Overview
They say that a madman is just a broken brain, and it is better to cut it off if the brain is broken.
In the 1940s, it is estimated that more than 50,000 people worldwide had their brains removed.
This technique also won the Nobel Prize in 1949 and is called forebrain lobectomy.
A mother on Nobel's website said: Although she is my daughter, she is already a different person, and although she is with me, her soul seems to be lost.
Frances Farmer
A past Hollywood star, but also the most tragic flash in the pan.
She has a defiant personality, and when she is asked to stand in front of the camera in a low-necked skirt, and when she poses in the most perfect pose, she is unwilling to cooperate and boldly open the microphone to the reporters present: "What does this have to do with acting?" ”
After many times, her workload began to decrease, her love was hit hard, and her mother only regarded her as a money-making machine.
Everything came together and she couldn't stand it anymore, and began to drink, drive, and get into conflict with the police.
And everything she did was also used by people who were jealous of her, diagnosed as mentally ill, and sent to an insane asylum. Here she suffered inhuman torture.
At that time, the treatment of mental patients was very simple and rude, that is, electric shock and insulin, especially after insulin injection, constantly induced vomiting, convulsions and coma. Doctors believe that this is the only way to dissipate the excess energy of patients. Even violated.
There's an autobiographical movie about her, which says: The most cost-effective thing I've ever done in my life is to sleep with a star for $20.
In the end, she finally couldn't bear it anymore and agreed to have a forebrain lobectomy. She was taken to a cold operating table, a sharp cone pierced her brain, and in just a few minutes, an operation was completed.
However, after completing the operation, she is still beautiful and moving, but her eyes seem to have lost focus and lose their radiance, like a walking dead.
In 1958, she was finally released, and years later, she reappeared on the big screen, her eyes empty and slow to express her thoughts.
cause
Before 1940, mental illness has plagued countless scientists, and even in modern times, it is an insurmountable problem.
Antonio Egas Moniz, born in Portugal in 1874, graduated from the oldest university of Coimbra in Portugal. After graduating, Moniz taught at the University of Coimbra. From 1911, Moniz was appointed professor at the University of Lisbon. This is the first professor of neurology in the history of the University of Lisbon.
As a professor of medicine, Moniz has made great achievements in medical research, especially in cerebral angiography.
Since the 30s of the last century, the brain has been studied in depth by the medical community. Each hemisphere of the brain is divided into 4 lobes, the largest of which is called the frontal lobe. Moniz found that if the frontal lobe of a psychopath is removed, the psychopath will become very quiet, less restless and aggressive as before. So, can this method be used to help mental patients get rid of emotional distress?
So Moniz first conducted animal experiments on dogs. The surgery was successful. When a raging dog has its frontal lobe removed, it becomes docile and quiet. Moniz then conducted human experiments on a woman suffering from mental illness. The results of the experiment once again confirmed his idea.
Moniz was ecstatic and published his research in an authoritative medical journal. Moniz's research caused a stir in the medical community and earned him a great reputation.
In 1949, the Nobel Prize in Medicine was awarded to Moniz and another Swiss medical scientist, Walter Rudolf Hess. Moniz's award was "to discover the efficacy of forebrain lobotomy in the treatment of specific patients with severe psychosis"; Hess's award was given for "the discovery of the functional tissue of the diencephalon in regulating visceral activity."
End
Chlorpromazine, synthesized in 1950 by the French pharmaceutical company Rhône-Poulenc. Lorneplanck accidentally synthesized chlorpromazine during research on antihistamines, which have antihistamine effects and are therefore sold as drugs, and in observational studies of patients who take the drug, they have been found to have a sedative-hypnotic effect.
In fact, as early as 1944, some scholars criticized the ice pick, saying that he was very cruel and inhumane. In 1950, the former Soviet Union was the first to ban this procedure.
Later, with the emergence and popularization of chlorpromazine, various countries also enacted legislation to ban this operation.
Surveys conducted around 1950 showed that about one-third of cases did not change much after surgery, and another third worsened from preoperative. And this third becomes more impulsive and even more social and cruel, dehumanizing.
Nobel official website evaluation:
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