StrayKids breaks K-Pop pre-order records, and the European Union calls on tech giants to label AIGC
Organizer | Daisy Edit | Fan Zhihui
06.05-06.11
Weekly report at a glance
Large companies
>> Spotify restructured its podcasting division, cutting 200 jobs
>> Sony Music of Japan's PRISM project adds two new virtual artists
>> Deezer develops strategies for identifying AI tracks and combating streaming fraud
>> Music startups AudioShake and Myxt have teamed up to integrate their respective technologies
>> Anthem invests in Beatclub, Timbaland's beat trading platform
>> Music distributor DistroKid faces a potential class-action lawsuit
>> Warner Music Group has an agreement with children's audio platform Yoto
Data control
>> Broadway ushered in a box office recovery for the first time after the epidemic
>> Record revenue in the Spanish performance market
>> The total revenue of the UK Independent Festival in 2023 will reach £195 million
capital market
>> HYBE is raising a lot of money to acquire Latin music companies
>> Atlantic Securities downgraded Warner Music due to the rapid development of AI music
>> South Korean music rights acquisition fund Beyond Music raised $170 million
>> Universal Music Group issues $800 million in bonds
>> Another global music industry ETF index fund will be launched
Artist Dynamics
>> Stray kids' new album "5-star" broke K-Pop pre-order sales records
>>《Idol》成为Billboard Global 200全球榜crown军单曲
>> Dua Lipa's copyright infringement lawsuit for "Levitating" was dismissed
>> CTM Outlander acquires the Grammy-winning singer-songwriter Shane Mcanally library
>> Seeker Music acquires the songwriting rights to British production group Future Cut
>> BTS became the first artist to use TikTok's "new release" promotional tool
Performance Market
>> Lin Junjie's tour in the second half of the year was officially announced
>> Lin Youjia YOGA LIN idol 2023 Tour officially announced
>> The first New World Tour concert of the five was officially announced
Policy dynamics
>> EU calls on tech giants to label AI-generated content
Music variety
>> The first domestic OST music complex "Drama Good Song" was launched
>> S+ level ensemble "Stage 2023" began recording
>> Youku "Star Sound Alliance" is about to start recording
Recommended this week
Large companies
Spotify >> restructured its podcasting division, cutting 200 jobs
· On June 5, Spotify launched a new round of layoffs, and Sahar Elhabashi, vice president of its podcast business, issued a statement saying that it would cut 200 employees in its podcast division, or about 2% of the company's total workforce.
As part of the restructuring, Spotify will merge its two podcast studios, Parcast and Gimlet, into an updated Spotify Studios studio that will continue to produce a wide range of high-impact original programming, including Stolen, The Journal, Science Vs, Heavyweight, Serial Killers and Conspiracy Theories. Another studio, Ringer, will continue to operate alone.
Stockholm-based Spotify has been aggressively expanding its podcasting space since 2019, attracting head IPs such as Meghan Markle, Duchess of Sussex and Joe Rogan, to join the platform. Joe Rogan, an occasionally controversial podcast, is one of the largest primetime media outlets in the United States.
The latest round of layoffs follows Spotify's announcement in January that it would cut more than 500 positions, a decision CEO Daniel Ek said was due to the company's overly aggressive expansion.
In April, two years after its launch, Spotify shut down its live audio app, Spotify Live. The company did not say any specific number of layoffs related to the move. However, some live shows on the app continue to play on Spotify's main app as pre-recorded shows.
>> two new virtual artists were added to the PRISM project of Sony Music Corporation of Japan
On June 5, it was reported that sixth-generation virtual artists Jun Akasai and Yuki Kitajo will join the three "fifth-generation" virtual artists announced by PRISM more than a month ago.
Known as VTubers, these artists are online characters who hide their true identities, engaging audiences through computer-generated avatars. They are now signing lucrative contracts with large music companies.
Jun Akasai and Yuki Kitagi will hold their first live broadcast on June 9, 2023, starting at 7pm PDT in the United States.
Founded in January 2021, the PRISM project is a global organization headquartered in Tokyo, Japan. It represents 17 musicians, singers, game streamers and virtual characters.
>> Deezer develops strategies for identifying AI tracks and combating streaming fraud
· On June 6, French streaming service Deezer laid out a strategy to combat the rise of AI music and fraudulent streaming activity on the platform.
Deezer said they are building a suite of tools to detect AI-generated content on their platform and aim to develop a system to flag music created by generative AI, starting with songs that use synthesized sounds from existing artists.
These tags will be used to educate artists, labels and users about "real" or AI-generated content on the platform.
Deezer claims that its plan will reduce fraudulent activity and also plans to "develop a sharing model that distinguishes between different types of music creation." In 2022, about 7% of streaming media on the platform were detected as fraudulent.
>> Music startups AudioShake and Myxt have teamed up to integrate their respective technologies
· On June 6, music startups AudioShake and Myxt both announced seed funding rounds, joining forces to integrate their technologies to open up new revenue opportunities for artists.
Myxt, an audio file management platform that recently raised $2 million, reportedly integrated AudioShake's split-track separation technology into its suite of artificial intelligence tools for musicians.
The partnership aims to provide Myxt users with AudioShake's source separation tool, enabling them to create sources and export them for a variety of opportunities such as content creation, simultaneous licensing, and mixing.
The partnership follows AudioShake's $2.7 million seed round last month, bringing the company's total funding to date to more than $5 million.
Myxt was founded in 2018 by Wetherell and Sheena Pakanati, who were early engineers at tech companies like Google, Stripe, and Twitter. Among the company's backers are Accel Ventures and Quiet Capital.
>> Anthem invested in Timbaland's beat trading platform Beatclub
· On June 7, Canada-based Anthem Entertainment announced the expansion of its long-standing partnership with music producer and composer Timbaland.
According to a statement from Anthem Entertainment, the company has invested in Beatclub, the Beat trading platform founded by Timbaland and Gary Marella. The financial terms of the investment were not disclosed as part of Beatclub's Series A-2 round.
Anthem also acquired "additional rights rights" in the rights to Timbaland's songwritings, which came from some of Timbaland's hit singles with Justin Timberlake, Jay-Z and others.
Anthem, known as ole before changing its name in 2019, acquired Timbaland's songwriting rights library back in 2012. More than 500 rights included in the deal include hit singles by artists such as 50 Cent, Fabolous, Rihanna, Flo Rida, Pussy Cat Dolls, Pink, Britney Spears, Jay-Z, The Black Eyed Peas, Ludacris, Drake and Chris Cornell.
Founded in late 2021, Beatclub is a music platform and marketplace for artists, producers, and songwriters that connects the creative community with record labels, music rights holders, licensing companies, and independent artists. The platform's paid service for creators costs $179.88 per year. Previously, Beatclub also attracted investment from Hipgnosis in February as part of its Series A-2 funding.
>> music distributor DistroKid faces a potential class-action lawsuit
· On June 7, independent label Doeman Music Group Media argued in a complaint filed in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York that music distributor DistroKid breached a fiduciary duty to the company.
The complaint argues that DistroKid's policies prevented independent labels and artists from defending themselves against allegations of copyright infringement, resulting in their music being removed from the platform. Also listed as defendant along with DistroKid is independent hip-hop artist Raquella George (aka Rocky Snyda).
The complaint alleges that hundreds, if not thousands, of DistroKid account holders have been denied the right to use non-infringing expressions because of erroneous takedown notices. The complaint does not say that DistroKid was behind the wrongful deletion, but rather that the company's policies make it impossible for the independent artists and record labels it serves to defend against allegations against third parties.
DistroKid is one of many music distributors that act as intermediaries between independent artists and record labels and digital streaming providers such as Spotify, Apple Music and Tidal.
>> Warner Music Group has an agreement with children's audio platform Yoto
· On June 8, Warner Music Group (WMG) reached an agreement with Yoto, a fast-growing children's music and audio platform, to once again expand its presence in the children's music field.
The partnership kicks off this month, with Super Simple Songs' music coming to the Yoto platform. The children's brand belongs to Toronto-based Skyship Entertainment, which has been working with Warner's art music division since 2020. Super Simple Songs has amassed 38.6 million subscribers and more than 44 billion views on YouTube.
Starting in 2024, some of Warner Music Group's pop, rock, and soul artists will appear on Yoto's children's music player.
Yoto describes its music player as a way to "access the best children's audio without being exposed to ads, inappropriate content, or taking up too much screen time." This player has no screen, only speakers.
The company says its approach to children's entertainment is inspired by the Montessori approach to education, which eschews traditional formal education in favor of individualized lesson plans that match the child's natural interests and developmental pace.
Yoto launched its first-generation player on Kickstarter in 2019 and it quickly sold out; The second-generation player was released in 2020 and the number of views soared during the pandemic; The third-generation player with more memory and longer battery life will be released on June 15.
Data control
>> Broadway ushered in a box office recovery for the first time after the epidemic
On May 23, data released by The Broadway Industry Association, showed that as the first full season of Broadway's return from the pandemic, Broadway reached a total of 12.28 million viewers and a box office of $1.57 billion during 2022-2023.
Broadway hosted a total of 11,506 shows in the 2022-2023 season, with attendance reaching 88.4%, comparable to pre-pandemic levels.
>> Record revenue in the Spanish performance market
· On June 5, according to the 2023 Live Music Yearbook, published by the Spanish Association for the Promotion of Music (APM), in 2022, live music revenue in Spain set a record, with a total revenue of 459 million euros ($494 million), an increase of almost 200% compared to 2021 and far exceeding the record of 386 million euros ($415 million) set in 2019.
Among them, just ten of the most popular domestic tours in Spain attracted more than 2 million viewers, with Fito & Fitipaldis being the most popular. The tour, hosted by Live Nation, sold 329,820 tickets in 27 shows, firmly topping the list.
This was followed by the Alejandro Sanz tour, hosted by Mow Management and GTS, which attracted 287,948 spectators in 16 live shows. In third place was Manuel Carrasco, who attracted 260,809 spectators in 19 shows hosted by Riff Producciones.
>> total revenue from the UK Independent Festival in 2023 will reach £195 million
On 5 June, the Independent Music Festivals Association (AIF) released its Independent Festival Forecasts report, which provides festival economic projections and details the problems facing the industry and potential solutions.
According to the April 2023 survey, the festival of AIF members will have a total revenue of £195 million this year and a total expenditure of £177 million. In 2023, AIF's events will attract 3.3 million viewers, with AIF members spending £36 million on musicians.
In terms of music lineups, 74% of UK independent festivals have female musicians in the line-up, but only 15% of festivals have half the proportion of men and women in the leading lineup.
Economically, the UK's Independent Music Festival contributes nearly half to the music industry and supply chain as much as all grassroots music venues such as Livehouse combined. However, the report also points out that festival organizers have limited profit margins and are subject to higher risks.
capital market
>> HYBE is raising significant capital to acquire Latin music companies
· On June 2, Bloomberg broke the news that South Korean entertainment company HYBE is raising about $380 million to "fund acquisitions in the United States and expand its business beyond K-pop."
Industry insiders later told the media that HYBE's final funding figure could be even larger. Many suspect that HYBE will use the money to target M&A opportunities for Latin music as the category continues to explode.
In 2022, Latin Music earned more than $1 billion in recorded music revenue in the United States and accounted for 8% of the streaming revenue in this market.
RECENTLY, HYBE CHAIRMAN FANG SHYUK FURTHER EXPANDED RUMORS ABOUT HYBE'S INTEREST IN LATIN MUSIC, TELLING CNN THAT HE HAS BEEN FOLLOWING THE GENRE'S RAPID GROWTH AROUND THE WORLD. Fang Shihyuk showed that HYBE is not afraid to spend huge sums of money in the Americas.
>> Atlantic Securities downgraded Warner Music due to the rapid development of AI music
On June 5, Atlantic Securities downgraded Warner Music.
Atlantic Securities analyst Hamilton Faber downgraded Warner Music Group (WMG) to neutral, and the stock's price target was also cut to $26 from $39 per share. Hamilton Faber explained that the downgrade was due to slower-than-expected growth and the impact of the rapid development of AI-created music on the industry as a whole.
>> South Korean music rights acquisition fund Beyond Music raised $170 million
On June 5, Beyond Music, a South Korean music rights acquisition fund, raised $170 million in a strategic funding round and plans to use the funds to "acquire the rights to evergreen songs" and further strengthen the company's financial strength and the trading capabilities of music rights holders.
The company said its latest funding round brings its total funding to date to nearly $400 million.
Beyond Music was founded in early 2021 by well-known songwriters Park Geun-tae and Jang-won Lee (CEO). Jang-won Lee founded Mafia, which claims to be Asia's largest digital music scoring platform.
Led by Beyond Music's biggest backer, Praxis Capital, joined by "several of the biggest LPs" in Asia, according to Beyond Music.
Beyond Music says it has completed more than 70 catalog deals to date.
The company says it manages nearly $400 million in AUM (assets under management), including rights to more than 27,000 songs, which, according to the company, "include some of the hottest songs of all time in Asia."
>> Universal Music Group issues $800 million in bonds
On June 7, Universal Music Group (UMG) announced the issuance of 750 million euros ($802 million) in European bonds.
The music giant said it would use the money to refinance some of its existing debt and pay for transaction fees and expenses.
The newly issued senior unsecured notes will be from UMG's Euro Medium-Term Note Program at an interest rate of 4.000% and mature in 2031. The Notes will be listed on the Amsterdam Exchange and will be sold to investors outside the United States pursuant to Regulation S of the U.S. Securities Act.
UMG expects the offering to close on June 13.
Last year, rating agency Moody's gave UMG a "Baa1" long-term credit rating with a "stable outlook." The agency defines such debt as investment grade and "carries a medium credit risk." Meanwhile, Standard & Poor's Global Ratings gives BBB a long-term credit rating, an investment-grade rating that means the debt issuer is "sufficiently capable of meeting its financial commitments."
>> Another global music industry ETF index fund will be launched
On June 7, MUSQ LLC, founded and operated by David Schulhof, launched the MUSQ Global Music Industry ETF Index Fund.
The ETF plans to track the MUSQ Global Music Industry Metric, a new measure of music industry stock prices developed by San Diego-based EQM Indexes. The metric tracks a number of businesses across multiple sectors, including music streaming, music content and distribution, live music events and ticketing, satellite and radio stations, and music equipment and technology.
Currently, the index includes 49 companies, including Universal Music Group, Warner Music Group, Live Nation, Spotify, Sony Music, HYBE and SM Entertainment.
Exchange Traded Concepts (ETC), a New York and Oklahoma-based investment adviser, is applying to the SEC for an ETF license and the fund is expected to begin trading soon, EQM said in a statement. Once final regulatory approval is obtained, the ETF is expected to trade on the New York Stock Exchange.
Artist Dynamics
>> Stray Kids' new album "5-star" broke K-Pop pre-order sales records
On June 2, according to South Korean record company JYP, as of June 1, the third full-length album "5-STAR" of its K-Pop boy group Stray Kids had been pre-ordered more than 5.13 million copies.
This pre-order figure means that Stray Kids' latest album has surpassed the K-Pop album pre-order record set by Seventeen in April. According to Hanteo, the latter's album FML received 4.64 million pre-orders, making it the most pre-ordered K-Pop album at the time.
"5-STAR" consists of 12 songs, including "S-Class", and has amassed nearly 5 million streams on Spotify to date. THE ALBUM FOLLOWS STRAY KIDS' MINI-ALBUMS ODDINARY AND MAXIDENT, WHICH REACHED NUMBER ONE ON THE BILLBOARD 200 CHART IN 2022.
>>YOASOBI《Idol》成为Billboard Global 200全球榜crown军单曲
· On June 5, YOSOBI's "Idol" became the number one single on this week's Billboard Global 200 Global Chart, the first Japanese song to top the chart.
"Idol (アイドル)" is the theme song of the anime "The Child I Push", and it exceeded the 100 million mark in audio streaming in only 5 weeks, becoming the fastest Japanese song in history to exceed 100 million audio streaming. Its MV exceeded the 100 million mark in just one month, becoming the fastest Japanese MV in history to exceed 100 million.
>> Dua Lipa's copyright infringement lawsuit for "Levitating" was dismissed
· On June 7, a U.S. federal judge dismissed a lawsuit accusing British pop star Dua Lipa's 2020 hit "Levitating" of plagiarizing an earlier song of reggae band Artikal Sound System, concluding that the plaintiffs had insufficient evidence.
"Levitating" holds the record for a female artist's longest song on the Billboard 100, staying on the charts for 77 weeks in 2020 and 2021.
In a lawsuit filed in 2022, members of Artikal Sound System claim that "Levitating" is "substantially similar" to their 2017 song "Live Your Life." They named Dua Lipa, Warner Records, "Levitating" co-creator Clarence Coffee Jr., Sarah Hudson and Stephen Kozmeniuk as defendants.
>> CTM Outlander acquires the music library of Grammy-winning singer-songwriter Shane Mcanally
· On June 8, CTM Outlander acquired the rights to Grammy Award-winning songwriter and producer Shane McAnally, along with other works by SMACKSongs' Matt McGinn, Josh Osborne, Matthew Ramsey and Trevor Rosen.
According to Variety, the deal includes "all songs McAnally has composed since 2019" and also includes "certain interests" that McAnally as producer received from a library of more than 200 mastered records, as well as an exclusive four-year joint rights management agreement that includes non-theatrical rights to certain songs from the nine-Tony Award-nominated Broadway musical Shucked.
CTM Outlander, a partner of Dallas investment firm Outlander Fund and CTM BV of the Netherlands, has been actively investing in music publishing and rights.
In April 2021, CTM Outlander disclosed its ambition to invest $1 billion in copyright over the next five years.
>> Seeker Music acquires the songwriting rights to British production group Future Cut
· On June 8, Seeker Music, led by Evan Bogart, acquired the songwriting rights to British production duo Future Cut. Financial terms of the transaction were not disclosed.
The duo, consisting of producers Tunde Babalola and Darren Lewis, emerged in 2006 and played a key role in the production and songwriting of Lily Allen's multi-platinum debut album Alright, Still.
Future Cut has sold over 35 million albums, three chart-topping songs, and a slew of international chart-toppings. Evan Bogart, CEO of Seeker Music, is also behind Beyoncé's "Halo" and Rihanna's "SOS."
In addition to Evan Bogart, the company is led by an executive team that includes CFO Jennifer Scher, COO Rob Guthrie, COO Jennifer Blakeman and Creative Head Steven Melrose, and works with the board of directors, chaired by John Smith and representing lead investor M&G.
After nearly three years in business, Los Angeles-based Seeker has amassed a library of more than 13,000 songwriting rights and mastering recordings.
>> BTS became the first artist to use TikTok's "new release" promotional tool
· On June 9, BTS used TikTok's "new release" feature to promote their new single "Take Two".
The "new release" feature allows artists to highlight newly released content on "Music Tab," "For You Feed," and "Music Page." To use the "new release" feature, artists need to upload song snippets to TikTok. If these songs are during the promotion period of the new song, the artist will see a pop-up reminding them to highlight the song.
In addition, TikTok also announced that BTS's TikTok account will use the in-app LIVE feature for the first time on June 17 at 7 p.m. KST. The LIVE video will be TikTok's exclusive vertical live broadcast and will include BTS member RM's talk show and performance on Seoul's Han Riverside. TikTok also released a custom TikTok location hashtag that fans of the LIVE scene can use to share their experiences on TikTok.
TikTok also confirmed that BTS surpassed 60 million followers on TikTok in its #10yrswithBTS campaign ahead of the release of the new single. Since June 2, the campaign has received more than 400 million video views.
Performance Market
>> Lin Junjie's tour in the second half of the year was officially announced
On June 7, Lin Junjie's "JJ20" world tour was officially announced in the second half of the year. Shanghai, Guangzhou, Beijing, Xi'an, Nanjing, Wuhan and Nanning have all been officially announced, and the first Shanghai station will be held on August 19-20.
>> Lin Youjia YOGA LIN idol 2023 Tour officially announced
On June 8, the first round of Lin Youjia's 2023 tour first announced eight cities: Nanjing, Guangzhou, Wuhan, Shanghai, Chengdu, Shenzhen, Changsha, and Suzhou, and the first stop in Nanjing is scheduled for July 1.
>> The first New World Tour concert of the five was officially announced
ON JUNE 9, THE FIRST NEW WORLD TOUR OF THE FIVE PEOPLE "FUN AROUND THE NEW WORLD" WAS OFFICIALLY ANNOUNCED, AND THE FIRST STOP IN SHENZHEN WAS SCHEDULED FOR AUGUST 19.
Policy dynamics
>> EU calls on tech giants to label AI-generated content
On June 5, members of the European Commission, the EU's executive body, called on tech giants to start labeling AI content on a voluntary basis, well before it became mandatory legislation.
The European Union is currently working on an AI bill that sets out rules for the use of AI technology in the 27-nation alliance. According to Bloomberg, the bill faces a key vote in the European Parliament next week, but even if it passes quickly, its rules may not enter into force until 2026.
Meanwhile, Vera Jourova, the commission's vice president for value and transparency, said she would ask the 44 organizations that have signed up to the EU's voluntary code of conduct to combat disinformation to develop separate guidelines for dealing with AI-generated disinformation.
Signatories to the Code of Conduct include Google, Facebook and Instagram owners Meta, Microsoft, TikTok and Twitch.
One area of concern for the music industry is the presence of voices from known artists in AI-generated songs. These artists have never sung these songs. Earlier this year, for example, an AI-generated song sung by Drake and The Weeknd went viral online.
Companies in the music industry are making related efforts. Believe CEO Denis Ladegaillerie said in May that the company is working with AI companies to deploy AI detection mechanisms on Believe's platform, and these tools should be operational within a quarter or two.
Music variety
>> The first domestic OST music complex "Drama Good Song" was launched
On June 8, the first domestic all-star OST (film and television soundtrack) music program "Drama Good Song" was launched.
The variety show is produced by Youku and produced by Seven-dimensional Power, and is named by Xilinmen, and the participating artists include "drama good listening family" Gu Juji, Mao Buyi, Jin Zhiwen, Hu Xia, Lu Hu, Zhang Yuan, "drama good listening partner" Luo Dayou and Xue Zhiqian, "drama can sing singers" Yuan Yawei and Shan Yichun.
The show also invited Dong Dongdong, Fang Qi, and Wu Yao to form a "drama can speak observation group" to immerse themselves in the whole process of chat and interpretation, giving the audience real-time popular science OST industry and drama background.
"Drama Good Song" has built a new concept of music complex family in the competition format, that is, all guests work together to strive for audience satisfaction, strive for more seats for the new force of OST singers, and finally form the strongest OST singer group.
>> S+ level ensemble "Stage 2023" began recording
On June 1, the S+-level music complex "Stage 2023: The Wave of Back" jointly produced by Tencent Video and Wa Haw Wowa began recording. It is reported that the show will invite 48 young singers to compete on the same stage and compete for the seat of the rookie king through a brutal format.
>>Youku's "Star Electric Music Alliance" is about to start recording
On June 9, Youku's first immersive music complex "Star Electronic Music Alliance", which integrates electronic music and trendy lifestyle, officially began to recruit audiences.
The show will begin recording on June 14. The program production team is Yufeng Media's Gong Peng team and Haofeng Yifan's Sun Li team. The current list of proposed invitations includes: Huang Zitao, Liu Xianhua, Phoenix Legend, Ouyang Nana, Little Ghost Wang Linkai, Mika, etc.
Recommended this week
On June 2, the soundtrack of the "Spider-Man: Across the Universe" movie was officially launched. The soundtrack was produced by hip-hop producer Metro Boomin, with vocals from Swae Lee, Lil Wayne, A$AP Rocky, Offset, James Blake, Lil Uzi Vert, Don Toliver, Nas, 2 Chainz and 21 Savage.
On June 6, the single "Midnight Party" co-performed by Huang Xu, Yang, Su KeyNG and VaVa Mao Yanqi was officially released, and the song was released by Dream Music.
· On June 8, Lana Del Rey's single "Hollywood Bowl" with her father Rob Grant was released by Decca (UMO). "Hollywood Bowl" is the final track of Rob Grant's debut solo piano album, Lost At Sea, with Lana Del Rey singing and co-written by the duo.
· On June 9, the single "Can't Go Yet" co-performed by Amber Liu and Scott Hoying was officially released, produced by Thom Russo and Mighty Mike, and released by Bai Mifan (Beijing) Culture Communication Co., Ltd.
On June 9, Chen Huilin's new Chinese single "Common Sense of Love" was officially released. Chen Huilin has collaborated with musician Lei Songde again for many years, focusing on electronic dance music style. The song was released by Universal Music.
· On June 9, PinkPantheres' soundtrack single "Angel" from the movie "BARBIE" was officially released. THIS IS THE THIRD SOUNDTRACK SINGLE RELEASED FROM THE MOVIE BARBIE. The soundtrack was produced by Mark Ronson and released by Warner Records.
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