· The Beauty of Ancient Chinese Architecture ·
The beauty of ancient architecture lies in the fact that it carries the humanistic characteristics of different historical periods, carries the stories passed down from time to time between the eaves of Biwa Zhu, and also carries the history and culture of China for thousands of years.
For us, ancient Chinese architecture bears witness to China's ancient cultural heritage, and every brick and tile is the painstaking work of successive generations of Chinese architects.
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Ancient Chinese architecture
Ancient Chinese architecture has a history of six or seven thousand years from the development of square and round shallow cave-style houses excavated at the Banpo site in Shaanxi.
The 67.1-meter-high wooden pagoda of Fogong Temple in Yingxian County, Shanxi Province, is the tallest existing wooden structure in the world; the Forbidden City in Beijing's Ming and Qing dynasties is the world's largest existing large-scale building complex with exquisite architectural derivation and complete preservation.
As for the classical gardens of the mainland, its unique artistic style makes it a pearl in China's cultural heritage.
This series of existing buildings with high technology, exquisite art and unique style, is unique in the history of world architecture, and is an important part of the splendid culture of the ancient mainland.
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Ancient buildings – roofs
Ancient Chinese craftsmen discovered early on the possibility of using roofs for artistic effects.
There is a phrase in the Book of Poetry that "make temple wings", indicating that poets three thousand years ago had already sung about the winged roof of the ancestral temple in their poems.
In the Han Dynasty, the five basic roof styles of later generations—the four-sided slope "temple roof", the four-sided, six-sided, eight-sided slope or circular "pile peak", the two-sided slope but two gables and the roof level of the "hard mountain", the two-sided slope with the roof protruding beyond the gable, and the upper half of the hanging mountain and the lower half of the four-sided slope of the "rest of the mountain".
Ancient Chinese craftsmen made full use of the characteristics of wooden structure to create roof folding and roof upturned and upturned, forming cornices like bird's wings stretching and soft and graceful curves of each part of the roof.
At the same time, the ridge ends of the roof are appropriately carved, and the tiles of the cornice are also decorative.
Ridged beasts are beasts placed on the ridges of the roofs of ancient Chinese buildings. They are divided into "immortals", running beasts, hanging beasts and spine swallowing beasts - collectively known as "ridged beasts".
After the Song Dynasty, a large number of glazed tiles began to be used, and high-level buildings mostly used glazed tiles, whose function was originally to protect wooden bolts and iron nails, prevent water leakage and rust, and play a fixed and supporting role in the connecting part of the ridge.
Ridged beasts are made of tiles, in which the kissing beast or wang beast is placed on the main ridge, the weeping beast is placed on the vertical ridge, the 戗花 (qiàng jǐ) is placed on the ridge, and the immortal walking beast is placed at the edge of the ridge. Later, the ridged beast developed a decorative function and had a strict hierarchical significance, and the number and form of the ridged beast placed in different levels of buildings were strictly limited.
Later, many other roof styles appeared, as well as various complex shapes with artistic effects formed by the combination of these roofs, so that ancient Chinese architecture has gained rich experience in using roof form to create the artistic image of architecture, and has become one of the important characteristics of ancient Chinese architecture.
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Ancient architecture - dou li
Dou Li, also known as Dou Gong, also known as Douke and Bó Lú, is a key component of Chinese wood-framed building structure, which is selected between beams and columns to bear load, and the load of the eaves is transmitted to the column through Dou Li. It also has a certain decorative role and is one of the prominent features of classical Chinese architecture.
Dougong is a unique component of Han architecture, which is composed of square buckets, rises, arches, cocks and angs. is the transition between the columns and the roof of a larger building.
Its function is to bear the eaves of the upper expenditure, and its weight is either directly concentrated on the column, or indirectly first on the forehead and then transferred to the column. Generally, only very important or monumental buildings have a bucket arch placement.
Dou Li plays a very important role in ancient Chinese architecture, mainly in four aspects:
1. It is located between the column and the beam, and the load passed down by the roof and the superstructure is transmitted to the column through the bucket arch, and then transmitted from the column to the foundation, so it plays the role of carrying the load up and down.
2. It picks outward, and can pick out a certain distance from the outermost truss, so that the eaves of the building are more far-reaching, and the shape is more beautiful and spectacular.
Later bucket arches gradually became decorative (later brick walls were adopted, and the eaves became much closer and less useful), which was also a sign of distinguishing architectural classes. The more noble the building, the more complex and prosperous.
3. It has exquisite structure and beautiful shape, such as bonsai, like a flower basket, and is a good decorative component.
4. The combination of mortise and mortise (sǔn mǎo) is the key to earthquake resistance. This structure is very similar to the modern beam and column frame structure.
The nodes of the structure are not just connected, which ensures the rigidity coordination of the building. In the event of a strong earthquake, although the tenon and tenon combination of the space structure will "loosen" but will not "fall apart", consuming the energy transmitted by the earthquake, greatly reducing the seismic load of the entire house, and playing a role in earthquake resistance.
The bucket arch is a standard component of mortise and tenon combination, and is the intermediary of force transmission. In the past, people have always thought that the bucket arch is a building decoration, but research has proved that the bucket arch evenly supports the weight of the eaves, which plays a balancing and stabilizing role.
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Ancient buildings - gates
The doors of ancient Chinese architecture have different characteristics and styles in different regions and regions, and the styles, shapes and styles of doors are different.
The door is the entrance and exit between the interior and the outside world where people live, and it is an indispensable part of the residential building and the only way to enter and exit. The house is single and the door is double.
As a portal for entry, it is also known as "façade" and "door face", which shows that people attach importance to the door, and also shows that the role of the door is not only to enter and exit, but also has the function of separating the internal and external environmental space.
With the door as the definition, the door as the connection point, but also play a protective role and safety role. In ancient Chinese architecture, the door is the most wonderful.
In ancient Chinese architecture, the shape of the door, the decoration of the door, and the form of the door are also symbols of status and status, so there are very clear distinctions and shapes.
For example, the royal nobles have gates, as well as golden pillar gates, barbarian gates, ruyi gates and other grades, while ordinary people live in the lowest ordinary small gatehouses.
Today's ancient architecture exploration tour
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Source: Tongzhou Xiaozhu