Tingxi's talent. In the forty-second year of the Kangxi Dynasty, Jiang Tingxi was still not admitted to the Jinshi, but his daily ability was rewarded by the emperor, and he was given the title of Jinshi by Grace, and a few months later he was transferred to Shu Jishi, "Records of Emperor Shengzuren No. 3" Volume 211: "In March Jia Shu, consulting university scholars, etc., raising people Wang Hao, He Zhuo, Jiang Tingxi, and excellent scholars, he did not get the middle exam, and he was awarded the jinshi and the one temple examination. And the "Records of Reality" also said: "Gengyin, the Hanlin Academy, selected Shu Changyuan to raise talents." Forty-nine members, including LingKe Jinshi, Tejia Jianyu, Wang Hao, Zha Shenxing, He Zhuo, jiang Tingxi, etc., changed their works to Shu Jishi and revised Wang Shidan, edited Zhao Jin Qian's famous lineage, and studied the Manchu Han Shu respectively. ”
Mang Huli portrayal Jiang Tingxi supplemented the scenery of "Little Statue of Yun Li" collected by the Palace Museum
Under the care of the emperor, Jiang Tingxi took the fourth rank of the second rank, and was taught editing before the second year, and after several promotions, he was promoted to the rank of cabinet scholar. It can be seen from this how much the Kangxi Emperor appreciated him, so much so that he could give such an unusual offer. However, although he was recruited in the Kangxi Dynasty, he was still just an ordinary courtier, and after Yin Chan ascended the throne, Jiang Tingxi was even more official and prosperous, and in March of the first year of Yongzheng, he was promoted to the right attendant of the Rebbe. In the following years, Jiang Tingxi was promoted all the way, and by February of the fourth year of Yongzheng, he had achieved the Hubu Shangshu, and in the sixth year of Yongzheng, he still served as the head of the household department, and in the seventh year, he added the prince Taifu, which can be described as an extremely popular subject. Lin Shu wrote in the text: "In October of the fourth year of Yongzheng, he also ordered Jiang Tingxi to concurrently serve as a soldier Shangshu. In December, Jiang Tingxi's biological mother Cao Shi died, and the emperor did not allow Jiang Tingxi to follow the request of the system of mourning, and only allowed him to stay in office. Because at this time, the Dzungar military affairs were already being secretly prepared, "every little bit of a millet was used for public funds, and the people did not know about the use of military service.". As a household and soldier, Jiang Tingxi's role became more and more important. After that, Jiang Tingxi, as a scholar of the Mandarin Palace and the first minister of military aircraft, was the most trusted and important minister of Yongzheng along with Prince Yi and Zhang Tingyu. Jiang Tingxi was directly involved in all major military affairs of the state. ”
The entrance to Tianzhuang Ancient Street
Jiang Tingxi's ability to be promoted so quickly was directly related to his competition for the throne with his sons in the last years of the Kangxi Dynasty, and Shen Deliang's biography of Jiang Tingxi in the Collected Poems of the Qing Dynasty wrote: "The Kangxi Dynasty has been an official cabinet bachelor, the Yongzheng Chu Calendar Shangshu, the Jiuxuan Household Department to enter the military plane, the official Wenhuadian University, the grace is incomparable, relying on the specialty, slightly lower than Zhang Tingyu." It is suspected that he has entered the Residence of the Servant first... When Kang Zhao was in charge, the inner court did not give it to him, and he supervised it internally, and it was extremely contemptible. The people of the people took the residence as a help, and the willing ones only circled after the carving, and the people were unable to expand their ambitions, and Chen Menglei and Qian Mingshi were reprimanded. And even so. Ting Xi was the only official, Zi Pu Jiwu, and suspected that there was Dou Ye. ”
After Yin Chan ascended the throne, Chen Menglei, Qian Mingshi and other princes' henchmen were belittled, and Jiang Tingxi was promoted all the way, which was obviously directly related to the fact that in the process of the prince's struggle for power, he sided with Yin Chan's camp. After Yin Chan ascended the throne, he immediately assigned Chen Menglei, the editor of the "Ancient and Modern Book Integration", to the frontier, and for the unfinished "Ancient and Modern Book Integration", the Yongzheng Emperor ordered Jiang Tingxi to continue to complete it. Jiang Tingxi said in a compromise to the emperor on the twenty-seventh day of the first month of the first year of the Yongzheng Dynasty: "With the arrival of the museum on the eighth day of the first month, the staff of the same museum first ascertained the number of volumes of the general department, and found that the "Integration of Ancient and Modern Books" had a total of 10,000 volumes, and had brushed 9,621 volumes... Order the staff in the museum to re-school in volumes, and the ministers Tingxi and Chen Bangyan will add the general reading, and the correction will be corrected during the period, and the vice emperor will order the ministers to wait. ”
There were no tourists on the entire street
After this big book was re-edited by Jiang Tingxi and Chen Bangyan, the author's signature was changed from Chen Menglei to Jiang Tingxi, which shows that the Yongzheng Emperor valued him. Because of this, the Yongzheng Emperor also followed the example of the Kangxi Emperor and gave Jiang Tingxi's son Jiang Pu a man, and the Qing History Manuscript Liechuan said: "Zi Pu, the character quality fu." Yongzheng seven years, give people. Eight years, jinshi, changed to Shu Jishi, Zhinan Study, hereditary position. Ting Xi died, Pu Feng returned from the funeral, and was ordered to return to Beijing to serve after the burial. Eleven years, edited. Four-shift cabinet bachelor. In the fifth year of Qianlong, he was appointed as a waiter in the ministry. ”
Jiang Pu was also a capable official, and Yongzheng was appointed as the Governor of Hunan in the eighth year, and it was in this year that he passed the examination for the Jinshi, and was also highly valued by the emperors of the Yongzheng and Qianlong dynasties, and in the Qianlong Dynasty he became a scholar of Dongge University and a Hubu Shangshu, and he had the same prominent position as his father.
Antique courtyard next to it
From all of the above, it can be seen that the Jiang Tingxi family is a family of prominent eunuchs, and it is precisely for this reason that painting is only a remnant of government affairs for him, and he can create so many fine brush strokes in addition to his complicated work, which is really unimaginable, so that folklore says that his painting style is ghostwritten by someone.
In fact, from various documentary records, Jiang Tingxi is indeed quite talented in painting, such as Zhang Geng's "National Dynasty Painting Record" said:
Jiang Tingxi, the character Yang Sun, the number Xigu, also known as Nansha, the Changshu person Kangxi Yan Wei Jinshi, into Hanlin to write with a yi pen, or odd or positive, or rate or work, or color or halo ink, a picture of the middle and constant out of it, and natural harmony, the wind god vivid, the meaning of the hall, dotted with slope stone water mouth, all detached, intended to go, directly to the Yuan people's seat. Scholars, scholars, scholars, and scholars, who write and ink, are mostly regarded as models.
Quiet cobblestone road
From this evaluation, it can be seen that Jiang Tingxi has a variety of painting styles. Although his painting heritage is not recorded in the data, as mentioned earlier, his father Jiang Yi was good at painting, and the "Displaced People's Map" painted was also appreciated by the Kangxi Emperor, so Jiang Tingxi's original painting technique is likely to come from his father's family. Before taking office in the DPRK, Jiang Tingxi also had many contacts with painters of his generation in his hometown, and YuYi wrote about him in the "Haiyu Painting Garden": "Before the first time, he traveled with Ma Lixia and Gu Xuepo, played Hanmo, was highly talented, and his pen was transcendent. ”
When Jiang Tingxi was in his hometown, he worked with some local painters to create works, and he had the closest contact with the Changshu painter Ma Yuanyi, who was the most famous of Yun Shouping's disciples, Zhang Geng wrote in the "Records of Paintings of the National Dynasty" "Yun Shouping" article: "Disciple Ma Fuxi, character driving, taught by him, the name is especially good at the time, Yi pen is especially good." Feng Jinbo's "Painting Knowledge of the National Dynasty" also mentions Ma Yuanyi when he mentions it: "Shao Congmin, good at painting, his pen and hands are alive, good at reading, and drunk." ...... There are dozens of acres of land, on the shore of Shang Lake, trapped in servitude, the rate is not counted to sell, go home by the sunset, and paint the work. Wang Shigu yi took the name of the painting and tasted it: "Fuxi Shenyun flies, does not muddy the traces, higher than Chen Daofu and Lu Shuping, and then learned from Nantian Shouping to do his best." ”
Schematic cards
It can be seen that Ma Yuanyi is an accomplished painter, his father Ma Mei is a famous flower and bird painter, and Ma Yuanyi's son Ma Yi and daughter Ma Quan also have painting talents, and later Ma Yi became a disciple of Jiang Tingxi, it is conceivable that Ma Yuanyi has a certain influence on Jiang Tingxi's painting style, and Yu Yuanyi said of Jiang Tingxi in the "Yushan Painting Chronicle": "From Ma Fuxi, that is, work sketching, can compete with the Song people." ”
It is precisely for this reason that some people think that Jiang Tingxi's painting style is to inherit the Yun Shouping school, and Jiang Baoling holds this statement in the "Mo Lin Jin": "After Yun Nantian, sketching a method, since Jiang Wensu is the most important, Hengxuan follows." ”
Wen Bao brand
In fact, at that time, Ma Yuanyi's painting name was higher than Jiang Tingxi's, but in later generations, his fame was far less than the latter, so much so that Liang Tingyu sighed in "The Painting and Calligraphy of the Vine Flower Pavilion": "Fu Xi Si Xiang Nantian, for Jiang Wensu's guest, his family is known as a divine product... Therefore, fuxi's life, before the can not be without wensu and after the can not have a literary su, covered between luck and misfortune. ”
After Jiang Tingxi's death, the emperor gave him the title of "Wensu", so later generations called him Jiang Wensu, Ma Yuanyi was always a township painter, while Jiang Tingxi rose all the way, so Jiang's reputation was much higher than That of Ma. However, Jiang Tingxi did not forget this cloth painter, who, when he was a high-ranking official in the DPRK, wrote several letters inviting Ma Yuanyi to enter Beijing, but Ma Du politely refused Jiang's kindness. Volume VII of Feng Jinbo's compilation of "Painting Knowledge of the National Dynasty" says: "Xiangguo Jiang Wensu, the virgin Tongliye, tried to talk with the virgin on the six laws ... There is not a single day without gathering in Qingtongxuan. and Jiang Gongguan was forbidden to approach, and recruited soldiers to enter the capital with books, and a number of resignations were made. ”
Top-notch
Perhaps Ma Yuanyi felt that this former friend had become an important courtier, and it was inconvenient for him to have close contacts with him, so he repeatedly refused. In his early years, Jiang Tingxi wrote a poem called "Yungen Poems for Ma Fuxi":
The bucket is compatible enough for this life, and it is not too straight to lean more parallel.
Qi Zhi talked about An Chao Father, why not learn Yan Bao in recent times.
The sunset is sparsely forested and the mountains are good, and the spring breeze willows are warblers.
The court steps are as idle as flowers and grasses, and they are more affectionate towards Xu Xi.
Jiang Tingxi praised Ma Yuanyi's painting style as Xu Xi, and Xu Xi was an important flower and bird painter in the Southern Tang Dynasty, and Mi Fu commented on Xu Xi's paintings in the "History of Painting" as follows: "Xu Xi and Xu Chongsi are like life. Huang Xiao only won the lotus, although rich and vulgar. Mi Fu compared the paintings of Xu Xi, Xu Chongsi and Huang Xiao, and believed that "Huang Xi paintings are not enough to collect and are easy to copy; Xu Xi's paintings are not copiable." In this way, we can see the brilliance of Xu Xi's paintings, and Yun Shouping also made such a comparison in the "Red Lotus Diagram" created by Kangxi in the tenth year: "Huang Xiao is too much workmanship, Zhao Chang has not taken off the depiction, and Xu Xi has no path to get." It can be seen that Yun Shouping also admired Xu Xi's painting method.
At that time, Ma Yuanyi once gave a painting to Jiang Tingxi, for which Jiang made a poem called "Fuxi Gifts Flowers to The Long Song in Retribution", the second half of the poem is:
Huaguang is a monk painter and a painter, and his successor Yang Makes up for it.
Xu Xi's double hook has been wonderful, and Chongsi's bonelessness is particularly strange.
Down to the yellow basket and money selection, halo blue cut red color is prominent.
Although the wood carving death mark is carved, it is not perfectly interesting and lively.
Wu Zhong Shen Zhou Shi Tian Weng, wrist everywhere spring breeze.
Especially for the ancients to open up the face, today's scholars call it authentic.
My son's ability to restore who let, at that time should be on the Bao Mountain.
Boldly transported the anti-Ding pen, the fine thoughts out of the delicate shape.
The King of Inspiration gave me ten paintings, and I sang a song for the King.
Draw long songs and short jun Mo light, and return to write thousands of poles and bamboo.
From this poem, it can be seen that Jiang Tingxi's admiration for the fine painters of the past generations, and the painting style of these people was also absorbed by Yun Shouping, Ming Zhu Mouyuan said in the "Painting History Society": "(Xu Chongsi) is Xu Xi's grandson, the flowers and birds have ancestral style, and there is no need to describe the novelty, but it is made of Dan powder, and there is no bone map." This is the earliest document in the existing painting literature to record the boneless painting method, so it is possible that Xu Xi is the founder of the boneless flower and bird painting method, and Yun Shouping's painting style is the most famous for the boneless painting, which is why he admired Xu Xi and Xu Chongsi, and this concept was also transmitted to Ma Yuanyu.