Great Qin Fu Zhao Guo Chaotang
In the hit drama "Great Qin Fu", the portrayal of the enemies of the Qin State is the Zhao Guo. Zhao Wangyan, the favorite minister Guo Kai, and the prostitute daughter of Zhao Hou all left a deep impression on the audience. Many viewers believe that it is because of these people that the crisis of the subjugation of the Zhao State led to the country. In the late Warring States period, the Zhao State, who had been riding and shooting by Hu Fu, the King of Zhao Wuling, was indeed the most troublesome opponent of the Six Kingdoms, so how did the Zhao State defeat himself step by step?
< h1 class = "pgc-h-arrow-right" > the rise of the Zhao people</h1>
If you trace back to your distant ancestors, the ancestors of the Zhao people and the ancestors of the Qin people are actually the same person, that is, the Shang Dynasty. His eldest son, Xie Lai, was the ancestor of the Qin people, while the second son, Ji Sheng, was the ancestor of the Zhao people. (Many historians call Qin Shi Huang Zhao Zheng, and one basis is here.) The ancestor of the State of Zhao was originally the physician of Zhou Tianzi, and when King You of Zhou was king, because king You had no way, the Zhao clan entered the Jin Dynasty from Zhou. After hundreds of years of operation, the Zhao clan gradually grew by relying on the mother body of the Jin state, and finally became a major force in the Jin state. At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, several of the Jin dynasty's vassals vacated the monarch. After some further scrambling, the winner Zhao Jianzi divided the Jin state with the two masters of Han and Wei, and these three were later recognized by Zhou Tianzi and listed among the princes, known in history as the "three families divided into Jin".
At the beginning of the establishment of the Zhao State, it could only be regarded as a small country. After the three families were divided into Jin, the core area of the Jin state was inherited by the state of Wei, and the first two monarchs of the state of Wei, Marquis Wen of Wei and Marquis Wu of Wei, were very successful, especially after Li Wu changed the law, and the state of Wei once became the leader of the Warring States. The State of Wei had ambitions to restore the old lands of the State of Jin, so the State of Zhao was always bullied by the State of Wei, and Zhao often lost more and won less in battles against Wei, and one of the largest wars launched by Wei against Zhao was the Battle of Handan, which was once broken and Zhao Jun fled, but at this time the State of Qi rushed to the aid of the State of Zhao in time, that is, the famous siege of Wei to save Zhao, so that the State of Zhao would not be destroyed. After this battle, both the Zhao and Wei states were severely weakened, threatened by the great eastern power Qi and the rising Qin state in the west.
The majestic Marquis Wen of Wei
Until the middle and late period of the Warring States, the Zhao Kingdom had a monarch with great talent, that is, Zhao Yong, the king of Zhao Wuling. King Wuling of Zhao was deeply aware of the crisis facing the Zhao State, so he tried to persuade the then clan leader Fei Yi to carry out a reform of Hufu riding and shooting in the Zhao Kingdom and establish a powerful cavalry. After that, King Wuling of Zhao led an army to destroy many Hu tribes in the territory, and destroyed a medium-sized state during the Warring States period, zhongshan state, and expanded its territory by five hundred miles. King Wuling of Zhao had made a plan to send cavalry from Yunzhong Commandery (云中郡, in present-day Datong, Shanxi) to attack Xianyang. For this purpose, he personally disguised himself as an envoy to enter the Qin kingdom, meet king Zhaoxiang of Qin, survey the terrain of the Qin state, and prepare for the destruction of Qin in the coming day.
Fengyun Warring States Zhao Wuling King
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > second, zhao guo's strength</h1>
During the reign of King Wuling of Zhao, the state of Zhao reached its peak, with a land area of 2,000 miles, occupying part of present-day northern Shanxi, southern Hebei, and Shaanxi and Inner Mongolia. The King of Wuling was the lord of the kingdom, but he made a fatal mistake, that is, he did not deal with the heir issue well. In fact, this problem is a chronic disease of the Zhao State, since the establishment of the Zhao State, there is no rule in the succession of the throne, and the monarch can establish whomever he wants, thus causing many chaos.
In his early years, King Wuling of Zhao made his eldest son Zhao Zhang crown prince, but he was very fond of his concubine Yingwa, who gave birth to his son Zhao He, and the King of Wuling abolished Zhao Zhang and established Zhao He. And soon after, let the 10-year-old child Zhao He be the king, known as the King of Zhao Huiwen, and the King of Zhao Wuling abdicated as the main father, becoming the Emperor Taishang. Out of guilt for the eldest son, the King of Wuling soon enfeoffed the eldest son in Daidi. As a result, a small political group was formed around Zhao Zhang and Zhao He, and the contradictions between the two sides became more and more intense.
Contradictions have finally broken out! King Wuling of Zhao had invited his eldest son and second son to the Dune Palace for a family banquet, but a battle broke out between the two sides. Zhao Wuling could not control the situation. In the end, the forces of Zhao He, the King of Huiwen, won, and the defeated prince Zhao Zhang fled to the palace of his father, King Wuling, in order to seek refuge. However, Zhao He's subordinate Gongzi Cheng and Li Dui, the King of Huiwen, took advantage of the situation to surround the Dune Palace and kill Zhao Zhang. They knew that the palace that surrounded the Taishang Emperor Wuling King would be settled by the Autumn Queen in the future, so they simply did not do anything twice. The Chronicle of History records: "The people in the palace are informed. The Lord Father could not come out, and he could not eat, and he visited the lord and ate it, and starved to death in the Dune Palace for more than three months. "They released all the people except the Wuling King, leaving the Wuling King in the palace, and they didn't give any food." The Dune Palace was besieged for three months, and the Wuling King survived by eating bird eggs and young birds from trees, and was eventually starved to death.
The Zhao Wuling King
After the change of the Dune Palace, the Zhao Kingdom, with the legacy of King Wuling of Zhao, was still a great power in the East. During the reign of his son King Huiwen of Zhao, Wen used Lin Xiangru and Leyi, and Wu used Lianpo and Zhao Luxury. Moreover, at that time, under the contact of Su Qin, the Five Kingdoms attacked Qin, so that Qin did not dare to go out of the Valley Pass. Subsequently, he participated in the Five Kingdoms Attack, causing the State of Qi to almost perish, and the State of Qi was no longer able to compete with the nations. The situation in the Warring States often rose and fell, and the State of Zhao became the strongest of the six eastern kingdoms. Zhao Guo was so strong that the "Warring States Policy" commented: "For more than forty years, Qin could not get what he wanted."
King Huiwen of Zhao
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > third, the decline and fall of the Zhao state</h1>
After the death of King Huiwen, Crown Prince Dan took the throne as King Xiaocheng of Zhao. At this time, in the Zhao Kingdom, the power of the clan nobles grew again. The reform of King Wuling of Zhao did not remove the serious problem of the Zhao state, and when the monarch was wise, he was meritocratic, and this problem was not highlighted. But the monarch is mediocre, and this problem is highlighted. Pingyuan Jun, Pingyang Jun, and others held great power in the dprk. Since the time of Filial Piety, foreign courtiers such as Lian Po and Li Mu have not been trusted, and when the imperial court makes major decisions, foreign courtiers are often excluded, not valued, and only responsible for implementation. Although Pingyuan Jun was one of the four princes of the Warring States, in fact, his talent was not very high, and Zhao Guo originally had famous generals such as Zhao Hao and Lian Po who were familiar with the national conditions of the Zhao State, but he abandoned it and did not use it, and cut off the three cities in the east to exchange for the general Tian Dan to lead the army. Lu Zuqian, a Song dynasty, commented: "The Plains Emperor seeks the country like this, and Zhao Zhi does not compete with him! ”
Great Qin Fu Pingyuan Jun
King Xiaocheng of Zhao reused mediocre and even decadent nobles and ignored the sages of the State of Zhao, leaving the politics of the State of Zhao a backwater. In the fourth year of King Xiaocheng of Zhao (262 BC), the State of Qin attacked Korea. South Korea then cut off the party to Zhao Guo, intending to lead the disaster to the east. Therefore, around whether to accept the party, two opinions were formed in the Zhao Guo Court. Ping Yuanjun and others advocated acceptance, while Zhao Hao and others advocated not accepting. King Xiaocheng listened to the advice of Pingyuan Jun and accepted the land of Shangdang, which led to the Battle of Qin and Zhao Changping. During the war, King Xiaocheng was deceived by rumors from the State of Qin and replaced the veteran general Lian Po with Zhao Kuo, who was a soldier on paper, which eventually led to the defeat of Changping, and 400,000 elite Zhao troops were killed by Bai Qi.
Zhao Xiaocheng became king
After the Battle of Changping, the State of Qin further besieged the State of Zhao. Zhao Guo sent a lobbyist, Su Dai, to lobby Qin Xiang Fan Ju, saying that if Bai Qi destroyed Zhao, his merit would exceed Fan Ju's, threatening his position as chancellor. Fan Ju then entered the Qin King and withdrew to Bai Qi. However, a few months later, the State of Qin once again sent troops to attack Zhao, and the Defense Of Handan began, and the soldiers and civilians of Handan once changed their children and ate, but they did not give up resistance. In the end, The Plain Jun lobbyist Mao Sui lobbied the King of Chu, and at the same time, the Duke of Wei, Xin Lingjun, stole the charm to save Zhao, and the two states of Chu and Wei sent troops to save Zhao, and the State of Zhao was spared.
Duke of Wei, Xin Lingjun
< h1 class = "pgc-h-arrow-right" > iv, the demise of the Zhao state</h1>
After the death of King Xiaocheng of Zhao, Gongzi Yan took the throne and mourned King Xiang of Zhao. However, the deeds of the Mourning King Xiang period, the record of the "Records of History" is from the "Zhao Guoce", and the record of the "Warring States Policy" is also very brief, so some of the history of the Zhao State in this period in the "Great Qin Fu" is a dramatic interpretation, not a historical fact. For example, when King Yan of Zhao ascended the throne, the history books did not have any traces of conspiracy, and should be on the throne normally.
Zhao Wangyan
In the play, Chunping Jun Zhao You, the history books do not clearly record his deeds, and even whether he is the son of King Xiaocheng or the son of King Xiang has become a matter of dispute among historians. The Warring States Policy says that Chun Pingjun was a proton in Qin, but a lobbyist told Lü Buwei that King Yan of Zhao liked Chun Pingjun very much, and if Chun Pingjun was allowed to return, he would definitely be able to persuade King Zhao to give Qin Chengchi. The "Biography of the Daughters of Lie" records that after the death of King Yan of Zhao, Chunping Jun and empress dowager had an affair. The plot of the play relies on these fragmentary historical materials to outline. In short, Chun Pingjun in the history books is a pro-Qin image.
Mr. Haruhira
However, it is undeniable that King Yan of Zhao was a faint monarch, and during his reign, he appointed his favorite minister Guo Kai and expelled the veteran general Lian Po of the Zhao State. Lian Po was bent on Serving Zhao, but Guo Kai had a vendetta against him, and when the State of Zhao fell into crisis, king Zhao planned to reuse Lian Po to see if Lian Po could still be used. Lian Po "a meal bucket of rice, ten pounds of meat, was armored on the horse to show that it was available." However, Guo Kai bribed the envoys, who truthfully stated Lianpo's actions to King Zhao, but added the sentence "General Lianpo went to the toilet three times in one meal." King Zhao felt that Lian Po was old and no longer useful. Can only let posterity sigh "incorruptible and old, can you still eat?" ”
Great Qin Fu Guo Kai
King Yan of Zhao favored the prostitutes who were originally prostitutes and deposed Crown Prince Jia, while the sons of the prostitutes were moved to the crown prince. King Qianshi of Zhao, known as the King of Youmiao, had worse character than his father, and listened to his favorite minister Han Cang, and killed the famous general Li Mu at the critical moment of life and death of the Zhao State. During the 8-year reign of King Youmiao, Qin sent Wang Qi to break Zhao and capture King Qian of Zhao. Subsequently, Zhao Guofu supported the former crown prince Jia and fled to Daidi, surviving until the year before Qin unified the world.
Great Qin fu zhao guo prostitute
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > Wen Shijun said</h1>
During the Warring States period, the State of Zhao was in the land of four wars, with Qiangqin in the west, Qi and Yan in the east, Xiongnu in the north, and Chu Wei in the south, all of which were great threats. Therefore, from the perspective of geographical advantage, Zhao Guo did not have an advantage and often faced the situation of being attacked everywhere. While using soldiers, the back is often attacked. But in contrast, the unknown monarch of the Zhao State is the more fatal problem. Take Qin and Zhao as a comparison, the reason why the Qin state can unify the world is "The Yu Lie of the Sixth Dynasty", six consecutive generations of monarchs are outstanding, and the Zhao state is not as good as a generation. King Wuling of Zhao was a majestic monarch, but unfortunately he died of palace changes before he could perform. Although his son King Huiwen of Zhao had no great talent, he was able to appoint meritocracy and still make the Zhao kingdom stand tall in the east. However, the subsequent Zhao Xiaocheng King, the Zhao Mourning Xiang King, and even the Zhao King Qian, who had fallen into exile, became more and more faint from generation to generation. Although Zhao Guo has many wise and famous generals, why can't they be reused, the traitors and villains are in charge, and when the Qin people approach, Zhao has to die!
< h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > resources</h1>
[Han] Sima Qian: Records of History, Zhonghua Bookstore, 2014.
[Han] Liu Xiang: Warring States Policy, Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 2015.
Shen Changyun: Draft History of the State of Zhao, Zhonghua Bookstore, 2000.
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