The Han Dynasty (Liu Han Dynasty) was divided into the Western Han Dynasty and the Eastern Han Dynasty, starting with the establishment of the Han Dynasty by Liu Bang in 202 BC and ending with Cao Pi's usurpation of the Han Dynasty in 220 AD, with 29 emperors and 405 years of reign. It is the first golden period in the history of China's development.
During the strong Han period, the Silk Road was opened, papermaking was improved, the Naxi region was included in the territory, and in the heyday, it merged Korea in the east, Vietnam in the south, the Green Ridge (the Pamir Plateau, the roof of the Asian continent) in the west, Mongolia in the north, and the Roman Empire came to the dynasty.
The Western Han Dynasty (202 BC - 8 AD), a total of 12 emperors, reigned for 210 years, and set its capital at Chang'an (Xi'an, Shaanxi).
History approximately:
In the late Qin period, the world rose up, and after the Chu-Han dispute, Liu Bang defeated Xiang Yu, and in 202 BC, Liu Bang declared himself emperor in Shandong, with the first capital Luoyang, and later moved to Chang'an.
Many systems in the Western Han Dynasty inherited the Qin system, and in the early Han Dynasty, the national policy of lightly relieving the thin endowment and recuperating was implemented, and the social economy recovered rapidly.
During the reigns of Emperor Wen Liu Heng and Emperor Jing Liu Qi, the first was to continue to implement the policy of resting with the people and reducing rent. The second is to weaken the power of the princes, and during the reign of Emperor Jing, the officials of the kingdom were appointed and dismissed by the emperor. It has contributed to relatively stable society, economic recovery and development, and growth of the national population. The reign of Emperor Wen and Emperor Jing is known as the "Reign of Wenjing".
After Liu Che, the Han Wu Emperor, succeeded to the throne, he promoted the Tui En Order, exclusive Confucianism, and strengthened centralized power. Abroad he opened up Korea, Vietnam in the south, the Green Ridge in the west, and the Yin Mountains in the north, and sent Zhang Qian to send an envoy to the Western Regions to communicate the ties between the Central Plains and the countries of the Western Regions. Since Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty, all foreign Qi have assisted the government.
After the Han Zhao Emperor Liu Fuling succeeded to the throne, Huo Guang assisted the government.
During the reign of Emperor Xuan of Han, Liu Xuan set up the Western Regions Protectorate and officially included the Western Regions in his territory.
After the Han Yuan Emperor Liu Xi ascended the throne, imperial power fell, foreign qi and eunuch forces rose, and the Western Han Dynasty began to decline.
Early Western Han dynasty Jin Yuè bronze Ge Qi royal family
I. Han Gaozu Liu Bang (206 BC--202-195 BC)
Han Taizu Gao Huangdi Liu Bang
Liu Bang, a native of Peixian (Xuzhou, Jiangsu), was 3 years younger than Qin Shi Huang and lived in the Qin Dynasty for 47 years.
Qin was the head of the Surabaya Pavilion in Pei County at the time. Soon after Chen Sheng's uprising, Liu Bang gathered 3,000 disciples to respond, captured Peixian and other places, declared him the Duke of Pei, and soon defected to Xiang Liang and was made the Marquis of Wu'an.
In October 206 BC, Liu Bang was stationed in Bashang, and in the third chapter of the covenant, the Prince of Qin surrendered, and the Qin Dynasty collapsed.
After the Hongmen Banquet (a banquet held by Xiang Yu and Liu Bang in 206 BC at Hongmen on the outskirts of Xianyang, the capital of the Qin Dynasty), he was made King of Han and ruled Bashu and the Hanzhong region.
In April 205 BC, Liu Bangdong attacked Xiang Yu to Pengcheng, and Xiang Yu counterattacked the Han army, breaking the Han army at Pengcheng. Liu Bangcang fled in panic, and on the way met his second son Liu Ying (Emperor Hui of Han) and daughter (Princess Lu Yuan), so he fled with him. The Chu army was in a hurry, so Liu Bang kicked his children off the car several times, and Xiahou Ying carried Liu Bang's children into the car. Liu Bang was furious and wanted to behead Xiahou's infant more than ten times, and finally fled to Peixian with his group.
At the beginning of 202 BC, after nearly 5 years of Chu-Han disputes, Liu Bang knew people well and humbly consulted, and Xiang Yu killed himself by the Wujiang River.
On February 28, 202 BC, Liu Bang became emperor in Dingtao, with the capital Chang'an, historically known as the Western Han Dynasty.
Han Gao ancestor Liu Bang period painted terracotta warriors
After Liu Bang ascended the throne, on the one hand, he eliminated Han Xin, Peng Yue, Yingbu, Zang Xin and other princes with different surnames, and divided the land and divided 9 princes with the same surname. On the other hand, the establishment of rules and regulations, rest and recuperation, heavy peasants and suppressed commerce, and stable the order of feudal rule.
Liu Bang adopted a policy of peace with the Xiongnu, opened up the city with the Xiongnu, and eased relations between the two sides.
Creation of "Gale Song".
In 195 BC, Liu Bang was shot by a stray arrow for fighting the Yingbu rebellion, and later fell seriously ill, and died in Chang'an in the same year, with the temple name Taizu and the nickname Emperor Gao.
Western Han Dynasty Wrong gold and silver moire bronze rhinoceros zun
2. Emperor Hui of Han Liu Ying (195-188 BC, reigned 7 years)
Emperor Hui of Han Liu Ying (eldest son of Liu Bang, ancestor of Han Gao, only son of Empress Lü), succeeded to the throne at the age of 16 and died at the age of 23.
Empress Lü (Lü He) was strong, and Liu Ying, the emperor of Hanhui, pursued the rule of doing nothing, continued to implement benevolent government, reduced taxes, and developed the economy.
Lü Hou Lü He, a native of Shanxian County, Shandong, is 15 years younger than Liu Bang
Liu Ying, the emperor of Hanhui, fell ill for more than a year after seeing Lady Qi (a native of Dingtao, Heze, Shandong) being mutilated by his mother Empress Lü as a "human bun" in the toilet, and finally died of depression.
At that time, the crown prince Liu Ying was almost replaced by Liu Ruyi the Prince of Zhao (poisoned by Empress Lü), the son of Lady Qi, and Empress Lü used the stratagem of Zhang Liang (the founding hero and politician of the Western Han Dynasty, the ancestor of the fifth generation Xiang Han, together with Han Xin and Xiao He, known as the "Three Heroes of the Early Han Dynasty"), to retain the status of crown prince.
Zhang Liang, character Zifang, Zhang Liang, Han Xin, Xiao He and known as the "Three Masters of the Early Han Dynasty"
Empress Lü (Lü He) held the imperial government for 8 years.
3. Former Young Emperor Liu Gong (188-184 BC, reigned 4 years)
Empress Lü asked Zhang Yan, the empress of Emperor Hui of Han to pretend to be pregnant, falsely claiming to be born to Zhang Yan (niece of Emperor Liu Ying of Han Hui), and killed her biological mother so that Liu Gong (born to a palace maid) succeeded to the throne.
Liu Gong knew that he was not Zhang Yan's biological child and that his biological mother had been killed, so he threatened to take revenge when he grew up, and was deposed and assassinated by Empress Lü.
4. Later Shao Emperor Liu Hong (184-180 BC, reigned 4 years)
In 184 BC, Lü ordered Liu Yi the Prince of Changshan to succeed him to the throne and changed his name to Liu Hong.
In 180 BC, Lü died in 180 BC. After the efforts of the imperial lieutenant Zhou Bo and Prime Minister Chen Pingren, the power of the Lu family was eradicated.
After the courtiers selected Liu Heng, the fourth son of Emperor Gaozu of Han, as the new emperor (i.e., Emperor Wen of Han) and welcomed him into Chang'an, Liu Hong and others were killed.
5. Emperor Wen of Han Liu Heng (180-157 BC, reigned 23 years)
Emperor Wen of Han Liu Heng opened the reign of Wenjing
Emperor Liu Heng of Han, the 4th son of Liu Bang, ancestor of Han Gao, and mother Bo Ji (Wu people, i.e. Jiangsu people. At the end of the Qin dynasty, she established herself as the concubine of Wei Bao, King of Wei. At the beginning of the Chu-Han War, Wei Wang Leopard was defeated by Han Xin and Cao Shen, and Bo Ji was captured and sent to the weaving room to weave cloth. Later, Liu Bang saw that Bo Ji had some posture and was included in the harem).
Liu Heng, the Han Emperor, worked hard to govern, built water conservancy, dressed modestly, and abolished corporal punishment, so that the Han Dynasty entered a period of strength and stability. Open the rule of culture.
During the reign of Emperor Liu Heng of Han, Zhangye was too guarding the tiger rune
After his death, he was buried in Baling (Bailuyuanjiang Village Tomb, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province).
Gold ornaments unearthed in Baling
6. Emperor Jing of Han Liu Qi (157–141 BC, reigned 16 years)
Emperor Jing of Han Liu Qi
Hanjing Emperor Liu Qi (eldest son of Hanwen Emperor Liu Heng and Empress Dowager Dou):
1. Continue to implement the policy of resting with the people and lightly dispensing with the poor;
2. Adopt the advice of Imperial Doctor Chao to reduce the domain;
3. In 154 BC, quelling the Rebellion of the Seven Kingdoms of Wu and Chu;
4. The princes and kings shall not govern the people, and their official system shall be deposed, and the officials of the kingdom shall be appointed and dismissed by the emperor.
In the few battles against the Xiongnu, a group of generals such as the Fei generals Li Guang, Cheng Buzhi and Zhidu emerged.
The reigns of Emperor Wen of Han Liu Heng and Emperor Liu Qi of Hanjing are collectively known as the reign of Wenjing.
Western Han Dynasty painted goose fish bronze lamp
Western Han Gongna scene bronze shell storage - Yun
7. Emperor Wudi of Han Liu Che (141–87 BC, reigned 54 years)
Emperor Wudi of Han Liu Che
Emperor Wudi of Han, Liu Che, ascended the throne at the age of 16.
The achievements of Emperor Hanwu of the Qin Emperor Hanwu:
1. First year number;
2. Xingtai Xue (ancient national university), pioneering the selection system of inspection and examination;
3. Establish the Middle Dynasty and set up a history of assassination at the local level;
4. Promulgate the decree of Tui En to solve the kingdom forces (the first Yang conspiracy under the world);
5. Collect salt and iron and minting rights to the central government, and collect heavy taxes from merchants;
6. Adopt Dong Zhongshu's suggestion, "Depose the hundred schools and respect Confucianism" (take Confucianism as feudal orthodoxy);
7. Order Zhang Qian to send an envoy to the Western Regions, open the Silk Road for the first time, and open up the Western Regions;
8. In 100 BC, Su Wu was ordered to send an envoy to the Xiongnu with Zhonglang, and was detained for 19 years, holding the festival unyielding.
9. Send Wei Qing and Huo Qubing three large-scale sorties against the Xiongnu, drive the Xiongnu to Mobei, collect the Hetao area, seize the Hexi Corridor, seal the Wolf Juxu (metaphorically establish outstanding achievements), and push the northern territory of the Han Dynasty at that time from along the Great Wall to Yin Mountain (Yin Mountain Range in central Inner Mongolia) or even further.
10. The annexation of Korea in the east, the hundred yue in the south, the Dawan (dà yuān (Fergana Basin of Uzbekistan) in the west, and the Xiongnu in the north, laid the foundation for the scope of the Han land.
During the reign of Emperor Wudi of Han Liu Che, the "Shiluohou Seal" gold seal
During the Han Wudi Liu Che period, Nebula even arced copper mirror
"King of Dian " Golden Seal
Horseshoe gold
However, in the later period of the Han Wu Emperor Liu Che's use of force, which led to peasant uprisings in various places, and caused the scourge of witchcraft (in 91 BC, the crown prince Liu Cheng was framed, and the empress Wei Zifu and the crown prince Liu Cheng were forced to commit suicide one after another, implicated hundreds of thousands of people), and in 89 BC, Liu Che issued an edict (the emperor's review).
Western Han Dragon pattern jade
VIII. Emperor Zhao of Han Liu Fuling (87-74 BC, reigned 13 years)
Emperor Liu Fuling of Han Zhao (young son of Emperor Wudi of Han Liu Che), succeeded to the throne at the age of 8, and Huo Guang (Huo Qu's half-brother) assisted the government. After ascending the throne, he lightly dismissed Bo Fu and appeased the displaced people, defeated Wuhuan (wū huán, Chifeng, Inner Mongolia), and pacified the southwest. Open Zhaoxuan ZTE.
In 81 BC, Su Wu was released and returned to Han.
Because Guizi (Qiū Cí, a great power in the Western Regions, Kuqa, Xinjiang), Loulan (Lop Nur, Xinjiang) united with the Xiongnu (nomads of the ancient Mongolian plateau) to kill the Han envoy, Fu Jiezi (a wolf diplomat during the period of Liu Fuling, Emperor Zhao of the Western Han Dynasty) sent an envoy to Dawan to be held accountable, and King Guizi and King Loulan pleaded guilty, and killed the Xiongnu envoy in Guizi.
In 77 BC, Fu Jiezi went to Loulan and, in the name of distributing Han court rewards, carried gold brocades, beheaded King Loulan (An Gui) at a banquet, and reprimanded: "Han soldiers are fangzhi, do not dare to move, move, destroy the country!" "Tu Qi (qí), the prince of Loulan in Han, became king, changed the name of the country to shàn shàn (in Xinjiang), moved the capital to Yu (yū) Nicheng (Ruoqiang, Xinjiang), solved the problem of the Western Regions, and Fu Jiezi was made the Marquis of Yiyang.
During the reign of Emperor Liu Fuling of Han Zhao, due to his proper internal and external measures, the contradictions left by Liu Che after Emperor Wu were basically controlled, and the decline trend of the Western Han Dynasty was reversed.
Western Han Gilded bear-shaped bronze town
IX. King of Changyi, Marquis of Haidu, Emperor of Han, Liu He (July 18 – August 14, 74 BC, reigned 27 days)
Liu He (grandson of Liu Che, Emperor Wudi of Han and son of Liu Lu Bó the Prince of Changyi), was proclaimed emperor because the Han Zhao Emperor Liu Fuling had no sons, and was deposed due to desolation, and still returned to his hometown Juye to become the king of Changyi.
According to Ban Gu's Book of Han, Liu He reigned for 27 days and did 1,127 bad things.
Western Han Five baht copper coin
In 63 BC, he was deposed as Marquis of Haidu and moved to Yuzhangguo (Nanchang, Jiangxi).
Western Han Dynasty golden jade clothing
X. Emperor Xuan of Han Liu Xun (74–48 BC, reigned 26 years)
Emperor Xuan of Han Liu Xuan
Emperor Xuan of Han Liu Xun (great-grandson of Emperor Wudi of Han Liu Che, grandson of Liu Zheng the Prince of Han), formerly known as Liu Zhengji. At the time of the witchcraft's calamity, the infant Liu Xun was imprisoned. There is a famous sage in history, who died at the age of 43.
In 74 BC, after Liu He the Prince of Changyi was deposed, Huo Guang and other ministers welcomed Liu Bing from the people into the palace, first made him the Marquis of Yangwu, and succeeded to the throne in July of the same year at the age of 17.
In 68 BC, Huo Guang died of illness, and Liu Xun suppressed the Huo clique, began to pro-government, rectified the rule of officials, and strengthened imperial power.
In 64 BC, in order to make it easier for the people to avoid secrecy, he changed his name to Liu Xun and pardoned all those who had previously committed crimes against him.
In 60 BC, the Western Regions Frontier Command (southern foothills of the Tianshan Mountains, Luntai County, Bayingolin Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang) was established, governing more than 30 countries in the Western Regions, officially incorporating the Western Regions into the territory, and the Western Regions have since become an inseparable part of the mainland territory.
The comprehensive national strength of the Western Han Dynasty reached its peak, and history is known as the rule of filial piety.
Therefore, Emperor Liu Bang of Han Gao, Emperor Liu Heng of Han, Emperor Wu of Han Liu Che, and Emperor Xuan of Han Liu Xun were listed as emperors with temple numbers.
Western Han Five baht money
Western Han Dynasty painted dragon and tiger pattern pottery pot
11. Emperor Yuan of Han Liu Xi (48–33 BC, reigned 15 years)
Emperor Liu Xi (shì, son of Emperor Xuan of Han) was versatile and cowardly, and during his reign, although the Han Dynasty was relatively strong, the trend of mergers by powerful landlords prevailed, and because of the favor of eunuchs, the imperial power declined, the dynasty was chaotic, and the Western Han Dynasty declined.
His wife, Wang Zhengjun, died at the age of 42.
Western Han Dynasty painted long-sleeved dancing girl terracotta figurines
XII. Emperor Chengdi of Han Liu Wei (33-7 BC, reigned 26 years)
The Hancheng Emperor Liu Wei (son of Emperor Liu Xi of Han Yuan, mother Wang Zhengjun), was addicted to wine and wasted in political affairs, and peasant uprisings and iron official uprisings broke out in various places (Su Ling uprising of iron officials and disciples broke out in Jinxiang, Shandong). At the same time, under the dictatorship of foreign qi, the great government of the imperial court was controlled by the Empress Dowager Wang Zhengjun and her family, laying the root cause of Wang Mang's usurpation of the Han Dynasty.
Empress Xu was given death, and in 16 BC, Emperor Liu Xiao of Hancheng made Zhao Feiyan empress.
Hancheng Emperor Liu Xiao favored the male pet Zhang Fang. He died of a stroke and left no heirs at the age of 44.
Western Han Wrong gold and silver bird seal pattern bronze pot
XIII. Liu Xin, Emperor of Han Dynasty (7-1 BC, reigned for 6 years)
Liu Xin, Emperor of Han Dynasty (grandson of Emperor Liu Xi of Han Yuan, nephew of Emperor Liu Xi of Hancheng, and son of Liu Kang the Prince of Dingtao), honored the mother of Emperor Liu Wei of Han as empress dowager, and Zhao Feiyan, the empress dowager of Emperor Liu Qiao of Hancheng, as empress dowager.
Liu Xin, the emperor of Han mourning, often slept and sat with his male favorite, Dong Xian (the fetish of broken sleeves). Later, because of greed and indulgence, he hollowed out his body and died at the age of 25.
Western Han Dynasty embroidered by clouds
14. Emperor Ping of Han Liu Yin (1-6 BC, reigned 7 years)
In 1 BC, when Liu Xin, the emperor of Han dying, died after his body was hollowed out, Wang Mang did not establish an older monarch in order to facilitate his power, but supported the 9-year-old Zhongshan king Liu Yin (kàn, formerly known as Liu Ji jīzi, grandson of Liu Xishì, emperor of Han Yuan and son of Liu Xing, the filial king of Zhongshan) to the palace to succeed him.
The Empress Dowager Wang Zhengjun obeyed the government, and the Grand Sima Wang Mang controlled the state affairs.
In 4 AD, Wang Mang's daughter was made empress.
In 6 AD, Liu Yin was poisoned by Wang Mang. He was 14 years old.
Western Han Gilt bronze statue
Liu Ying, son of Han (6–8 AD)
Liu Ying, the son of Han (great-grandson of Emperor Xuan of Han Liu Xuan, great-grandson of Liu Xuan the Prince of Chu, and son of Liu Xian, Marquis of Guangqi), did not become emperor.
Liu Ying was imprisoned by Wang Mang when he was 4 years old, forbidding anyone to talk to Liu Ying, causing Liu Ying to grow up without knowing the six animals, unable to speak clearly, and became a fool, Wang Mang called him "Xiaozi", and the world called him "Xiaozi Baby". He has been a prince for nearly 3 years.
In 25 AD, he was killed by Li Song in Linjing (Zhenyuan, Gansu) at the age of 21.
Wang Mang modeled himself on Zuò and proclaimed himself the "false emperor".
Wang Mang, the new ancestor, was also known as Jianxing Emperor or New Emperor
In December 8 AD, Wang Mang (established a new dynasty, Jianxing Emperor or New Emperor, ancestral home in Zhangqiu, Shandong, born in Daimyo, Hebei, aunt Wang Zhengjun) proclaimed himself emperor, changed the name of the country to "Xin" (8 AD - 23 AD, 15 years of Guozao), and changed Chang'an to Chang'an.
The Western Han Dynasty perished.
Western Han Gilded Divine Beast Bronze Plaque Xianbei Tuoba Clan
Western Han Dynasty Curse League scene bronze shell ware
In 17 years, when Wang Mang implemented the new policy, there were frequent disasters such as drought, locusts, plagues, and the diversion of the Yellow River, and Wang Mang's reform not only failed to ease social contradictions, but also broke out peasant uprisings in various places. Later, the Green Forest Chimei Uprising (led by Wang Kuang and Fan Chong, used by Liu Xuan and Liu Xiu as a tool for changing their dynasties).
In 23, the Green Forest Army invaded Chang'an (Wang Mang changed Chang'an to Chang'an), Wang Mang was killed (his head was collected by later imperial families until 295 AD, when the Luoyang arsenal was burned down by fire), and the new dynasty collapsed.
In February 23, Liu Xuan (the first emperor of the Han Dynasty and grandson of Liu Xun, the emperor of Hanjing), with the support of the Green Forest Army, proclaimed himself emperor on the shores of Nanyang's Shuishui, restored the state of Han, and fixed the capital at Wancheng (Nanyang, Henan). Nominally restored Han rule and restored most of the territory of the late Western Han Dynasty. History is called the "Xuanhan" regime.
In September 25, under the attack of the Chimei army and Liu Xiu's army, Liu Xuan escaped from Chang'an, surrendered in October, was crowned King of Changsha, and was later killed by the Chimei army, and the regime was overthrown.
The first regime played an important role in the process of the new unified dynasty that was about to form: on the one hand, it participated in the negation of the old dynasty; On the other hand, it promoted the establishment of a new unified dynasty.
Liu Xiu is about to start another dynasty: the Eastern Han Dynasty.