Geographical map of Sweden
"Sweden", a permanent neutral country that now strives for equality and social liberalism, was historically one of the "Three Great Pirates of Northern Europe" that traveled across the Continent from the European continent to the Arctic.
Sweden's location in Europe
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > the Kingdom of Sweden straddling the "Scandinavian Mountains"</h1>
Scandinavia
The Kingdom of Sweden, located in northwestern Europe, became independent in 1905 after Norway broke away from the Swiss-Norwegian Alliance. Sweden is a country in "Scandinavia", bordering Norway to the west, Finland to the northeast, the Skaglak Strait and the Katgart Strait to the southwest, and the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Bothnia to the east. Backed by a majestic mountain, condescending, overlooking the countries, it has a great innate geographical advantage.
Sweden Snow Forest
Sweden and Denmark, Britain, Germany, Poland, Russia, the "Three Baltic Countries" across the sea, the coastline of more than 2,000 kilometers, the total area of about 450,000 square kilometers, about 15% of the territory in the Arctic Circle, is the largest country in the Nordic five countries. Due to the cold climate in the territory, the proportion of agriculture is relatively low. Sweden has a long and narrow terrain, with the Norland Plateau in the north, and the southern half and coast are mostly plains and hills, sloping from northwest to southeast.
Topographic map of Sweden
Sweden has a temperate coniferous forest climate because of the warm Atlantic current in the adjacent oceanic zone, and the southernmost plain area belongs to the temperate broad-leaved forest climate, with a territorial forest coverage rate of 54%. Due to the influence of the North Atlantic Current and the Scandinavian Mountains, the northern end is extremely cold. The average temperature is -16 °C at the northern end and -0.7 °C at the southern end in spring, and 14.2 °C at the north end and 17.2 °C at the south end in summer.
Climate map of Sweden
Sweden has three major resources: iron ore, forests and hydropower, forest storage of more than 2.6 billion cubic meters of timber, the average annual available hydraulic resources of nearly 20.14 million kilowatts, has been developed more than 80%. On top of that, Sweden's proven iron ore reserves of 3.65 billion tonnes make it Europe's largest exporter of iron ore. The northern mining city of Kiruna can produce high-grade iron ore with an iron content of more than 70%, making it one of the largest iron ore mines in the world currently detected.
Small hydroelectric power station in Sweden
Kiruna is well connected by rail to the port of Luleå in the Gulf of Bothnia and the port of Narvik in Norway. Sweden discovered abundant iron ore in the 1830s, and developed rapidly in 1899 when the railway was opened and iron ore was mined. At first it was open-pit mining, and then turned to underground mining, Kiruna Mine has wide roadways, mining equipment is particularly advanced, 90% of the ore produced is exported to foreign countries, and the few remaining are completely enough to supply their own needs, which can be imagined in terms of ore richness and iron ore quality.
Kiruna Iron Ore Transport Route
Sweden's total population is about 10 million, the vast majority of which are Swedish, accounting for 90%. There are about 20,000 people of the Sami ethnic group in the north, who now live around the Arctic Circle, and most of them have lived in peace and live in deer farming. The number of immigrants in Sweden has increased in recent years, with the largest number of people being Finnish, with about 30,000 people. The official language of Sweden is Swedish, and the common language is English.
The Sami, also known as the Lapu, belong to the Ural race, a mixture of Mongolian and Europa races, and use the Rapu language.
It is found in Finland & Sweden by the Sami people
Affected by the geographical and environmental environment, Sweden has low oil reserves and mainly relies on a large number of imports from the international market. With the environmental problems caused by oil and the cost of oil transportation and imports, Sweden is focusing on the development of clean energy.
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > increasingly powerful "Vikings."</h1>
Between the 4th and 7th centuries AD, due to the invasion of the European continent by the Huns, Europe entered the period of the "Great Migration Movement" that lasted about four hundred years, and the sub-branches of the ancient Germanic peoples, such as the Suwihui and Gothic, gradually migrated to Scandinavia, and the Swedish people slowly integrated.
In the 10th century, the Byzantine Empire entered its golden age, followed by the introduction of Roman Catholicism from Denmark to Sweden, and soon consolidated on a large scale, after which Sweden began to form a "kingdom form".
The Holy See during the Byzantine Empire
From the 8th to the 11th century, European history entered the "Viking Age", which covered vast territories from the European continent to the Arctic. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that the Vikings traded along the rivers of Russia until the Byzantine Empire and established colonies along the rivers for long periods of settlement. For two hundred years, it constantly invaded the coastal countries of the European region, and even traveled upstream along the river into the Interior of Europe to plunder, and once controlled Russia and the Baltic Sea coast. One of the most famous Vikings marched all the way to the southwest and plundered the British Peninsula.
Vikings
The Vikings (also known as Vikings), the ancestors of the five Nordic countries of today, originated in Norway, Sweden and Denmark. At first it was only to rob the monasteries off the coast of western Europe, and then gradually carried out organized invasions of other European countries, from Ireland to Britain, from France to Eastern Europe, in addition to conquest, the Vikings were also skilled navigators, found Iceland and Greenland to the west, and eventually reached North America, once reaching the Caspian Sea to the east.
Vikings range map
However, compared with the neighboring Danes and Norwegians, the Swedes of the "Viking Age" focused more on commercial trade and the expansion of overseas markets than on conquest and colonization. The Kingdom of Sweden was formed as a loose kingdom of a number of very independent regional blocks. In the 12th century, the Kingdom of Sweden formed a unified tax and legal system, and the royal power became increasingly powerful. It then conquered the southwestern coastal region of Finland and continued to expand to the southeast of the European continent.
King Magnus IV of Sweden during the Forcon dynasty at the beginning of the 13th century
In 1397, in order to resist the "Hanseatic Alliance" established by the Germans in the Baltic Sea, the "Kalmar Union" led by the Danish royal family was formed by Denmark, Norway and Sweden. Since then, the Kingdom of Sweden and Norway have been subject to the rule of the Danish king, but during the alliance period, the Danish royal family and the Swedish ruling class and aristocratic hierarchy have been constantly at odds, leading the Danish king to lead the army to occupy Sweden and launch the "Stockholm Massacre" that slaughtered opponents of the Swedish nobility.
Kalmar versus the Hanseatic League's sphere of influence
In 1521, Gustav Vaasa, the "emperor of the first generation" of the Swedish kingdom, led the people's uprising, defeated the Danish occupation army in 1523, and was elected king, establishing the Vasa dynasty and entering a period of rise. In order to consolidate its dominance and survive the country's financial difficulties, Vaasa adopted a policy of centralization and directly owned 80% of the country's land to the royal family, laying a solid foundation for the development of The Swedish feudal monarchy and the domination of the Baltic Sea region in the 17th and 18th centuries.
On 6 June 1523, Gustav Vassa was elected King of Sweden at the parliament convened by Stranners. This day is celebrated as a Swedish National Day
In the 17th century, Sweden entered a period of 30 years of foreign conquests, defeated the danish and Polish armies, occupied Finland, and achieved military hegemony in northern Europe. In 1648, after the victory of the French coalition over the Holy Roman Empire established by the German nation, and a large area of German territory was acquired, Sweden's power in the Baltic Sea reached its peak.
The Course of the Swedish War from the 16th to the 17th Century
In 1700, Peter the Great formed a military alliance with Denmark and Poland to seize the outlet of the Baltic Sea and launched the "Great Northern War" with the Kingdom of Sweden. After the fiasco in 1721, Sweden lost almost all of its overseas territories and lost its status as a military power at its peak in the 17th century. At the same time, the Russian Empire began to replace it as an emerging power in northern Europe and the coastal region of the Baltic Sea.
18th century Russo-Swedish War
In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, Sweden fought several wars with the Russian Empire to regain lost territory, resulting in a complete defeat to Russia in 1809 and forced to cede Finland. Since then, the "period of hegemony in the North Sea" of the Swedish Kingdom has come to an end, and instead Russia has acquired land in the Baltic Sea region, becoming the most powerful country in Eastern Europe.
Russo-Swedish War
In the 19th century, the most popular thing was the founder of the First French Empire, "Napoleon", who single-handedly made France rise rapidly and dominate Europe. The Outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789 posed a great threat to the aristocratic royal families of the feudal dynasties of Europe, and the kingdoms formed an anti-French alliance, which Sweden followed. In 1812, Napoleon joined forces with Denmark to launch a war of aggression against Russia, which resulted in a disastrous defeat, and Sweden took the opportunity to defeat Napoleon's ally Denmark. At the end of 1813, the Sixth Coalition fought with Napoleon at the Battle of Leipzig, after which Napoleon announced his unconditional surrender.
Situation around the First French Empire
On 14 January 1814, Denmark was forced to sign the Treaty of Kiel with Sweden, ceding "Norway" to Sweden, and Norway took the opportunity to declare national sovereign independence and promulgate a constitution. Sweden waged war against it and was forced to accept as a state under the king of Sweden under the threat of force, forming the Norway-Sweden Alliance. Later, with the development of social economy, the Norwegian bourgeoisie gradually grew stronger, and inspired by the spirit of the "Russian Revolution of 1905", the independence movement linked the whole country, and even 20,000 workers in Stockholm marched, and finally on October 26, 1905, the two sides signed a sign to announce the end of the Swedish-Norwegian Alliance, and Norway gained complete independence, which has continued to this day in Sweden.
In 1905, a Swedish-Norwegian referendum on disintegration, 99.95% (368208 votes) supported the dissolution. The two independent states that emerged after the referendum, Norway and Sweden.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > Why has Sweden rarely been invaded by foreign nations in history? </h1>
At the beginning of the 20th century, with the rapid growth of the capitalist economy and the long-term rule of Sweden's largest political party, the Social Democratic Party, and advocating the continuous development of the national welfare system and actively participating in international cooperation, the domestic people's thinking was increasingly yearning for peace and "independence". Declared neutral in both world wars, it was officially declared permanently neutral, focusing on the development of international trade and commerce.
During World War II, Norway was in full swing, while Sweden was at peace
In fact, it was very difficult to really guarantee protection from war in the two world wars that poisoned the entire European continent, but Sweden did just that, for what reason?
First, the geography surrounding Sweden determines the operability of the "neutrality policy". The rest of Sweden, with the exception of the Scandinavian Mountains, is a low-elevation terrain with most of its terrain in the staggered form of hills, terraces and eroded mountains.
The situation in the territory is high in the northwest and low in the southeast plain, which has created a typical "highland offensive battle" in military strategy, which can be attacked and retreated and defended, and is in an invincible position.
Swedish winter and summer ocean currents trend chart
Secondly, the Scandinavian Mountains block the cold current from the Arctic Ocean in Norway, and the ocean winds carried by the cold current cannot invade, which acts as a protective film; the North Atlantic Warm Current can also be brought into Sweden through the Baltic Sea, bringing suitable temperature and climate to the survival of fish in the sea and agricultural land in the northern region. In addition, the rich minerals in the mountains have laid a solid material foundation for Sweden's "neutrality policy".
Climate distribution in Scandinavia
It is worth mentioning that when nuclear weapons were monopolized by the United States and the Soviet Union in 1954, Sweden was the third country to build a "nuclear reactor".
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > convergent, obscure Swedes</h1>
Since the middle of the 20th century, Sweden has been committed to the social welfare system and has always supported the liberalization of world trade, and is a highly export-oriented country with a dependence on foreign trade of about 80%.
In 1950, Sweden established diplomatic relations with China, and was the first Western European and American country to establish diplomatic relations with China. After the establishment of diplomatic relations, Sino-Swiss relations have developed steadily, and the communication and cooperation between the two countries in various fields and at all levels such as economy and culture have been continuous, and good results have been achieved, among which the multinational enterprises most well known to the Chinese public are "IKEA".
IKEA
In August 2013, Geely Group completed the acquisition of the Swedish company Volvo, which became the largest overseas merger and acquisition of a Chinese automobile company to date.
The general trend of global energy transformation, Sweden wants to get rid of the dependence on oil imports, in recent years, actively promote the "global climate change" governance process, Sweden masters the development of clean energy and efficient use of technology, environmental pollution is also an urgent need to solve the problem in China. The two countries have strong complementarity in this regard, and they can exchange and learn from each other's experiences and gradually strengthen cooperation between the two countries in the field of energy.
Offshore wind power generation technology in Sweden
Sweden is a highly developed capitalist country with developed industry and a world leader in software development, microelectronics, telematics and photonics. The two sides should cooperate in the fields of economy, trade and tourism, and combine Sweden's advanced technology with China's market, which will be more conducive to achieving mutual benefit and win-win results for both sides.
Oresund Bridge between Sweden and Denmark
Resources:
WU Xingyong. The Huns and the Great Migration of the World's Peoples. 《 CNKI 》
YUE Shikun. The climate is thousands of mountains with strange beauty and beautiful landscapes of the Scandinavian Mountains Range Rover. 《 CNKI 》
john k H. Ross. The Biography of Napoleon I: The Commercial Press, 1977
SUN Bingying. History of Modern European Historiography. Hunan People's Publishing House, 1984