People's Daily - Yunnan Channel Original draft
People's Daily Kunming, April 7 (Fu Hao) The epidemic is not over, and the drought is coming. In recent days, the climate in some parts of Yunnan has been abnormal, according to the statistics of the meteorological department, most of the areas south of central Yunnan have less precipitation than usual, more than 50% less than usual, and the western part of central Yunnan and the eastern part of northwest Yunnan are 20%-50% less than usual. Under the drought situation, what scientific drought measures should be taken for grain, vegetables, tea, sugarcane, coffee, Chinese medicinal materials, fruits, flowers and other crops in Yunnan? In this regard, the Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences convened a service group of industrial experts in the hospital to answer the question.
Drought control measures for the grain industry
1. Rice, corn, etc. are in the critical period of preparing for ploughing and seedlings. Rational planning of planting area layout and water conservancy irrigation is the fundamental way to prevent drought; in areas prone to drought, it is necessary to rationally plan the planting area in advance according to local water resources and irrigation conditions.
2. Select drought-tolerant, short-growth varieties, select the combination of early maturation with vigorous development, rapid production and more developed root system in the early stage, and the sowing can be appropriately postponed for about 15 days in the area before planting, combined with rainwater planting. Do a good job in seed treatment, concentrate seedlings where conditions permit, and reduce the demand for water resources.
3. In arid areas, according to the arrival of the local rainy season sooner or later, staged sowing, seedlings and transplanting can be carried out to ensure that when the rainy season comes, there is land to manage and seedlings to plant.
4. Effectively do a good job in monitoring and prevention and control of diseases and insect pests, and do a good job in field management. Potato combined with medium cultivation soil to cultivate as high as possible, strengthen field management, to avoid the exposure of potato pieces to attract adult eggs.
Drought control measures for the vegetable industry
1. For areas with imperfect water conservancy facilities, you can choose more drought-tolerant vegetable crops such as millet peppers, peas, sweet corn, eggplant, etc., and avoid planting vegetable crops with large water requirements, such as cabbage, kale, lettuce, cabbage, kale, cucumbers, loofahs, tomatoes, etc. of the melon.
2. Take dryland production as the main area, adjust the variety structure, apply new drought-resistant technologies such as drip irrigation and sprinkler irrigation under the film, and improve the irrigation conditions; the planting adopts the colonization of high-furrow ponds, and the colonization mouth covers fine soil to reduce water evaporation.
3. For vegetable crops that have been sown and raised, if they cannot be planted in the ground due to drought, the seedlings can be moved into the large hole of the nutrient bowl to cultivate large seedlings, and then transplanted to the field when the conditions are ripe, and the water and fertilizer management is strengthened after transplanting the field to ensure that the yield and quality are not affected.
4. For crops that have been transplanted to the field, without soil film cover, the management of medium tillage should be strengthened, and after the water is released, when the soil surface is dried, shallow ploughing and loosening the soil should be carried out to achieve the role of water retention. Plant growth regulators such as Nashi 778, Xerosolosaurus, 2-Acetoxybenzoic Acid, and Brassilactone can also be sprayed foliar to enhance plant drought resistance.
Drought measures for the tea industry
1. When building new tea gardens, it is recommended to adopt a three-dimensional composite ecological tea garden planting mode; strengthen the irrigation of tea areas with irrigation conditions.
2. Use straw, corn straw, green manure, etc. to cover the tea tree rows and roots, lay grass between tea tree rows to adjust the soil temperature, reduce soil water evaporation, and lay grass thickness of about 10 cm. Conditional flat, gentle slope tea garden, can be shaded by plastic shading nets, shade nets are about 50cm higher than the canopy of tea trees, and young tea trees can use branches to shade or build shading small arches.
3. Select liquid organic fertilizer for watering to enhance the drought resistance of tea plants.
4. Tea picking during drought should adhere to the principle of diligent picking, batch picking, and timely picking, reduce the amount of leaves left, and reduce the consumption of tea plant water.
5. During the period of high temperature and drought, timely control of tea garden tea prosthetic eye small green leafhoppers, tea yellow thrips, mites, mites and other insect pests.
Drought measures for the sugarcane industry
1. Adjust the planting period, according to the natural climatic conditions in Yunnan, grasp the laws of nature, and vigorously develop autumn sugarcane planting and early winter sugarcane planting.
2. Select new varieties of drought-resistant sugarcane, such as Cloud Cane 05-51, Cloud Cane 08-1609, Cantonese Sugar 86-368, Decane 03-83, etc.
3. To adjust the planting mode, it is necessary to resolutely implement the "two reforms" around saving water and fighting drought, one is to change the ploughing of the land before the sugarcane planting to the ploughing of summer and autumn, and the other is to change the traditional shallow cultivation and shallow planting to the deep planting of deep ditch slab soil.
4. Promote light and simple drought-resistant cultivation technology, according to the soil moisture, the use of sugarcane light and simple drought-resistant cultivation technology, that is, one-time fertilization and comprehensive coverage technology, trenching, planting, mulching in one go, do everything possible to utilize and maintain soil moisture, and achieve efficient cultivation of dry-land sugarcane.
Drought control measures for the Chinese herbal medicine industry
1. Make full use of existing conditions (dams, ponds, water cellars) and other water storage facilities, save water, timely watering, and alleviate drought.
2. Due to the dry climate, the cultivation of Chinese medicinal materials is mostly covered with shade nets, straw and pine wool, etc., and fire prevention work should be done well.
3. In areas where there are no transplanting conditions due to drought, transplanting should be postponed, organic fertilizer should be applied to seedbeds, and then transplanted until the drought eases, such as missing the transplanting season, it should be prepared in time, and other suitable single-season grains or cash crops should be planted to reduce economic losses;
4. Spring is a critical period for the prevention and control of diseases and insect pests of Chinese herbal medicines, it is necessary to adhere to the principle of prevention first, early comprehensive prevention and control, do a good job in diligent prevention and treatment, combine plastic pruning, improve ventilation and light transmission conditions, enhance the disease resistance of medicinal materials, and if necessary, can also use low toxicity, high efficiency and low (no) pesticide residues for prevention and control, to prevent the dual impact of drought and pests.
Drought measures for the coffee industry
1. According to the actual situation of the production area, mangoes, macadamia nuts and other cash crops are planted in the coffee garden, and at the same time, in the lower layer of the coffee garden, leguminous green manure plants can be planted, which can play a role in reducing the impact of drought and increasing soil fertility.
2. Strengthen the management of medium cultivation, cut off the inner pipe in the soil, and reduce the evaporation of water; where conditions permit, after irrigation, lay mulch film to reduce the impact of drought; for some coffee plants with severe drought conditions, they can be dried and preserved; if there are certain irrigation conditions, water retention agents can be applied and then irrigated, playing the role of drought resistance and seedling preservation.
3. The dry season coffee branches are serious, the coffee tree growth is weak, it is easier to form an excellent environment for the spread of coffee extinction tiger Tianniu, and the harm of Tianniu can be reduced by releasing tube swollen leg bees, sexual attractants, etc.
Drought control measures for the sericulture industry
1. The newly planted mulberry garden needs to first water the root water, and then cover the mulch film to reduce the evaporation of soil moisture in the mulberry garden and ensure the survival rate of the mulberry seedlings; the unplanned mulberry seedlings should not be replanted, and the seedlings should be concentrated on false planting.
2. In the place where there are irrigation conditions, try to irrigate the mulberry garden, directly increase the soil moisture, at the same time, through the soil ploughing can cut off the capillary, reduce the evaporation of soil moisture, while improving the water permeability of the soil; unconditional irrigation of the mulberry garden should not be weeded, ploughed or fertilized in this drought stage, as little as possible to move the soil, reduce water evaporation. Mulberry gardens with no water source guarantee and severe drought are covered with mulch film, weeds and straw to reduce soil water evaporation and enhance drought resistance.
3. High temperature and drought are prone to the harm of small pests in mulberry gardens such as red spiders and mulberry thrips, and should be controlled in time with corresponding pesticides, and 73% grams of mite emulsion 3000 times liquid (safety interval 15 days) of red spiders prevention and control, or 24% bromine neponitrile suspension agent 4000 times liquid (safety interval of 7 days), or 80% of dichlorvos emulsion 1500 times liquid (safety interval of 7 days), spray control in the early stage of pest occurrence or before sericulture leaf collection.
4. Spray urea 0.3-0.5%, potassium dihydrogen phosphate 0.3-0.5% etc. to the sprouted mulberry trees, etc., and improve the drought resistance of mulberry buds through absorption and promote their normal growth and development. After the drought is alleviated, the application of quick-acting fertilizers should be applied in a timely manner, and multiple compound fertilizers are preferred.
Drought measures for the fruit industry
1. For mangoes, plums, peaches, pears, apples and other fruits are in full bloom and the final flowering period, some fruits have begun to enter the fruit setting period, and strengthening field management is the key.
2. Attach importance to the construction of basic water conservancy facilities, improve the ability to resist risks, replace traditional water use methods such as flood irrigation and sprinkler irrigation with drip irrigation; apply tree tray covering technology to effectively reduce the evaporation loss of soil moisture, and strengthen orchard management to reduce soil evaporation and plant transpiration. In the canopy covered with more than 15 cm thickness of straw, corn, dry weeds, etc., can also use mulch film and ground cloth, reduce water evaporation, enhance the drought resistance of fruit trees; cover layer or under the membrane to install a dropper system, uniform, regular, quantitative water supply, infiltrate the peach root development area, for root absorption, so that the utilization rate is high and the water consumption is small, improve water efficiency.
3. When pruning, pay attention to leaving a certain amount of branches and leaves, which has a protective effect on the trunk and fruit, and prevents the formation of sunburn damage on the bark and fruit surface of high temperature and drought.
4. High temperature and drought weather, compared with normal years, the occurrence of diseases is relatively small, and insect pests, especially aphids, thrips, leaf mites, etc. may increase, should be in accordance with the previous years of disease and pest prevention and control time to do a good job of prevention and control work, aphids, thrips, leaf mites control should be gastric toxic pesticides.
Drought measures for the flower industry
1. Use water-saving irrigation technology, according to the type and conditions, according to local conditions, choose irrigation facilities such as pipe irrigation, dropper, sprinkler irrigation and so on.
2. Select drought-resistant varieties and reasonable dense planting, appropriately postpone the planting time, timely erase excess buds and remove invalid branches and leaves, reduce water evaporation, increase the application of organic fertilizer, and enhance the ability to store water and preserve moisture. Where irrigation water is scarce, some varieties and varieties with lower market prices should be discarded, and limited water resources should be concentrated on varieties or varieties with higher market prices.
3. Use greenhouses and greenhouses to install shade nets to reduce solar radiant heat, reduce shed temperature, reduce water evaporation; reduce ventilation and improve relative humidity of air; cover cultivation method, before planting, cover degradable membrane, reduce soil moisture evaporation and weed growth; open-field planting species, ditches and plant spacing area Surface covered with straw, etc., to reduce soil surface water evaporation.
4. Apply more phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, increase the application of boron and copper fertilizers, properly control nitrogen fertilizers, improve the drought resistance of plants; select soluble fertilizers, and apply thin fertilizers with integrated fertilizer and water. Shallow topsoil soil, damage soil capillaries, reduce rapid water loss of roots, coat the shed film with lime water to reduce sunlight radiation; use drought resistance agents, water retention agents, increase soil water storage capacity, reduce plant transpiration.
5. Strengthen the prevention and control of powdery mildew, gray mold, downy mildew, red spider, thrips and other diseases and insects during the high temperature and dry period.
Drought control measures for the pulses industry
1. In view of the fact that drought disasters at the seedling stage and the pod stage have the greatest impact on the yield of edible beans, multiple measures should be taken to minimize the losses caused by drought.
2. After the harvest of spring crops, according to different climatic characteristics, appropriately select early-maturing, medium- and late-maturing varieties for planting, timely rushing to sow seeds, supporting the promotion of "membrane-side efficient drought-resistant cultivation mode", areas with better soil conditions can choose no-till sowing to reduce water loss, water retention and seedling retention.
3. In the bean pod stage, appropriately increase the application of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, trace elements and other foliar fertilizers to improve the efficiency of plant organic matter synthesis, increase crop stress resistance, and strengthen the cultivation of soil. With the application of foliar fertilizer, the photosynthetic efficiency is improved and the dry matter synthesis is conducive.
4. Timely discover and effectively prevent and control the occurrence of spotted diving flies, aphids, thrips and other insect pests to reduce the common harm of insect pests and drought.
5. Promote the pea model of flue-cured tobacco in appropriate areas, solve the problem of stubble of large spring-small spring crops, can be sown earlier, reduce management inputs, and agricultural products are listed earlier, have better economic value, and can also be appropriately avoided the impact of drought.