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introduction
The county lieutenant of the Qin Dynasty was subordinate to the county order, and the county lieutenant had close government affairs with the county lieutenant. The county lieutenant may order the county lieutenant to handle the work, and the county lieutenant shall make a government affairs declaration to the county lieutenant, and the county lieutenant shall adjudicate; The county captain has to contact the agencies inside and outside the prefecture, and sometimes has to deal with it through the county office. It can be seen that although the county lieutenant of the Qin Dynasty was a separate military institution, the military operation was not independent and was under the leadership and regulation of the county court.
First, I have listened to the villagers say that the county is Cheng, and learn to take the Lantian Cui County Cheng
With the compilation and publication of new materials such as Sleeping Tiger Land, Liye, Yuelu Qin Jian, etc., the establishment of county lieutenants in the Qin Dynasty has been confirmed, and there has been some discussion about its establishment, name, position, etc. However, there is debate about the number of prefectural captains set up in a county.
Among them, there are mainly two opinions, one is that a county in the Qin Dynasty set up four lieutenants; The other pointed out that with the exception of Jing County, a county had a first, second, or no lieutenant, and these controversies were pending the discovery of new materials.
From the currently known materials, it is known that the county lieutenant is subordinate to the county order and has close government affairs with the county lieutenant. The subordination of the county lieutenant to the county order is mainly manifested in two points, from the perspective of the law, the county lieutenant and his subordinates violate the law, and the county order bears joint responsibility; From the point of view of military operations, the county commander has absolute military leadership, and the county lieutenant only assists from the side.
"Liye Qin Jian" recorded: "Hou Zhong Qin officials self-captured, the number of things in the years will look at the Great Shoufu in September, needless to say." ”
The close correspondence between the county lieutenant and the county lieutenant is reflected in three points: first, the county lieutenant can order the county lieutenant to handle the work; Secondly, the county captain makes a government affairs declaration to the county cheng, and the county cheng makes a ruling; Finally, the county lieutenant has to contact the agencies inside and outside the prefecture, and sometimes has to deal with it through the county courtier. The status of the county lieutenant in the county is lower than that of the county commander and Cheng, but higher than that of Cao and Guan, and the outstanding performance is that he can directly go to the county and have contact with it.
The "Wei Cao" of the Qin Dynasty was one of the county subordinate Cao Cao, mainly responsible for financial statistics and assisting the county magistrate in handling the corresponding daily affairs. "Wei Cao" and "Wei Mansion" are the official offices of the county captains, and some studies have pointed out that Wei Cao is the office of the county captains. According to Liye Qin Jian, Wei Cao is one of the county subordinate Liecao, not the office of the county lieutenant, and is clearly different from the Weifu.
Lieutenant officials are one of the "officials" subordinate to the county, and are the functional organs directly under the county, which specifically organize and manage the relevant military affairs in the county court. The difference between it and the county lieutenant is mainly reflected in the language of administrative operation documents, and the terms of daily local administrative operation documents in the Qin Dynasty. The county magistrate and the county lieutenant are both chiefs, and the rank is not much different. The county lieutenant is parallel, and the lieutenant is down.
The difference between county lieutenants and lieutenants is mainly reflected in the language of documents, comparing the documents of the county lieutenant, the term is "dare to sue" is Xingshu county lieutenant, and the term is "suing" is Xingshu lieutenant officer.
Second, the immortal couple He Yin recorded his name and surname, and the county head walked away in vain
The direct subordinate of the county lieutenant of the Qin Dynasty was Wei Shi, and after the Qin Jian was unearthed, his subordinate was found to be a crossbow man. Some studies suggest that the troops who use the crossbow machine, as well as the soldiers who use the crossbow machine, are collectively called crossbows, and the leaders of the troops are called crossbow fighters. The problem of confirming the history of the commander and the location of the crossbow in the county lieutenant of the Qin Dynasty.
Judging from the record of the appearance of "Wei Shi" in Liye Qin Jian, it is enough to show that the Qin Dynasty County Wei Institution set up Wei Shi. As for the location of the crossbow, the crossbow is actually located within the county captain's office.
Except for the two subordinate officials of the county lieutenant, Shi Shi and Fa Crossbow Fu, are there any other officials in the county lieutenant? How are they set up? There are also new materials to discuss in these questions. The inspection found that the pavilion and the post were also subordinate to the county lieutenant. In the past, there was a debate about the ownership of the pavilion, and there were mainly two opinions: one believed that the pavilion belonged to the township, and the other believed that the pavilion directly belonged to the county.
"Liye Qin Jian" recorded: "Ling, Wei, Shi Fude, Zhao Yijia." ”
This finding is different from previous studies that have suggested that the pavilion belongs to the group. Riye Qin Jian has two pieces of evidence to prove that in the day-to-day administration, the county lieutenant command booth works. In an emergency situation where there were too many thieves and few soldiers were insufficient to cope with, the "pavilion" obeyed the arrangements and dispatches of the county lieutenant. According to the above, in daily administrative and emergency situations, the county lieutenant can command the booth to carry out work, which shows that the pavilion belongs to the county lieutenant.
For the official setting of the pavilion, some studies have pointed out that the pavilion has officials such as pavilion chiefs and thieves. "Thief" is a kind of pawn in charge of catching thieves, recruited by the county lieutenant. Liye Qin Jian saw that the officials in the pavilion were more complicated than before: there were also officials such as sergeants and principals in the pavilion, and if the commander, servant, etc. did not fulfill their duties, the officers would be held liable.
The thieves, pawns of each pavilion were all led by the county captain. The officials and the principal are both officials of the pavilion and can lead the pavilion pawns, but their appointment bodies are different, the principal is appointed by the county, and the priests are appointed by the county lieutenant, such as the "Qin Law Miscellaneous Copy, Zhi Lian Law" said: "In addition to the sergeant, the crossbow is inferior to the law, and the crossbow shot is not hit, and the captain is the second first." "That is to say, if the county lieutenant does not use a sergeant in accordance with the law, etc., he shall be punished with a second rank, and it is clearly stated that the sergeant is appointed by the county lieutenant.
Secondly, in the daily administrative operation, the subordinate relationship between the non-commissioned officer and the county lieutenant is closer, and here the daily administrative law is violated, and the county lieutenant and the non-commissioned officer are both accountable, not as much as the principal, indicating that the non-commissioned officer is more dependent on the county lieutenant. In contrast, the principal has a certain degree of independence from the county lieutenant, and sometimes can directly contact the county court, such as Jian Zhi Tang Ting's principal directly writing to the county captain when he has something, and the county cheng then writing to the county lieutenant to deal with it.
In addition to the pavilion, the county lieutenant also has jurisdiction over the post, and the clerks of the postal agency are postmen, indicating that the postmen are appointed by the county lieutenant, which shows that the postal service is under the jurisdiction of the county lieutenant. Mr. Yu Zhenbo once pointed out that "the township and the kiosk are divided into different systems", and the county government directly manages the post and kiosk in the jurisdiction. Among them, "county official" can refer to the county order or county lieutenant, and the attribution is unknown. To sum up, the direct subordinate of the county captain is the captain Shi, and there are two kinds of subordinate institutions inside and outside the county lieutenant's office, of which crossbows are set up inside the official palace, and postal and kiosks are set up outside the official office.
3. The wall of the Hanwen Gongji Depository Hall, Wang Youcheng lived in the county
For the county cheng and the county lieutenant, the two have the same rank and rank, often juxtaposed, and there is no mutual subordination relationship, but in comparison, the status of the county cheng is higher. From the perspective of the daily administrative operations seen by Qin Jian, the relationship between the county captain and Ling and Cheng is more complicated, and it is necessary to study further. The relationship between the county lieutenant and the prefectural order The county lieutenant is mainly subordinate to the prefectural order.
From the perspective of joint liability in the law, the county lieutenant is subordinate to the county order, and the two brief records that the lieutenant violated the law or the lieutenant's subordinate Dunchang and servant shot and other acts of covering up the law, and the county order bears joint criminal responsibility, indicating that the county lieutenant is in a subordinate position to the county order. From the point of view of military operations, the county commander has absolute leadership, and the county lieutenant only assists from the side.
Jian Wen said that in the event of a group of thieves and thieves killing or injuring people, the county and province should immediately send troops to recover it, and the county commander should be led by a unified county commander, and the county lieutenant branch would lead the county lieutenant.
"Zhangjiashan Han Tomb Bamboo Jane Second Year Decree Capture Law" recorded: "The lieutenant general, the order and the general, the place where the thieves arrived." ”
"Zhangjiashan Han Tomb Bamboo Jane Sonata Book" records an example of the Qin Dynasty, which also illustrates the leadership relationship of the county commander to the county lieutenant: in the 27th year of Qin Shi Huang, the first post of the county commander, Lixiang rebelled, ordered people to lead the pawns to fight against bandits, anti-theft and murder, etc., and the pawns led by him were defeated and fled. According to the law, these fugitives should be arrested, but none of them are caught.
It can be seen from this that Ling Shi is a subordinate of the county court, and the county court is headed by the county order, and the county order orders the subordinates to lead the troops, and it is obvious that the military leadership is controlled by the county order; The county suppressed the rebellion, and the county decreed full power and responsibility. This indicates that the county decree has military leadership, including the leadership of the county lieutenant.
The relationship between the county captain and the county lieutenant is mainly reflected in the close government affairs: the county lieutenant can order the county lieutenant to handle the work; The county lieutenant makes a government affairs declaration to the county lieutenant, and the county lieutenant makes a ruling; The county captain has to contact the agencies inside and outside the prefecture, and sometimes has to deal with it through the county office.
It should be pointed out that the officials are directly subordinate to the county court, and the government affairs with a third party must be handled completely by the county court, while the county lieutenant has a slightly higher status, which is highlighted by the fact that the county lieutenant can directly communicate documents with the county court.
For example, Qin Luwen clearly stipulates that officials and husbands shall be dealt with illegally and that Ling and Cheng shall be jointly punished. Regarding the provisions on the joint sitting order and the sit of the county lieutenant, if the county lieutenant violates the law, the joint sitting liability borne by the county lieutenant shall be the same as the joint sitting liability of the official and the fu who violated the law.
The counties of the Qin Dynasty had three different officials, county lieutenants, wei cao, and wei officials, and they were distinguished from administrative documents and their formats. Secondly, the setting of officials under the county captain is far more complicated than we used to know, in the past, we only knew that the officers under the county captain had a history of lieutenants, sergeants, crossbows, etc., in addition to these, the setting of officials is also worth noting, is that they have internal and external differences, including a history of lieutenants, a crossbow, and a post and a kiosk outside.
The crossbow has two types of officers, the crossbow and the headmaster, and the pavilion, which serve the purpose of monitoring each other. Under the officers and headmasters, there are dun chiefs, servants, and chiefs, and there are several pawns under the leading pavilion, and there are two main types: thief and pawn.
epilogue
Distinguishing between county lieutenants, lieutenants, and lieutenants, and sorting out the establishment of county lieutenants and their relationship with Ling and Cheng are of great significance for finding out the status of county lieutenants in the county, examining the administrative and military operations of the entire county organ and the mutual relationship between them and their formation, and also have a profound impact on grasping the regulation and control of military and government by local administration in the Qin Dynasty.
Bibliography:
"Liye Qin Jian"
"Qin Law Miscellaneous"
"History"