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Appendage bones include upper limb bones and lower limb bones. The upper and lower limb bones are composed of limb belt bones and free limb bones connected to the trunk, respectively. The number and arrangement of upper and lower limb bones are basically the same, with 32 upper limb bones on each side, a total of 64 pieces, and 31 pieces on each side of the lower limb bone, a total of 62 pieces. A detailed grasp of the anatomy of these bones plays a crucial role in the development of clinical surgery. Today combined with the comprehensive analysis of the color map, it is worth referring to!
Because the human body is upright, the upper limbs are liberated from the support function and become flexible labor organs, and the lower limbs play a role in support and displacement. Therefore, the upper limb bones are slender and light, and the lower limb bones are thick and strong.
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Cloth for appendage bones
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Upper extremity bones
Lower extremity bones
Limbs with bones
Shoulder blades, collarbone
innominate bone
Free limb bones
Proximal
humerus
thighbone
Middle part
Radius, ulna
Tibia, fibula, patella
Distal
Sternum (8), Palm (5), Ashinum (14)
Tarsal bone (7), metatarsal (5), phalangeal bone (14)
Upper limb bone
(1) Upper limbs with bones
Clavicle
The collarbone is curved in a "~" shape and is crossed above the front of the thorax. The full length can be reached on the surface of the body.
The medial end is thick and sternal, and the node surface is related to the sternal stalk. The lateral end is flattened, the acromial end, with a small articular surface associated with the shoulder blade acromion.
The inner 2/3 convex is forward, triangular, and the outer 1/3 is convex backwards, flattened. The clavicle position is superficial and prone to fractures, and the fracture site is mostly located at the inner and lateral junctions.
The collarbone is smooth above and rough below, resembling a long bone, but without a bone marrow cavity. The collarbone is the only upper limb bone directly connected to the trunk, supporting the shoulder blades in a lever-like manner, keeping the upper limbs away from the chest wall to ensure flexible movement of the upper limbs and transmitting stress from the upper limbs to the trunk.
Shoulder Bone
The scapula is a triangular flat bone that adheres to the posterior outside the thorax, between the 2nd and 7th ribs. It can be divided into two sides, three edges and three corners.
The ventral side or rib surface is opposite the thoracic contour, which is a large shallow fossa, called the subscapular fossa. The transverse crest on the dorsal side is called the scapula. The shallow fossa above and below the gang are called the upper and lower fossa respectively. A flattened protrusion that extends outward from the scapula, called the acromiopeia, meets the lateral end of the clavicle.
The upper margin is short and thin , with scapular incisions on the lateral part , and an anteroladal finger-like protrusions called beaks. The medial margin is thin and sharp, also known as the spinal margin due to its proximity to the spine. The lateral margin is hypertrophied adjacent to the armpit, called the axillary margin.
The upper angle is the meeting point of the upper edge and the spinal margin, and the second rib is flat. The lower angle is the junction of the spinal margin and the axillary margin, and the flat pair of the 7th or 7th intercostal space is a sign of counting the ribs.
The lateral horn is the junction of the axillary margin and the upper margin, the most hypertrophic, pear-shaped shallow fossa facing outward, called the joint pelvis, which is associated with the bone. There is a rough bulge above and below the oblongata, which is called the upper and lower punctual nodules, respectively.
The scapula, acromep, lower angle of the scapula, medial margin, and beak process can all be found on the surface of the body.
Scapular fractures are more common in direct violent injuries and can be divided into body fractures, scapula neck fractures, scapula fractures, scapula pyelecta fractures, beak fractures, and acromiocarpical fractures, of which scapula body fractures are the most common.
(2) Free upper limb bones
Humerus
The humerus is the largest tubular bone of the upper limb and is divided into the humerus body and the upper and lower ends. The upper end has a hemispherical humeral head that faces upward posteriorly and is associated with the joint pelvis of the shoulder blade.
A circular shallow groove around the head, called the dissected neck. There are large and small nodules with raised tubers on the lateral and anterior sides of the humeral head, and the large and small nodules extend downwards into the crest of the large nodules and the crest of the small nodules, respectively. The longitudinal groove between the two nodules is called the internode ditch.
The upper junction with the body is slightly thinner, called the surgical neck, which is the junction of the osteoneal and the diaphytic cortex of the humerus, and fractures are more likely to occur.
The upper part of the humerus body is cylindrical and the lower half is triangular. There is a rough deltoid hypertrophy on the lateral side of the middle, and a shallow groove that slopes from the inside upwards to the outside of the posterior, called the radial sulcus, along which the radial nerve and the deep humerus artery pass, and fractures of the middle humerus may injure the radial nerve. The medial margin has a trophoblast opening near the midpoint.
The lower end is flatter, with a hemispherical vertigo-shaped small head in front of the lateral part, which is associated with the radius, and the inner part has a sled-like humeral trolley, which forms a joint with the ulna.
The crown fossa is visible above the front of the sled; the radial fossa is above the front of the small head of the humerus; and the upper part of the sledgeham is the hawk's beak, which accommodates the ulnar beak when the elbow is extended.
There is a protrusion on the outside of the small head and the inside of the scooter, which are called the lateral epicondyle and the medial epicondyle respectively. The shallow groove behind the medial epicondyle is called the ulnar nerve sulcus, through which the ulnar nerve passes.
At the junction of the lower end and the body, that is, slightly above the inner and lateral epicondyles, the bone is weak, and supracondylar fractures of the humerus can occur when subjected to violence. Large humeral nodules and the medial and lateral epicondyles can be found on the body surface.
Radius
The radius is located on the lateral side of the forearm and is divided into two ends of the body. The upper end is enlarged called the radial bone, and the joint depression above the head is associated with the small head of the humerus; the circumferential joint surface around it is associated with the ulna; and the lower part of the head is slightly thinner, called the radius neck.
The medial underside of the neck has a protruding broad radius that is the antisupposition of the biceps. The radial body is triangular in shape, and the medial margin is a thin and sharp interosseous margin (also known as the interosseous crest), opposite the interosseous margin of the ulnasal bone.
The rough surface of the lateral midpoint is the anterior round muscle augmentation. The inferior end is convex and convex, and the lateral side protrudes downwards, called the stem process. The lower inner surface is related to the nodal surface, called the ulnar incision, and the ulnar bone is related to the node; below there is the carpal joint surface and the wrist bone related segment. The body surface may be folded with radial stems and radial bones.
Ulna
The ulna is located on the medial side of the forearm and is divided into two ends.
The upper end is thick and has a semicircular deep concave in front, called the sled incision, which is associated with the humeral trolley. The protrusions above the incision are eagle's beaks, and the protrusions anterior and inferior are crowned.
There are radial incisions on the lateral side of the crown process, which are associated with the radial head; the rough bulge under the crown process is called the ulnar augmentation.
The upper part of the ulnar body is thick, the lower segment is thin, and the outer edge is sharp, which is the interosseous margin, opposite the interosseous margin of the radius. The lower ulnar bone, which has an anterior, external, and posterior annular joint surface and the ulnar incision of the radius, is smooth underneath, separated from the wrist bone by a triangular joint disc. A pyramidal protrusion on the medial posterior side of the head, called the ulnar stem process.
Physiologically, the ulna stem process is about 1 cm lower than the radius stem process. The beak, the full length of the posterior margin, the ulna bone, and the stem process can all be found on the surface of the body.
Hand bone
Hand bones include the carpal bone, metacarpal bone, and phalanges.
1) Arm bone
The carpal bone belongs to the short bone, a total of 8 pieces, arranged in two columns near and far. The proximal columns are from the radial side to the side: hand scaphoke bone, moon bone, triangular bone and pea bone, and the distal column is listed as: large horn bone, small polyangular bone, skull bone and hook bone.
Eight wrists form a concave wrist groove on the palmal surface. The adjacent articular surfaces of each bone form the inter-carpal joint. The proximal ends of the hand scaphoid, lunar, and triangular bones form an oval joint surface, which forms a radial wrist joint with the joint surface of the radial wrist and the joint disc at the lower end of the ulna.
Wrist fractures are most often caused by indirect forces, most commonly scaphoid fractures.
2) Metacarpal bone
There are 5 metacarpal bones in total. From the radius to the ulnar side, the 1st to 5th metacarpal bone is in order. The proximal end is the bottom, the wrist is connected; the distal end is the head, the phalangeal bone; the middle part is the body.
The first metacarpal bone is short and thick, and its base has a saddle-like joint surface, which is associated with the saddle-like joint surface of most of the horned bone.
3) Ashilanges
The phalanges are long bones, with a total of 14 pieces. The thumb has 2 segments, divided into proximal and distal phalanges, and the rest are 3 segments each, which are proximal phalanges, middle phalanges and distal phalanges.
The proximal end of each phalange is the base, the middle part is the body, and the distal end is a trolley. The distal phalangeal metatal surface is rough, called the distal phalangeal augmentation.
Lower limb bone
(1) Lower limbs with bones
Hip bone
The hip bone is irregular bone, the upper part is flat and broad, the middle is narrow and thick, and there is a deep fossa facing downwards, called acetabulum; there is a large hole in the lower part, called closed hole.
The left and right hip bones, together with the sacral and coccyx, make up the pelvis. The hip bone consists of the iliac, pubic, and sciatic bones, which converge in the acetabular and are fully fused around the age of 16.
1) Iliac bone
The iliac bone makes up the upper part of the hip bone, divided into a hypertrophic iliac body and a broad iliac wing. The iliac body forms the upper 2/5 of the acetabular body, and the upper wing edge is hypertrophied, forming a bow-shaped iliac crest. The connection between the highest points of the iliac crest on both sides is about the 4th lumbar spinous process, which is a sign of counting the vertebrae.
The anterior anterior iliac spine and the posterior superior iliac spine at the posterior posterior iliac spine are posterior. At 5 to 7 cm posterior to the anterior superior spine of the iliac, the outer lip of the iliac crest protrudes outward, called the iliac nodule.
There is a thin sharp protrusion under the anterior and posterior superior spines of the iliac, called the anterior inferior spine of the iliac and the inferior inferior spine of the posterior iliac, respectively. There is a large incision of the deeply sunken sciatic bone under the posterior inferior spine of the iliac. The shallow fossa on the inner surface of the iliac wing is called the iliac fossa and is the lateral wall of the large pelvis.
The lower boundary of the iliac fossa has a round blunt crest, called a bow-like line. The rough auricular surface under the posterior wing of the iliac bone is associated with the auricular surface of the sacrum. The posterior surface of the ear has a knot in which the iliac tuberosity is connected to the sacral ligament. The outside of the iliac wing is called the gluteal surface, and there are gluteal muscles attached.
2) Sciatic bone
The sciatic bone forms the lower part of the hip bone, which is divided into a sciatic body and a sciatic branch.
The body is composed of the posterior lower 2/5 of the acetabular, with protruding sciatic spines at the posterior margin, and small incisions of the sciatic bone below the spines. Between the sciatic spine and the posterior inferior spine of the iliac ischia is a large incision of the sciatic bone.
The posterior part of the lower posterior part of the sciatic body extends forward, up, and inside into a thinner ischial branch, the end of which binds to the subpubic branch. The posterior part of the ischial body and the canchial branch migration is a rough bulge, which is a ischial nodule, which is the bearing point of weight when sitting, and is the lowest part of the sciatic bone, which can be found on the surface of the body.
3) Pubic bone
The pubic bone forms the anterior lower part of the hip bone, which is divided into two branches, upper and lower branches.
The body is composed of 1/5 of the anterior and lower acetabular. The rough bulge of the bone surface at the junction with the iliac body is called the iliopubic bulge, from which the superior branch of the pubic bone is protruded forward and inward, and its end is sharply turned downwards, becoming the subpubic branch.
The sharp crest above the upper branch of the pubic bone, called the pubic comb, moves backwards to the arch line, and finally reaches the pubic nodule in the front. The rough upper margin from the pubic nodule to the midline is the pubic crest, which can be found on the surface of the body.
The oval rough surface on the inside of the upper and lower branches of the pubic bone where they migrate to each other is called the pubic joint surface, and the two sides of the joint surface are connected by fibrocartilage to form the pubic joint.
The pubic bone and the sciatic bone are jointly enclosed in a closed hole, and the living body is closed by a closed pore membrane. There is a closed groove on the upper edge of the hole.
Acetabular
The acetabular is composed of the bodies of the iliac, sitting, and pubic bones. The half-moon-shaped joint surface in the fossa is called the lunar-shaped surface. The part of the central fossa that does not form a joint surface is called the acetabular fossa. The notch in the lower part of the acetabular margin is called the acetabular incision.
Hip fractures due to osteoporosis and bone fragility are common senile fractures.
(2) Free lower limb bones
Femur
The femur is the longest and strongest bone in the human body, with a length of about 1/4 of the body height, divided into two ends.
The upper end has the femoral head facing inward, associated with the acetabular segment. Slightly lower in the center of the head is a small concave femoral head, which is the attachment of the ligament of the femoral head.
The narrow detail on the lower lateral side of the head is called the femoral neck. The angle between the neck and the body is called the neck dry angle, which averages 132 ° for men and 127 ° for women.
The upper lateral square bulge at the junction of the neck and the body is called the large rotor; the inner and lower bulge, called the small rotor, has muscle attachment.
The depression on the inner side of the large rotor is called the rotabar. It is the attachment of the internal and external tendons of the closed hole and the upper and lower tendons. Between the large and small rotors, there is an inter-rotor line in the front and a inter-rotor crest in the back. Between the two is called the gross femur, which is the place where fractures occur frequently. The large rotor is an important body surface marker that can be found on the body surface.
The femur body is slightly arched forward, the upper segment is cylindrical, the middle segment is triangular, and the lower segment is slightly flattened anteriorly and posteriorly.
There is a longitudinal crest behind the body, which is a thick line. This line is bifurcated at the upper end, extending upwards and outwards to the rough gluteus thick and upward medial to the pubic muscle line.
The lower end of the thick line is also divided into two lines, the inner and outer lines, and the bone surface between the two lines is the popliteal surface. Near the midpoint of the thick line, there are nourishing holes with mouths facing down.
The lower end has two bulging backwards protruding from the medial condyle and the lateral condyle. The front, underside, and posterior of the medial and lateral condyles are smooth articular surfaces.
The articular surfaces in front of the two condyles are connected to each other to form a patella surface, which meets the patella. The deep fossa between the two condyles is called the intercondylar fossa. The most protrusions of the sides of the two condyles are the medial epicondyle and the lateral epicondyle.
A small protrusion above the medial epicondyle, called a adductor nodule; it is the attachment of the adductor tendon. They are all important signs of body surface accessibility.
Patella
The patella is the largest sesamoid bone of the human body, located in front of the lower end of the femur, inside the quadriceps tendon, with a broad upper and lower tip, rough in the front, and a joint surface in the back, which is associated with the femoral surface.
The patella has the function of protecting the knee joint, avoiding the friction of the quadriceps tendon on the condylar cartilage surface of the femur, and increasing the stability of the knee joint. The patella can be found on the surface of the body.
Tibia
The tibia is located on the inner side of the calf, which is a thick long bone, which is the main load-bearing bone of the calf. Two ends of the body.
The upper end is enlarged and protrudes to the sides to form the medial condyle and lateral condyle. Both condyles have anterior anterior articular surface, which is associated with the femoral condyle.
A small rough bump between the two upper articular surfaces, called an intercondylar bulge. There are fibula-articular surfaces associated with the fibula head under the lateral condyle. The bulge in front of the upper end is called a tibial augmentation.
The medial and lateral condyle and tibial tubers can be found on the body surface.
The tibia is triangular in shape, with a sharp leading edge and a smooth medial side directly under the skin, and the lateral edge of the calf is attached to the interosseous membrane of the calf, called the interosseous margin. The posterior upper portion has a chilio muscle line diagonally downward.
Near the upper and middle 1/3 junctions, there are nourishing holes with upward openings. The lower tip of the tibia is slightly expanded, and the protrusions below its inside and lower parts are called the medial malleolus. The underside of the lower end and the lateral side of the medial malleolus are related to the nodes associated with the talus. The outer side of the lower end has a fibula incision joining the fibula. The medial malleolus can be reached on the surface of the body.
Tibia contusion is a common sports injury due to weaker subcutaneous tissue and muscles and poor blood supply.
Fibula
The fibula is slender, located later than the outer tibia, and is divided into two ends.
The upper end is slightly expanded, called the fibula bone, with joints of the fibula head associated with the tibia. The lower part of the head is constricted, called the fibular neck. The lateral margin of the body is sharp, called the interosseous margin, with the interosseous membrane of the lower leg attached, and the inner side near the midpoint, there is a nourishing hole with an upward opening.
The lower end is enlarged to form an external ankle. It has an external ankle surface on the medial side, associated with the talus. Both the fibula and the lateral malleolus can be reached on the surface of the body.
Foot bones
Includes tarsal, metatarsal, and phalanges.
1) Tarsal bone
There are 7 tarsal bones, which are short bones. It is divided into three columns: front, middle and back.
The posterior column consists of the upper talus and the lower calcaneum; the middle column is the foot scaphoid bone located in front of the talus; and the prostate is the medial wedge, the middle bone, the lateral wedge, and the dice bone in front of the calcane.
The tarsal bone occupies almost half of the full foot, corresponding to the support and weight-bearing function of the lower limbs, and there is a broad and narrow joint surface above the tal bone, called the talus sled, which is associated with the lower joint surface of the inner and outer ankles and tibia.
Below the talus is associated with the calcaneal node. Posterior projection of the calcane, a calcaneus nodule. The anterior talus is attached to the scaphoid bone, and the inner and lower bulges are the stubble of the scaphoid bone, which is an important sign of the body surface. The anterior part of the scaphoid bone is associated with three bones, and the lateral dice meets the calcane.
Calcaneal fractures are common tarsal fractures, accounting for about 60% of all tarsal fractures, mostly caused by falling from a high place, landing on the ground, and the heel being hit vertically.
2) Metatarsal
There are 5 metatarsal bones, from the medial to the outward 1st to 5th metatarsals, the shape and arrangement are roughly equivalent to the metacarpal bone, but larger than the metacarpal bone.
The proximal end of each talus is the base, joins the tarsal bone, the middle is the body, and the distal end is called the head, which is connected to the base of the proximal phalangeal bone. The base of the 5th metatarsal is protruding backwards, called the 5th metatarsal hypertrophy, which can be reached on the surface of the body.
3) Phalanges
There are 14 phalanges in total. The tarsal toes are 2 segments and the remaining toes are 3 segments.
Morphology and nomenclature are the same as phalanges. The tarsal phalanges are thick , the rest of the phalanges are small , and the distal phalanges of the 5th toe are very small , often long with the middle phalanges.
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