Memory
4.1 Memory Description
Volatile storage devices, persistent storage devices
Memory, is used as a buffer when the CPU and the hard disk exchange data, improve the efficiency of CPU use, itself is a storage device, there is a feature is that the data in the memory will be lost if the power is lost, and the data in the hard disk will not disappear if the power is cut off. The running program and the data generated temporarily in the program are first stored in memory. We don't call it memory on mobile phones, it's called running memory, many people say that mobile phone memory actually says the storage capacity of the mobile phone disk, such as what we may have heard about 8 + 256, 8 means 8G running memory, 256G means storage, that is, hard disk capacity.
The generation of memory: The memory frequency is the same as the CPU frequency, which is used to indicate the speed of the memory, which represents the highest operating frequency that the memory can achieve. Memory frequency is measured in MHz (megahertz).
DDR 133MHZ, 266MHz and other frequencies
DDR2 533MHZ, 800MHZ and other frequencies
DDR3 066MHz, 1333, 1600 and other frequencies
DDR4 2400Mhz, 2933Mhz, 4300MHZ and other frequencies, the current memory specifications are mainly DDR4.
DDR5 6400MHz and other frequencies
DDR memory was produced at a relatively low frequency at the beginning, because the CPU frequency at that time was also low, and then slowly upgraded and higher and higher.
Comparison of DDR3 and DDR4 images
Memory manufacturers: Samsung, Hynix, Micron, Kaixia (the original Toshiba), Changjiang and other original manufacturers, as well as some secondary processing manufacturers, such as Kingston and so on
Master Lu is as follows, see that the memory is Hynix DDR4, the frequency of DDR4 generally does not reach 4267MHz, but it is obvious that I have overclocked, and shows a lot of memory slot channels, indicating that the memory is welded on the motherboard and cannot be replaced. If you only see ChannelA or ChannelA and ChannelB, then your memory stick can be removed and replaced.
4.2 Memory particles
Memory particles: In fact, it is a chip in memory, and the storage capacity of memory depends on it. For 4G memory, if there are 8 memory particles, the space size of each memory particle is 4*1024/8=512MB.
Memory particles at Kingston
Samsung's memory particles
4.3 Memory Dual Channel Technology
When we have two sticks of memory, we can use dual-channel technology, and a piece of data can be written into two parts into two memories, which is faster and more efficient
How to know if your computer supports dual channel, see the memory slot of the motherboard below
Two gray, two black, two of the same color to form a dual channel, for example, two gray can form a dual channel, such as you insert two memory sticks, then when inserting memory, choose the same color insertion. If it's a memory stick, plug it in. The two dual channels are called quad channels, and the above one supports four channels. However, whether it is dual or quad channel, the capacity of the memory module is required to be equal. So if you say the same 16G memory, two 8G memory sticks are more efficient than one 16G memory, but the stability is worse, there is a problem, the computer is prone to crash.
5. Disk
Permanent storage devices: computer hard disk, mobile hard disk, U disk, body memory
The world's first hard disk called 350RAMAC was born in 1956 and produced by IBM, which is larger than a refrigerator, weighs 1 ton, and has only 5MB of capacity. With 50 24-inch diameter platters and a storage capacity of only 5MB, you can only store one song
5.1 Hard Disk Drives (HDDs)
The internal structure of the next mechanical hard disk:
The internal structure of mechanical hard disk is mainly composed of motor, disk, head arm and head.
The disk is a magnetic substance, through the magnetic substance to store data, through the write head to write data, through the read head, read data.
The disk is sealed, the density of the helium is generally filled, the resistance of disk rotation is smaller, and the head can hover closer to the disk surface, so that more discs and heads can be installed in the same volume of disk cavity to achieve larger disk capacity. Reduce storage costs. Although the disk is a fully sealed structure, it is inevitable that there will be helium leakage problems, the warranty of the helium disk is generally 5 years, for the manufacturer, as long as within 5 years, helium does not leak light. After helium leakage, air will enter, after air enters, the density of gas increases, affecting the normal operation of the disk, nitrogen leakage to a certain extent, the disk will enter a write-protected state, and the disk alarm, at this time, can only read the data of the disk, seize the time to backup the data.
Working principle of mechanical hard disk: When mechanical hard disk is working, the head will be suspended a few nanometers above the disk surface. There are a lot of small grids on the surface of the disk, and there are a lot of small magnetic particles in the small grids. The magnetic particles on these disks have a certain polarity, which is recorded as 0 when the polarity of the magnetic particles is facing down, and 1 when the polarity of the magnetic particles is facing up, so that the magnetic head can read the data by identifying the polarity of the disk particles. The head can also use its changing magnetic field to change the polarity of the disk particles, so that disk data can be written and rewritten.
Mechanical hard disk indicators
- Rotational speed: hard disk speed is expressed in how many revolutions per minute, the unit is expressed as RPM For example: 7200RPM, then the hinge of the hard disk can rotate 7200 rpm in one minute 7200 rpm is generally for desktop installation, 5400 rpm is generally prepared for notebooks, because the faster the hard disk speed, the louder the sound, so notebooks in order to mute, will use a relatively low speed hard disk, and desktop generally do not consider this, because desktop CPU fans, graphics card fans, etc. will ring, Not bad hard drive this sound. The special hard disk of the server is generally 10,000 rpm and 15,000 rpm.
- Size classification: 3.5 inches on desktop hard disk and 2.5 inch on laptop
- Interface classification: IDE interface, SATA interface, SCSI interface, SAS interface, M.2 interface, IDE interface is relatively old, now the mainstream hard disk interface for SATA3.0 interface, SAS interface is mainly used in the server, ordinary computers do not have SAS interface, M.2 is now relatively new interface, the transmission speed is much faster than SATA, the transmission speed limit of SATA interface is not more than 700M/s, the speed of M.2 interface easily reaches thousands of M/s, and then M.2 interface will become a trend. IDE interface only mechanical hard disk, SATA interface has mechanical hard disk, there are also solid-state disk, and IDE interface hard disk is only 3.5 inches, SATA is 2.5 and 3.5 inches, what kind of hard disk we buy also depends on what kind of interface on the motherboard. M.2 interface is only SSD.
- Hard disk transmission speed: 100M-300M, the limit is generally not more than 300M, and now the SSD can easily reach the speed of 300M, then in fact, you will find that when there is no SSD before, you don't care how good the CPU, memory, graphics card, etc., sometimes the speed, such as the boot speed is still not up, that is, because the speed of the mechanical hard disk itself is relatively low. With SSDs, loading speeds have increased dramatically.
5.2 Solid-state drives (SSDs)
Fast solid-state drive: Solid State Disk or Solid State Drive, abbreviated as SSD, the principle is electronic storage, the electrons are imprisoned through the insulation layer to complete the storage of data, which uses the same material as the flash memory in the mobile phone. More stable and durable than HDDs, but more expensive.
6. Graphics card
6.1 Graphics card description
The quality of the graphics card directly affects the smoothness of the picture, and generally large games will have some recommended configurations of computers, which will talk about the graphics card.
Graphics card is one of the basic components of personal computer, the computer system needs to convert the display information processed and drive the display, and provide progressive or interlaced scan signals to the display, control the correct display of the display, is an important component connecting the monitor and the motherboard of the personal computer.
Graphics card, also known as video card, is an important part of the computer, undertakes the task of output display graphics, for people who like to play games and engage in professional graphic design, graphics cards are very important. The display chips of mainstream graphics cards are mainly manufactured by NVIDIA (NVIDIA) and AMD (Chaowei Semiconductor) two major manufacturers, usually the graphics card using NVIDIA display chip is called N card, and the graphics card using AMD display chip is called A card. Now Intel has also begun to make graphics cards, such as notebooks have an Iris graphics card is Intel's, and ARC graphics cards. NVIDIA also wanted to enter the CPU field before, and wanted to acquire ARM, but the acquisition was not successful.
The graphics card is inserted into the expansion slot on the motherboard (usually a PCI-E slot, and previously there were AGP, PCI, ISA and other slots). It is mainly responsible for converting the display signal sent by the host to the display into a general electrical signal, so that the display can understand what the personal computer is asking it to do. The graphics card is mainly composed of the graphics card motherboard, display chip, display memory, radiator (heat sink, fan) and other parts. The main chip of the graphics card is called the "video chipset" (also called GPU or VPU, graphics processor or vision processor), which is the main processing unit of the graphics card. There is also a memory similar to computer memory on the graphics card, called "display memory", referred to as video memory.
NVIDIA graphics card history:
200 Series: GT210, GT220... gtx280
300 Series: GT310, GT320...
900 Series: GT940, GTX950, GTX960...
1000 series: GT1030, 1050...1080, 1080ti, TI We sometimes call Titan, which means enhanced version.
RTX 2000 series: 2060, 2070, 2080... before it was GTX series, after the 2000 series it was called RTX, supporting ray tracing technology to make the picture of the game more realistic.
RTX 3000 series: 3050, 3060...3090ti
Graphics card performance ladder chart: https://m.somode.com/course/5620.html?ivk_sa=1024320u, this ladder diagram is basically written in the desktop graphics card, the general notebook graphics card model will have an M behind, such as GTX980M, with M means that this is the graphics card model used on the mobile end, because the notebook to consider the heat dissipation problem, all performance is lower than the desktop, such as GTX980M and The GTX970 for desktops performs about the same.
6.2 Performance Parameters
Video memory: Video memory, also known as frame buffer, is used to store rendering data that has been processed or is about to be extracted by the graphics chip. Like a computer's memory, video memory is the part that stores graphics information to be processed. We do image processing, watch videos, etc. 24 frames a second (a frame can be understood as a picture or a still picture, usually represented by fps (Frames Per Second)) frequency can look smoother with the naked eye, but its implementation in many movies is generally not less than 30 frames per second, when playing games will also ask how many frames, some monitors display up to 60 frames per second is full, high-performance may be able to reach fps 90, 120, etc. But if only the graphics card FPS is high, it does not necessarily not get stuck, but also depends on how much FPS the monitor can support, for example, the graphics card supports 90fps, but the monitor only supports 60fps, then 30 frames will be lost, and the picture looks stuck. For example, my monitor is 1080p, the so-called 1080P display of the monitor refers to the display that reaches a resolution of 1920×1080, which is a perfect fusion of digital cinema imaging technology and computer technology.
There are also 2K monitors with a resolution of 2560*1440, 4K resolution of 4096*2160, and non-standard resolutions are also used as 4K, such as 3840*1920. The higher the resolution of the picture, the larger the size of the picture, the larger the space occupied, which is why the size of the video memory has been increasing, there are 4G, 8G, 12G, 24G, etc., then you play games such as fps of 90, then that is to say that 90 pictures per second are displayed, these picture data to cache, the higher the resolution requirement, then you need more memory space. When buying a graphics card, you must first check the detailed model of the graphics card you want to buy, don't be fooled. Video memory determines the maximum supported resolution.
Memory frequency: Memory frequency refers to the frequency at which the video memory is processed by default when the graphics card is working on the graphics card, measured in MHz (megahertz). The memory frequency reflects the speed of the memory to a certain extent, and the higher the frequency, the faster the processing speed.
Memory bit width: The bit width is the amount of data that memory or video memory can transfer at one time. Simply put, it is the width of the data that can be transmitted at one time, just like the width of the highway lane, two-way four lanes, two-way six lanes, of course, the more lanes the car that can pass at a time, the larger the width, the more data of a performance public opinion, for the graphics card The performance improvement is obvious. 64-bit, 128-bit, 192-bit, 256-bit, 512-bit, etc. Memory bandwidth = memory frequency X memory bit width / 8, then in the case of comparable memory frequency, memory bit width will determine the size of memory bandwidth. The same memory frequency is 500MHz of 128-bit and 256-bit memory, then the memory bandwidth of the two will be: 128 bits = 500MHz * 128 / 8 = 8GiB/s, and 256 bits = 500MHz * 256 / 8 = 16GiB/s, which is twice the 128 bits, which shows the importance of memory bit width in memory data.
CUDA core: the processor inside the graphics card, the more this number, the more processing power, the better the graphics card, 4864
Graphics interface: VGA, HDMI, DVI, DP
6.3 Graphics Interface Type
That is, the socket of the monitor inserted on our motherboard, and now the latest computer basically does not have a VGA interface, which is basically eliminated. The analog signals received by the VGA interface, HTMI, DP, DVI, are all digital signals.
Difference between analog and digital signals
1. Different time continuity:
1) The analog signal is continuous in time;
2) The digital signal is not continuous in time.
2. The amplitude changes are different:
1) Analog signal means that the value of amplitude is continuous (amplitude can be represented by unlimited values).
2) Digital signal means that the value of amplitude is discrete, and the amplitude indicates that it is limited to a limited number of values.
3. Different signal transmission methods:
1) Analog signal is a TV signal expressed by analog voltage or current;
2) The digital signal is transmitted through a digital stream composed of a string of 0s and 1s.
4. The confidentiality is different:
1) Microwave communication of analog signals and wired open line communication are easy to eavesdrop. As long as an analog signal is received, the communication content is easily obtained.
2) The digital signal has strong confidentiality, and the voice signal can be encrypted first, then transmitted, and then converted and restored to analog letter after decryption at the receiving end
Number.
Analog signal characteristics: its precise resolution, in ideal cases, it has an infinite resolution; When the same effect is achieved, analog signal processing
Simpler than digital signal processing.
Digital signal characteristics: strong anti-interference ability, no noise accumulation
7. Motherboard
CPU is the core of the computer, the motherboard is the framework or general management of the computer, all computer components are connected through it, there are many interfaces on the motherboard, and the hardware is directly plugged into the interface to use.
There are many manufacturers that generate motherboards, and the motherboard must be consistent with the type of CPU interface, otherwise the CPU cannot be used, so whenever Intel releases a new CPU, many downstream motherboard manufacturers will rush to produce the corresponding motherboard. The motherboard is also divided into grades: high-end, mid-range, low-end. For example, Z690 and other Z series belong to the high-end, B66 and other B series belong to the mid-range, H610 and other H series belong to the low-end, these are divided by Intel, and then each manufacturer produces according to this grade. The more high-end the board can use more functions, the better the performance of the same function, the scalability is also good, such as more slots, high bandwidth supported by network cards, large maximum supported memory capacity, etc., we generally choose the mid-range B series, the cost performance is relatively better.
Intel: Corresponding motherboard manufacturers: Asus, Gigabyte, Rainbow, MSI, Mingxuan, Wecon, Onda, etc
AMD: Corresponding motherboard manufacturers: Asus, Gigabyte, Rainbow, MSI, Mingxuan, Wecon, Onda, etc
If it is strong and durable, Asus is preferred, but it is relatively expensive, and if you consider the cost performance, use several others
CPU socket: The socket is according to the CPU pin, but also divided into many generations, intel basically two generations for a socket, such as LGA1700 is targeted at the 12th generation processor, LGA1200 is for the 10th and 11th generation processing. If our computer is published and the CPU is good, then we can change the motherboard, but the motherboard is also for the CPU version. Supported memory types: what kind of memory type does the motherboard support, when you buy the corresponding memory, you must also correspond to a good type, memory types currently mainly DDR3, DDR4, DDR5 three. The amount of memory supported by the motherboard mainly depends on the number of CPUs and motherboard sockets. The number of graphics cards supported by the motherboard, such as supporting the insertion of two graphics cards, is more efficient than one graphics card, about 60% higher, and the two graphics cards are used together, which we call CrossFire. It is not that any two graphics cards can exchange fire, this depends on whether the graphics card supports it. Dual graphics cards are suitable for friends who play big games.
8. Other equipment
Power supply: This mainly depends on the power consumption of the CPU and the power consumption of the graphics card, the power consumption of other components is relatively low, CPU power consumption + graphics card power consumption < Power wattage There are some other components, such as the main chassis, keyboard and mouse, keyboard, monitor, sound card, network card, etc.
Power consumption can be calculated by tools such as Master Lu