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Text: Director Weijian
Editor: Weijian of the curator
Mongolia, one of China's neighbors. During the Yuan Dynasty, the Mongolian Plateau was the territory of China, and later, Mongolia became an independent country for various reasons.
During the Qing Dynasty, Mongolia was again included in China.
Mongolia was founded in 1924 and remains an independent country to this day.
Mongolia and China's Inner Mongolia have ethnic groups with the same roots and origins, and their cultures are also very close. Since independence, however, Mongolia and Inner Mongolia have embarked on two completely different paths.
Today's Mongolia is difficult to see the characteristics of nomads, endless deserts, new buildings everywhere, except for grasslands and yurts.
What happened after independence that would make Mongolia what it is today?
Relying on the Soviet Union, Mongolia abandoned its own culture
With the establishment of Mongolia, external factors dominated. At the end of World War II, only Japan remained of the three fascist countries. In order to end the war as soon as possible, the United States hoped that the Soviet Union would attack Japan.
Stalin believed that the Soviet Union could send troops, but the United States needed to agree to some conditions, and if this condition was not true, then the Soviet Union would not send troops. This condition is that the United States supports Mongolian independence.
After discussion, the United States believed that the advantages of Mongolia's establishment outweighed the disadvantages, so they agreed to this condition.
However, when discussing this issue, the United States and the Soviet Union did not consult China at all, and when the decision was announced, Chiang Kai-shek learned the ins and outs of the incident.
The Chinese government protested this, but Mongolia's independence was the trend of the times, and the protests were fruitless.
After the establishment of Mongolia, the Soviet Union sent troops to attack Japan, which was dealt a serious blow, and soon after, it announced its unconditional surrender. From this moment on, the development of Mongolia and Inner Mongolia has been very different.
Before the collapse of the Soviet Union, Mongolia, as a member of the socialist camp, took the Soviet Union as a model standard, both politically and culturally.
Although China is also a socialist country, the development of Inner Mongolia is not the same as Mongolia's, and thousands of years of experience tell us that seeking common ground while reserving differences is the best development situation for a multi-ethnic country.
Therefore, as long as Inner Mongolia abides by the most basic political policy, as for its own cultural beliefs, the state does not interfere, unless it is a threat to national security, there will be political intervention.
Mongolia, on the other hand, completely abandoned its national characteristics in order to keep up with the footsteps of the Soviet Union, the big brother of the socialist country. Needless to say, the political system is the most basic, and Inner Mongolia has roughly done so.
But in terms of words, Mongolia's approach is difficult to understand. Mongolia completely abandoned its own script, opting to use the Slavic script.
As we all know, the Slavic peoples of Eastern Europe, located in East Asia, use the script of thousands of miles away, which must be a great hindrance to the development of their own culture.
Japan is a very good country to learn, before modern times to learn China, after modern learning from Western countries, no matter who the object of study is, Japan has always retained its own cultural characteristics, never done anything to completely abandon its own national culture.
This move by Mongolia laid the seeds for the chaos in Mongolia in the future.
Over time, the people of Mongolia really forgot the culture of the past. They no longer believed in Genghis Khan, who founded Mongolia, but Stalin in the USSR, and the common language was not Mongolian, but Russian.
During the study of the Soviet Union, Mongolia's natural resources were also greatly lost. In accordance with the requirements of the planned economy, Mongolia exported a large amount of natural resources, especially ores for the development of industrial production, at low prices to support the development of the Soviet Union.
The Soviet Union, with its great strength, ensured the balance of Mongolia's economy for some time.
But Mongolia did not expect that the mighty Soviet Union would collapse. The collapse of the Soviet Union caused huge losses to Mongolia's economy.
Without Soviet economic aid, Mongolia had to compensate for its financial losses through tourism, but this was only a stopgap measure and could not solve the problem in the long term.
Later, Mongolia's economic problems turned out to be more serious, and in order to develop, they chose to cooperate with Western countries.
Wrong path, Mongolia has a parliamentary system
With the collapse of the Soviet Union, Mongolia opened its doors to tourists from all over the world.
Soon after, it was discovered that Mongolia was simply a miniature version of the Soviet Union, with nomadic features largely disappearing and completely in the "punk" style popular in Eastern Europe.
Tourists entered Mongolia with curiosity, and for a short time, alleviated the economic problems of the Soviet Union. By the time Mongolia is well understood, Mongolia's economic problems become a major problem again.
Western countries are keenly aware of this opportunity, so they have thrown olive branches to Mongolia, expressing their willingness to help Mongolia develop its economy and solve Mongolia's urgent needs.
Mongolia could not refuse, so it accepted the assistance of Western countries, of course, Mongolia will not only hope for Western countries, in addition, they also have some cooperation with China and Russia.
Mongolian believes that if a pot wants to be safely supported on the ground, at least three cornerstones are needed, China is one, Russia is one, and the rest can only be Western countries.
After capitalism entered Mongolia, it brought great changes to Mongolia. The first was a change in the state system, and in 1992, Mongolia renounced socialism and then introduced a parliamentary system.
Since then, a lot has changed in Mongolia, and unfortunately, the Mongolian government has not controlled this change well.
Public ownership was abolished, especially the privatization of resources that were important to the state, and a large number of state-owned resources were controlled by capitalists, with the result that the state gradually became a tool for capitalists to enslave the people
After some time, Mongolia experienced a situation where the rich got richer and the poor got poorer. Even if the State finds the problem, it cannot do anything about it.
Because the economic lifeline of the country is completely in the hands of capitalists, the implementation of state policies is greatly restricted, and without money, even the best policies cannot be implemented.
The richest city in Mongolia is Ulaanbaatar, which is also home to the poor and has a very large number of slums. A long time ago, its name was Cullen.
After the establishment of Mongolia, Kulun underwent great changes, and later it was renamed Ulaanbaatar City. The total population of Ulaanbaatar is half of the total population of Mongolia, so the economy of Ulaanbaatar City is also the richest.
Because it is the most prosperous and prosperous area, it attracts many people, both rich and poor. The largest number are actually the poor.
The rich live mainly in the city, and the vast majority of the poor have to pitch tents outside the city because they cannot afford the high costs.
From a distance, poor people's tents surround the whole of Ulaanbaatar.
Ulaanbaatar is so rich because of Mongolia's rich mineral resources.
Before the abolition of public ownership, the state could still give some help to the poor. However, after the abolition of the public ownership system, the capitalists made their fortunes by selling mineral resources, and they ignored the lives and deaths of the poor.
So although many people in Mongolia did not have enough to eat, not a single capitalist reached out. The poor living outside Ulaanbaatar live on a meagre income every day.
Their domestic water is dirty river water, and many even drink contaminated river water directly.
When it comes to Mongolia, more people think of free medical services and education. Indeed, this is a feature of Mongolia, let's just count it as a benefit of Mongolia.
But there is basically no difference between free health care and education in Mongolia and not. What the government can provide is only the most basic and lowest, and at most it can only maintain face engineering, and the level is not as good as the services provided by countries with very backward development.
So in Mongolia, it is difficult to see the children of the rich receiving free education in their own country, they send their children abroad to study, and as for medical services, it is even less likely to be in their own country.
Because of the influence of capitalism, Mongolia's political parties are also chaotic, and the parliamentary system seems reasonable, but it is not suitable for Mongolia's national conditions. As a result, Mongolia has many parties and fights with each other, resulting in no one handling the country's affairs.
Environmental damage, desertification and smog are serious problems
Mongolia's transformation into what it is today is directly related to the man-made destruction of the natural environment. Mongolia has always been desert, steppe, and has a very large grassland, so nomads can survive here.
However, after the end of World War II, Mongolia began to exploit a large number of ore resources, and during the Soviet Union, the mining technology was relatively advanced, so the loss to the grassland was not very large.
But since the collapse of the Soviet Union, Soviet technicians have been withdrawn, and for many years Mongolia has not trained relevant personnel. Without the help of the USSR, Mongolia simply did not know how to rationally exploit ore resources.
At that time, Mongolia urgently needed to sell a large amount of minerals and make up for the financial shortfall, so they could not take care of so many consequences, and ordered the relevant departments to do whatever it takes, as long as the ore can be mined, regardless of the results.
With such unlimited mining, the results are to be expected. The grasslands have been greatly damaged, and after many years, there has been a certain degree of desertification in all areas where ore has been exploited.
In the past, Mongolia's steppe was very large, but now, the endless view is not the grassland, but the desert, and the scene of the wind blowing grass and seeing the cattle and sheep is difficult to see again.
The second is the influence of capitalism, the market economy pursues extreme interests. The benefits of mining ore are enormous, and capitalists feel that this is not enough, so they try to reduce the cost of mining as much as possible and then build very polluting factories.
The more factories there are, more and more sewage and toxic gases will be emitted. Water quality and air pollution are serious, and with it affects grasslands, without good water quality, plants cannot grow, and the result is more serious desertification.
The increase in desertification is also associated with overgrazing. After capitalism entered Mongolia, the state lost the ability to regulate the economy. Pasture has also become a resource for capitalists to compete for.
The vast majority of people can only compete for state-owned pastures, which have a limited area and cannot accommodate so many cattle and sheep. An excess of cattle and sheep appeared on the pasture, and as a result, the pasture was greatly damaged.
Vast swaths of grasslands have disappeared, and air quality is getting worse. Many years ago, clean air was Mongolia's advantage. However, Mongolia now has no such advantage, replaced by a smog that covers the sky.
The harm of smog is very large, not only will reduce visibility, if it is more serious haze, it will also endanger human health.
In addition, the large use of low-quality coal also harms Mongolia's air. The use of low-quality coal is basically a situation that cannot be changed.
Because there are so many poor people in Mongolia, there are slums everywhere, and they also need to live. Winter, in particular, is a difficult time for the poor in Mongolia.
They don't have advanced heating equipment, they don't have the money to buy high-quality coal, and if they want to survive the winter, they have to spend money on low-quality coal.
This low-quality coal can help the poor survive the winter, and in order to survive, the poor people rush to buy it. So the consumption of inferior coal is very large every year.
Not only pollutes the air, but also harms their health.
But the poor are simply not likely to think about environmental issues, their only goal is to live.
Many years ago, severe smog occurred in London, England, causing many deaths and many people falling ill for life.
Although the smog in Mongolia is not so serious, it is estimated that according to the current situation, it will not be long before Mongolia will also have a situation in the United Kingdom.
Chaos is the current situation in Mongolia. The natural environment has been destroyed, the political system has been disorganized, and in order to survive, many women at the bottom have to go to the custom industry.
It's a very cruel vicious circle, and at present, there are about 20,000 women in Mongolia working in the industry, and they are concentrated in Ulaanbaatar.
If Mongolia does not find a solution to the problem and achieve results in the shortest possible time, there will only be more and more such women.
The system adopted by the State is determined according to the national circumstances. Blindly following the crowd may not be the right choice.
If you want to find the right direction, you must first understand your own situation. In this way, a realistic plan can be developed.
Resources:
Approaching Mongolia, a neighbor to the north
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