Wen|Mumu
Editor|Stargazing
During the Chongzhen period, the major event in the relationship between the Ming and Chaozong clans was the change of the Korean Tribute Province.
In the first year of Chongzhen, the supervisor Yuan Chonghuan dismissed the post of governor of Denglai in order to unify power, and then through Dengfu was cut, Yuan Chonghuan further asked for the change of Korean tribute to the line of Yu Juehua. In fact, the first to propose a change in the tribute road was Dengfu Sun Guozhen.
After the invasion of Jinnan, North Korea was forced to make an alliance with it, and although he explained the situation to Dengfu later, it still aroused the vigilance and suspicion of Sun Guozhen, then Dengfu, "Although Korea pays tribute from Deng, although it is Muyi, but it is not necessarily without the intention of waiting and seeing."
And changed the Korean tribute road, "Ji can only quickly change the tribute road, from Lushun to cross the two islands, beyond the north and south flood passes, straight to Juehua, into Sesame Bay, and enter the customs gate, without losing the ancestral intention of preventing micro-development."
After that, the news reached North Korea, "Fushimi Denglei Inspector Sun Guozhen's inscription, one of them, proposed to change the mainland tribute road, the winter solstice so that Song Kezhen will be issued today, if he goes to the imperial capital, ask the situation of the wa, submit a bitter argument, ask the situation according to the truth."
First, the views of the Mission
When the delegation arrived in Beijing, it was unexpectedly discovered that the new supervisor, Yuan Chonghuan, also held the same position as Dengfu, and the mission immediately submitted to the Ministry of Literature and Ceremony: Tieshanzui is the confluence of the current, and the waves are terrifying, extremely dangerous, and they are going to Xinyou.
Chen comforted his courtier Park Yixu, Jinxiang's companion Liu Jian Kangyu, the scribe official Zheng Yingdou and the Ding Yudong Zhi pleadings official Yin Changli all drowned here, and I hope that the old man will forgive the plot here and not change Yigong Road.
In his submission, the envoy prepared that "the waterways of Tianjin in the mountains and seas are treacherous and difficult to reach," and the official of the Ministry of Ceremonies replied, "Yuan Ye is the foreign emperor, and the emperor obeys his words." Do not change your request for the tribute, although it is cumbersome, it must not be harmonized."
Both Dengfu and the supervisor advocated changing the tribute road, especially the new supervisor Yuan Chonghuan, who had great influence on the emperor, and the delegation realized that the task of preventing the Ming Dynasty from changing the tribute road would never succeed.
The proposal to change the Gonglu was initially proposed by Dengfu, later supported by the supervisor, and finally adopted by the imperial court, and finally changed the Gonglu to Dengzhou to the line of Juehua. After Yuan Chonghuan became the supervisor, he took a series of measures to unify power.
In the first year of Chongzhen, Yuan Chonghuan took advantage of the departure of Dengfu Sun Guozhen to ask for the abolition of Dengfu, and "if there is an incident, he will move to Denglai with Shandong Fuchen", which was approved by the Chongzhen Emperor.
Immediately afterwards, Yuan Chonghuan asked to change the Korean tribute road on the grounds that "Dengfu is cut, and the host road is not owner", which was also approved, and Yuan Chonghuan further changed the feeding road of the Dongjiang River from Denglai to Ningyuan.
Japanese scholar Matsuura Akira believes that Yuan Chonghuan's change of Korean tribute road was mainly to "show the great prestige of the Ming Dynasty", and Sun Weiguo believed that "because the Jiangdong Gongdao was changed from Dengzhou to Ningyuan, the Korean tribute road was implicated."
The fundamental reason is that Yuan Chonghuan is out of the consideration of unifying power. The change of the Gong Dao, especially the Jiangdong Province, attracted fierce opposition from Mao Wenlong, and the contradiction between Yuan and Mao further intensified.
Yuan Chonghuan executed Mao Wenlong in June of the second year of Chongzhen while inspecting the island. Later, North Korea was informed of the reasons for Mao Wenlong's execution and the change of tribute.
After learning that Mao Wenlong had died, North Korea sent Xie En's envoy Li Chen in July of the second year of Chongzhen and Yin Anguo on the winter solstice to send an envoy to the Ming Dynasty, taking the opportunity to change the tribute road.
When Li Chen and his party passed through the waters near Juehua Island, the boat on which Yin Anguo and others were riding was capsized at sea, and "more than 50 people in the same boat were the pawns of Changping for a while", and after landing on the shore, they invaded the Ming Dynasty after Jinnan, so they delayed their journey until the end of March of the third year of Chongzhen.
After that, the mission submitted a petition to open the road to Deng, "Extremely Yan Juehua road is dangerous, passing through Tieshan Zui, the waves are urgent, there are absolutely no islands to anchor, beg to play the Celestial Empire, change the road of Juehua, still from Dengzhou." But in the past few months, the political situation of the Ming Dynasty has changed a lot.
After Kim Nan invaded, Yuan Chonghuan was imprisoned and then killed, and after Later Kim's retreat, many aftermath matters needed to be dealt with, and there was no time to take care of the Korean tribute road.
At this time, the maritime situation of the Ming Dynasty also changed, first Dengfu was dismissed, then Mao Wenlong was killed, and finally Yuan Chonghuan was also blamed, and North Korea temporarily lost the help of the Ming Dynasty's maritime ministers in the matter of asking for a tribute road.
Before the North Korean mission returned, Dongjiang Liu Xingzhi launched a rebellion, and after the Ming court received the report, officials soon suggested that the town of Denglai be restored.
After that, the governor of Shandong also said: "Dengzhou is thousands of miles away from De, and the literature moves back and forth." The military plane may leak, so it is necessary to rush to the door and cook it yourself. "In response to this military rebellion, the Shandong governor stationed in Dezhou is difficult to control remotely, indicating that the post of Denglei inspector urgently needs to be restored.
In June of that year, the Ming court appointed Sun Yuanhua as the imperial history of the right capital and "patrolled Denglai and Dongjiang". The restoration of Dengfu gave the Joseon monarchs hope of changing the tribute road back to Dengzhou, and in July of the third year of Chongzhen, Korea sent Zheng Dooyuan to the Ming Dynasty to ask for the tribute road.
"At the beginning, after a little Yuan Chonghuan took the easy road to Dengzhou, and suspected that Mao would ask for a ban, he opened the road to Tianjin, and at the end of the day, Zheng Douyuan was going to Beijing, and asked Zhao to change the road and go straight to Dengzhou."
Zheng Douyuan went to Dengzhou to face the tragic situation of the Chen delegation at sea to explain to Dengfu Sun Yuanhua, and "six ships and accompanying boats including Park Yuxu, Liu Jian, Kang Yu, Zheng Yingdou, Yin Changli, and Yin Anguo drowned one after another, killing more than 600 people."
At this time, Sun Yuanhua, who was at the beginning of his tenure, urgently needed to open up the situation in Denglai, so it was necessary for Dengfu to obtain North Korea's assistance. Therefore, Dengfusun Yuanhua openly supported the envoy's request to change the tribute road, and "played the matter of resuming the road to Dengzhou" for him.
At the same time, someone was sent to escort the mission to Beijing: the official of the Yuanhua Committee accompanied him to Beijing, still to explain his intentions. The emperor said that the Joseon world guarded the foreign domain, and he cultivated the great courtesy, and the road was dangerous, and he did not show mercy. But the waterway is already fateful, and it is self-defeating to change the route.
Yuanhua is like a good understanding of righteousness, when he is temporarily stayed, he asks for a letter of order, and He Yan sends it forward, and the commander quickly discusses and hears it.
The Korean envoy landed in the state without authorization, but instead of stopping it, Dengfu escorted him to Jingshi, causing dissatisfaction in the Ming court. However, at this time, the sea frontier relied heavily on Dengfu, and its attitude of supporting the change of the tribute road attracted the attention of the emperor.
"The holy decree replied, the matter of the Korean tribute road has already been decreed, Sun Yuanhua military affairs Fang Yin, take care of it, there is no need to blame." History records the result of this proposal to change the Korean tribute road, "the emperor has a fate with the waterway, and it is not allowed to change the way."
The discussion of the Ming monarchs is not detailed, and Zheng Douyuan, in his book "Map of Chaotian", has a more detailed record of the statements of Dengfu, the second ministry of ceremonial soldiers, and the cabinet during the discussion.
The military department said: Liaoyang fell, changed the land from the sea, seven years of travel, no accidents to be seen, the body is to Juehua, the sea is many reefs, the touch is broken, the wind and waves are a work, the mooring is landless, it is the commission of the king to Bochenye, and the supervisor is originally shuyun, and the governor is cut off.
The host has no master, it is a matter of discussion. Now that Dengfu is restored, the host has the master, so why not return to Denghu? The military department supported Dengfu's opinion, saying that it was responsible for the re-establishment of Dengfu in Korea Gonglu, and suggested that the Gongfu Road be changed back to Dengju.
The emperor was worried about Denglei coastal defense, and ordered the military department to "carefully consider and properly consider and coordinate the coastal defense-related matters." The situation in the frontier was large, and the soldier division would be transferred to discuss with Sun Yuanhua and the supervisor Sun Chengzong, and then repeated.
"The Korean tribute road is still from Dengmen to the Jing division, which seems to be convenient, and the affairs of the sea, only the responsibility of Dengfu, the detective defense is always added, and the Korean tribute envoys are restrained, and there is no danger of accidents in China."
After consulting with Dengfu and the superintendent, the military department thought that it was more convenient to change the tribute road to Dengzhou, and with Dengfu sitting in the town, the frontier was safe, and the supervisor and the military department Shangshu also unanimously suggested that Dengfu be specifically responsible for coastal defense matters after the diversion, but the Chongzhen Emperor still had doubts.
Then the Ministry of Rites also played: the saying of visiting the door is the supervisor Sun and the cardinal Liang, and the words are already auspicious, the previous change was changed from the door, seven years after the practice, the Yuan Dengmen Fuzhen was also established, and then it was changed to Juehua, and the Yuan Dengmen Fuzhen was withdrawn.
Now it is proposed that the tribute road is temporarily allowed to be re-established by Jianya Kaifu, but Sun Yuan, who is incarnated at sea, can be familiar with Chen Qi, and on the other hand, he decrees that the matter of guarding the sea tribute will be omitted, and the article is slightly above it, waiting for the judgment.
At this time, both the two departments of rites and soldiers, as well as the supervisors and Dengfu, were in favor of changing the tribute road back to Dengzhou, and the cabinet, department, and Tui Dengfu were responsible for formulating specific coastal defense strategies. But it still failed to dispel the doubtful Chongzhen Emperor's concerns.
The emperor was very concerned about the coastal defense issue after the change of the road, but there was no detailed plan in the inscription of the military department, so the discussion on the change of the tribute road "after the sun and the moon flies, and it is one year old", has been discussed and undecided.
While the Ming monarchs were discussing, Liu Xingzhi of Dongjiang rebelled again, and this time the military riot interrupted this inconclusive discussion. The emperor ordered his envoys to return home quickly, informing the king to guard against chaotic soldiers, and "make sure that their tributes will be carried out in good faith."
When the envoy arrived at Dengzhou, the Dongjiang Rebellion had been calmed, and "Dengmen and Juehua Gongdao were undecided", so he went to Dengfu again, but Dengfu had already received the emperor's order, "Near the warn Qingdao, Yanhai to defend, and the tribute road is still temporarily from Juehua".
2. Permission to Dengfu
The Korean envoys tried their best to obtain the support of Dengfu and cabinet officials, but they still failed to change the tribute road back to Dengju, and "the Ministry of Rites, the Ministry of Soldiers, the Ministry of Sun Ge, and the Sun Junmen all worked together to open the road to Deng, but the emperor did not allow it."
The Dongjiang Rebellion caused the failure of North Korea's efforts to change the tribute road, which shows that the reform of the Korean tribute road is closely related to the changes in the political relations between the two countries and the Ming Dynasty's consideration of its own security.
Although the request to change the tribute road was unsuccessful, Zheng Douyuan met the missionary Lu Ruohan in Dengzhou and befriended Sun Yuanhua of Dengfu.
Zheng Douyuan said Lu Ruohan: "Enter the Hongyi Cannon, please ask for Jianyu." The Son of Heaven Jiazhi, rewarded with tens of thousands, and sent it to the Weisun Junmen of Dengzhou. If Han is good at astronomy and good at making artillery, and Zheng wishes to obtain it, he will send it with a cannon and other things."
In July of the fourth year of Chongzhen, Zheng Dooyuan and his entourage returned to Korea, and brought back the clairvoyant mirror and artillery to the king, so that the ministers could return home with artillery, an important military material, apparently with the permission of Dengfu.
Not only that, in order to marry Joseon, Dengfusun Yuanhua also wrote a Shinto monument for his deceased family at the request of Jung Doo-won.
North Korea hoped to receive Dengfu's assistance in the matter of changing the tribute road, so it was very concerned about the situation of the new Dengfu, and after the delegation returned home, Injo specially summoned Jung Doo-won.
Asked about the situation of the new Dengfu: "Shang: 'How is Sun Junmen like a person?'" Dou Yuan said: "Pure and frugal, although the power is insufficient, it can be said that the east gate is popular." ’”
Although Zheng Douyuan and his entourage did not complete the task of changing the tribute road, they brought back artillery and other sharp weapons, and successfully won the important political resource of Dengfu's support, so they were rewarded by Renzu.
After Sun Yuanhua took office, while reorganizing and restoring the armaments of Denglai and Dongjiang, he also attached great importance to the assistance of the DPRK. Therefore, he not only supported North Korea's request to change the tribute road, but also aided the supervisor and the military department Shangshu to help North Korea.
At the same time, Sun Yuanhua also took care of the Korean personnel traveling to and from Dengzhou, "All envoys to and from Dengju will receive help, and be diligent in courtesy." As for those who stayed on the ship, they were also paid and escorted on their return journey", actively showing goodwill to the DPRK.
North Korea keenly seized the opportunity of the Ming Dynasty's restoration of Dengfu, sent envoys to change the tribute road, and with the help of Dengfu, successfully won the support of cabinet officials, indicating that North Korea was quite familiar with the use of the diplomatic strategy of aiding Dengfu.
Dengfu's overtures also received feedback from North Korea, and in order to befriend Dengfu, North Korea withstood pressure from Houjin and sent him copper pots, birds, and ships.
Not only won the favor of Dengfu, but also received the emperor's commendation. However, following the Dongjiang Rebellion, the Denglei Mutiny lasted for eighteen months in the fourth year of Chongzhen, causing extremely serious damage to the entire Denglai area.
Dengfu Sun Yuanhua was also overwhelmed by the Ming court due to coping, and Dengfu's grand situation of "supporting the army and Dengdeng, the lock of the east gate is extremely strong" no longer exists, and Denglai has been in a slump since then.
Since the establishment of Dengfu, the hard work of the Ming court and successive Fu ministers on Denglei has been in vain after this great change, and the maritime situation of the Ming Dynasty has been greatly damaged, Denglai can no longer play a strong role in restraining Houjin, and the hope of North Korea to change the tribute road has been completely destroyed.
Although North Korea won the support of Dengfu in the matter of changing the tribute road, it was unable to cope with the deteriorating situation.
Although North Korea did not give up its efforts to continue to ask for tribute, until the submission of the Qing Dynasty, the envoys still followed the way to Juehua until the Ming Dynasty.
In December of the ninth year of Chongzhen, when the Qing Dynasty marched south to Korea, Yang Wenyue, then the governor of Dengfu, immediately sent a letter to the Ming court, asking for troops to be sent to the east to aid the vassal country, and the Chongzhen Emperor immediately ordered Shen Shikui and Denglei Chen Hongfan to "encourage the people of the island to unite with the navy division, and the camera surprisingly coordinated the suppression of the imperial court."
Although the emperor "repeatedly ordered to save Korea", the generals of the navy "did not save the enemy", and Shen Shikui also mainly "built the city platform, set up artillery ammunition, and collected troops and ships to hold on to the plan".
Yang Sichang, then Shangshu of the military department, believed that "in terms of today's situation, it is appropriate to meet the naval division to protect the board, and it is not appropriate to empty the towns to reclaim the sea.
It shows that Denglai's strength was so weak that the Ming Dynasty failed to effectively rescue Korea, and North Korea submitted to the Qing Dynasty after this battle. The Denglei Governor was set up because of the Liao Incident, and also withdrew because of the Liao Incident.
In the Ming Dynasty, Dengfu was called "Inspector Denglai and other places to prepare troops to defend the sea, Zan Li Crusade military affairs and manage the grain and salary capital, the right Yudu imperial history", after the establishment of Dengfu, until the second Dengfu Yuan Ke Li Fu period, its main functions and powers were basically determined.
In addition to the area around Denglai, coastal islands, including the Dongjiang River, were also under the jurisdiction of Dengfu, who not only controlled Denglai Town and Dongjiang Town, but also shouldered the responsibility of liaising and responding to the subordinate country.
After the entry of the Qing Dynasty, in order to pacify the Denglai area, he continued to retain the post of Denglai Inspector, and in the early Qing Dynasty, Dengfu was called "Qin Cha Inspector Denglai Qingdongjiang and other places to praise military affairs and manage grain and salaries and the right imperial history of the capital of the Inspectorate".
Compared with the "Zanli Eastern Expedition Military Affairs" that was once the main duty of Dengfu in the Ming Dynasty, it also ceased to exist with the entry of the Qing Dynasty, and the Qing Dynasty's rule in Shandong was basically stable in the ninth year of Shunzhi, and the Qing court abolished Dengfu.
3. The political functions of Dengfu
The Ming court set up Dengfu to plan the military affairs of the Denglai Sea, but its political function became more prominent as the situation changed. In the affairs of the Ming and Chaozong clans, the Ming court attached great importance to Dengfu's opinions and attitudes, and Dengfu had a great say in the affairs related to the DPRK.
In terms of the strategy of reviving Liao, Dengfu urgently needed North Korea's military assistance, and in negotiating with the Ming Dynasty, North Korea also needed political assistance from Dengfu, and to this end, it adjusted its foreign policy in time and actively formed a good alliance.
Therefore, in the Sino-Korean relations at the end of the Ming Dynasty, Dengfu was an important existence that could not be avoided. From the establishment of Dengfu until the death of the Ming Dynasty, although it was briefly withdrawn, it was quickly re-established, demonstrating its irreplaceable role in managing maritime frontiers and liaising with subordinate countries.
From the perspective of the more overall "tripartite arrangement", the Ming court included Dengfu and Korea in the same common defense zone, and Dengfu not only served as an intermediate link for the normal tributes of the subordinate country, but also became the national defense fulcrum for the Ming Dynasty to unite with Korea and coordinate military operations.
The Emperor of the Apocalypse had instructed that "border ministers should be responsible for border affairs", so in diplomatic interaction with Korea, the Ming Dynasty took sole responsibility for matters related to the DPRK and paid great attention to maintaining the authority of Dengfu.
The Joseon monarchs also gradually clarified the authority of Dengfu and the authority granted to Dengfu by the Ming court in affairs related to the DPRK, and then kept a close eye on the movements of successive Dengfu.
The information he provided to the Ming court about the Korean side directly affected the Ming Dynasty's attitude towards North Korea.
During the post-Jinnan invasion of Korea, Dengfu became the main channel for Korea to seek aid from the Ming Dynasty, and the Ming court also planned to send troops to the east to aid Korea mainly based on Dengfu's report. The abolition and restoration of Dengfu are directly related to the change of the Korean tribute road.
Therefore, in its diplomacy with the Ming Dynasty and in response to the invasion of the Dongjiang River, North Korea actively used the power of Dengfu to win more political resources.
Whether it was Injo's request for a seal, a false accusation, a request for help from Ding Biao, or a request to change the tribute road, North Korea took the initiative to invoke the power of Dengfu, which can be regarded as a kind of flexible diplomacy launched by the Korean monarchs against the Ming Dynasty under the banner of "Sincerity and Great Affairs".
In the end, although the proposal to change Gongdao won the assistance of Dengfu, the change of Gongdao Juehua back to Dengzhou still failed.
It reflects the inability of Dengfu to cope with the crisis under the situation of deteriorating and Denglai no longer than its former glory, and soon after North Korea submitted to the Qing, and the relationship between Ming and North Korea came to an end.