A mustard species of the genus Cruciferae in the family Cruciferae, it is a variant of tillers. There are many aliases of snow vegetables, in Jiangsu and Zhejiang called "snow lihua", "nine-headed mustard", "roasted vegetables", in Hunan, Hubei called "row vegetables", it is an important vegetable commonly cultivated in winter and spring in China's Yangtze River Basin, with petioles and leaves to eat, high nutritional value, according to analysis, per 100 grams of snow vegetables in the water accounted for 91%, containing protein 1.9 grams, fat 0.4 grams, carbohydrates 2.9 grams, ash 3.9 grams, calcium 73-235 mg, phosphorus 43-64 mg, iron 1.1-3.4 mg. The vitamins necessary for normal life activities of the human body are rich in content, including 1.46-2.69 mg of carotene, 0.07 mg of thiamine (vitamin B1), 0.14 mg of riboflavin (vitamin B2), 8 mg of niacin, and 83 mg of ascorbic acid (vitamin C). And because it is rich in mustard oil, it has a special spicy taste, and its protein can produce a large number of amino acids after hydrolysis. Pickled and processed snow vegetables are bright yellow in color, rich in aroma, crisp and delicious in taste, whether it is stir-fried, steamed, boiled, soup as a condiment, or eaten separately, it is deeply loved by urban and rural residents.
Planting snow vegetables has obvious economic benefits, such as proper selection of varieties, planting methods, spring vegetable yield can generally reach 4000kg-5000Kg/667m2, the purchase price per Kg is calculated by 0.3 yuan, and the mu income (deducting costs) is more than 1,000 yuan.
<h1>First, the variety type of snow vegetables</h1>
There are many varieties of snow vegetables, but they can basically be divided into three categories:
<h1> (1) Plate and blade type:</h1>
It is the main cultivar type in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai and other provinces and cities, and the common characteristics of such varieties are: the leaves are plate leaves, strong tillering, and high yield. According to the different leaf color, it can be divided into three kinds of black leaves, yellow leaves, and semi-yellow leaf species, and there are as many as 26 plate-leaf type local varieties collected by the Yinxian Snow Vegetable Development and Research Center, and several varieties with better performance and representative are introduced below:
(1) Yinxue No. 18 (tentative name):
It is a plate-leaf yellow leaf species, native to northern Zhejiang, and was selected, purified and bred by the Yinxian Snow Vegetable Development and Research Center from the strains introduced into the trial seed separation.
Morphological characteristics: Plant height 44.8cm, development degree 75cm×70cm, plant type upright and compact. Tillering is strong, and there are about 28 tillers in adult plants. Leaf green, inverted ovate, 45 cm long, 11 cm wide, large serrations on the leaf margin inlaid with small serrations, missing from the tip of the leaf to the base of the leaf from shallow to deep, near the base of the full crack, there are 3-5 pairs of small lobes, along the leaf margin there is a circle of purple-red bands, the leaf surface is smoother, no wax powder and hair, the petiole is light green, the back is angular, 7.4-15 cm long, 1.3 cm wide, 0 .6cm thick, the middle rib is large. The cross-section is crescent-shaped, with about 309 leaves per plant, and the single plant weighs 1.45 kg.
Characteristics: late ripening, spring vegetable cultivation in Yinxian County, from sowing to harvesting for 171 days, strong cold resistance, suitable for processing and pickling, good quality, fragrant.
After the trial planting in the spring and autumn of 2001, the output of autumn vegetables was about 4000Kg/667m2, and the output of spring vegetables exceeded 5000Kg/667m2. Strong disease resistance, not easy to feel viral diseases.
(2) Yin xue no. 14 (tentative name):
It is a leafy species of plate-leaf bird, a local variety of Qiu Pass in Yinxian County, which was selected by the Yinxian Snow Vegetable Development and Research Center, purified and rehabilitated.
Morphological characteristics: Plant height 46cm, development degree 68cm×62cm, plant type semi-unfolded. Tillering is strong, and there are about 31 tillers in adult plants. The leaves are dark green, inverted ovate, 49.2 cm long and 12.1 cm wide, the leaf margins are finely serrated, wavy and folded on top of each other, missing from the tip of the leaf to the leaf base from shallow to deep, near the base is fully split, there are 5-6 pairs of small lobes, the leaf surface is smooth, no wax powder and hair, the petiole is light green, 1.3 cm long, 1.6cm wide, 0 .6cm thick, the cross-section is crescent-shaped, the single plant has about 212 leaves; the single plant weighs 1.04 kg.
Characteristics: late ripening, spring vegetable cultivation in Yinxian County, from sowing to harvesting for 171 days, strong cold resistance, suitable for processing and pickling.
<h1> (2) Fine leaf type:</h1>
For Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Jiangsu and Zhejiang Shaoxing, Taizhou, Jinhua and other places of the main type of planting varieties, the characteristics of such varieties are: finely crushed leaves, heavy stems than leaves, pickled folding rate of up to 74-88%, generally higher than the plate leaf type, strong disease resistance, strong cold tolerance, but the yield of fresh heavy mu is generally not as good as the plate leaf type, after pickling can be directly eaten can also be dried moldy dried vegetables, delicious taste, the world-famous Shaoxing (Xiaoshan) mold dried vegetables are made of this type of snow vegetables after being pickled and chopped and dried. There are many local varieties of snow vegetables belonging to the fine leaf type, such as the roasted vegetables on the rooftop, the nine-headed mustard in Shaoxing and Pujiang, Dongyang, Jinhua and Hangzhou, and the fine leaf Xiao and coarse leaf Xiao in Xianju all belong to this type. There are as many as 20 fine-leafed local varieties collected by the Yinxian Snow Vegetable Development and Research Center, and several varieties with better performance and representative are introduced below:
(1) Yinxue No. 21 (tentative name): Native to western Zhejiang, it was screened and purified and bred by yinxian snow vegetable development and research center.
Morphological characteristics: Plant height 52cm, development degree 88cm×82cm, semi-upright plant type. The tillering is strong, and there are about 38 tillers in the adult plant. The leaves are dark green, inverted lanceolate, 67 .6cm long, 19 .8cm wide, the leaf margin is irregularly coarsely serrated, the tip is shallowly lobed, the middle and lower parts are completely lobed, very finely broken, shaped like a chicken's claw, there are 20-22 pairs of lobes, and there are small lobes on the large lobes, the leaf surface is slightly wrinkled, no wax powder and hair, the petiole is light green, the back is angular, 2 cm long, 1.7 cm wide, 0.65 cm thick, the cross-section is crescent-shaped, and the single plant has about 252 leaves; the single plant weighs 1.1 kg.
Characteristics: late ripening, spring vegetable cultivation in Yinxian County, from sowing to harvesting for 169 days, strong cold tolerance, strong stress resistance, suitable for processing and pickling.
(2) Yinxue No. 16 (tentative name): Native to central Zhejiang, it was selected by Yinxian Snow Vegetable Development and Research Center, purified and rehabilitated.
Morphological characteristics: Plant height 59cm, development degree 83cm×87cm, plant type upright. Tillering is strong, and there are about 27 tillers in adult plants. Leaf green, inverted lanceolate, 64 .8cm long, 19.4 cm wide, the leaf margin is irregularly coarsely serrated, the tip is shallowly lobed, the middle and lower parts are fully lobed, there are 8-10 pairs of lobes, the leaf surface is slightly wrinkled, no wax powder and hair, the petiole is light green, the back is angular, 6.3 cm long, 2 cm wide, 0.7 cm thick, the cross-section is flattened, the single plant has about 177 leaves; the single plant weighs 1.15 kg.
<h1> (3) Flower and leaf type</h1>
It is also cultivated in Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi and Zhejiang Linhai, Wenling, Ningbo and Shanghai. Such varieties are characterized by high yield and strong disease resistance, but thick stems and poor quality. There are also many local varieties belonging to this type, and there are as many as 11 flower-leaf type local varieties collected by the Yinxian Snow Vegetable Development and Research Center, and several varieties with better performance and representative are introduced below:
(1) Yinxue No. 9 (tentative name): The local varieties in Ningbo were selected, purified and bred by the Yinxian Snow Vegetable Development and Research Center.
Morphological characteristics: Plant height 55 cm, development degree 71 cm× 66 cm, plant type semi-unfolded. The tillering is strong, and there are about 29 tillers in adult plants. Leaves yellow-green, inverted ovate, 61.1 cm long, 12.9 cm wide, finely serrated leaf margins, shallowly lobed at the tip, fully lobed in the middle and lower parts, with 12-17 pairs of small lobes, smooth leaf surface, no wax powder and hair, light green petiole, dorsal angle, 6.1 cm long, 1.9 cm wide, 0 .6cm thick, flattened cross-section, about 223 leaves per plant; 1.33 kg per plant weighs 1.33 kg.
Characteristics: medium ripe, in YinXian as spring vegetable cultivation, from sowing to harvesting 161 days, strong cold tolerance, strong stress resistance, suitable for processing pickling, in recent years has become the main planting variety of Qiu Pass.
(2) Yinxue No. 4 (tentative name): introduced from Taizhou, selected by Yinxian Snow Vegetable Development and Research Center, purified and rehabilitated.
Morphological characteristics: Plant height 60 cm, development degree 70 cm× 75 cm, plant type semi-unfolded. Tillering is strong, and there are about 32 tillers in adult plants. Leaf green, inverted ovate, 59.1 cm long, 11 .8cm wide, fine serrated leaf margin, shallow lobe at the tip, fully lobed in the middle and lower part, with 13-15 pairs of small lobes, smooth leaf surface, no wax powder and hair, petiole light green, dorsal angle, 5.7 cm long, 2.1 cm wide, 0 .6cm thick, flattened cross-section, about 223 leaves per plant; 1.18 kg per plant weighs 1.18 kg.
Characteristics: medium ripening, in Yinxian county as a spring vegetable cultivation, from sowing to harvesting 157 days, strong cold resistance, strong stress resistance, suitable for processing pickling.
<h1> Second, the cultivation technology of snow vegetables</h1>
Snow vegetables can be planted many times a year, in Jiangsu and Zhejiang, the snow vegetables sown in winter and spring are called spring vegetables, and the snow vegetables sown in autumn and winter are called winter vegetables; in Hunan, Hubei and Sichuan, there are four seasons of cultivation habits, and the local area is called "four seasons of snow vegetables" (row vegetables).
The cultivation technology of snow vegetables varies according to different regions and varieties, and the technical points put forward by the Yinxian Snow Vegetable Development Research Center in summarizing the experience of vegetable farmers in Qiu Ai Town, Yinxian County, Ningbo, the hometown of Snow Vegetables in Zhejiang Province, are introduced.
<h1> (1) Spring vegetable cultivation technology</h1>
With a target yield of 4000┧/667m2 as the requirement, the cultivation of spring snow vegetables should master the following technical points:
<h1> 1. Sowing seedlings</h1>
(1) Seedlings
(1) Seedbed selection:
In order to make the vegetable seedlings grow well
The seedbed should choose a clay loam soil close to field cultivation, fertile soil, good drainage, and no cruciferous crops for many years, such as the selection of watermelon fields and other drylands as seedbeds, which should be flooded with deep water for 3 days before sowing, and then put water to dry and plough to reduce bacterial infection.
(2), the seedbed should be high standard and flat, to achieve ploughing, ditching, fine hoeing, to achieve deep ditch, flat furrow, mud crushing. At the same time, it is necessary to apply sufficient base fertilizer, the amount of base fertilizer, calcium superphosphate 30kg/667m2,
Human feces are 1000kg/667m2, and soil treatment is made with pesticides such as nongdile to prevent underground pests from harming vegetable seedlings.
<h1> (2) Sowing at the right time</h1>
In Qiu Ai, YinXian County, Zhejiang Province, the suitable sowing period for spring vegetables is generally from October 12 to October 20, and the sowing amount per 667m2 is about 150 grams to 250 grams. When sowing, it is necessary to strive for uniformity, cover the grass and wood ash after sowing, and preferably cover the straw or wheat grass to reduce water evaporation and promote seed germination and seedling emergence. When the seed germinates to 80%, the straw or wheat grass should be removed to avoid causing "long-legged seedlings".
<h1> (3) Seedling management</h1>
(1) Delete seedlings and even seedlings:
After the emergence of 1-2 pieces of true leaves, start seedlings, delete dense seedlings and rolled seedlings, the second deletion of seedlings in 3-4 leaves, delete the long seedlings, weak seedlings, heartless seedlings, diseased seedlings and other inferior seedlings, the seedling distance grasps two finger width that is 3-5cm, when the seedling grows to 5-6 true leaves, the seedling height is 10-13cm when the seedling is fixed, the seedling spacing is set to three fingers wide or there are 135 seedlings per m2 space, the seedling ratio is 1:15, and the seedlings should also be removed by hand when the seedlings are deleted.
(2) Fertilizer water management:
If the seedling stage is dry, it should be watered morning and evening to keep the soil moist, but watering should not be too much, otherwise it is easy to cause mold roots. Seedling topdressing can be combined with watering, deletion of seedlings and seedlings, generally after the 4-leaf stage, depending on the seedling situation mu urea 2.5-3kg with watering or watering 1:8-10 degrees of decomposed human feces, transplanting 5-6 days before transplanting to apply up fertilizer, urea per mu with about 4-5kg.
(3) Pest control
The main pests at the seedling stage are aphids, green worms and yellow-striped jumping beetles. Yellow stripe jumping nails can be sprayed with 80% dichlorvos emulsion 2000 times liquid or crystalline dichlorvos 1000 times liquid spray control; aphids and green insects can be sprayed with "one-time net" 10-20 grams of water 50 kg. Generally, it can be sprayed once a week, and the whole seedling period should be prevented 3-4 times, in order to achieve the purpose of disease prevention (viral disease) by killing aphids. In case of rainy weather, 75% Bacillus Qing wettable powder 800 times liquid should also be sprayed in time to prevent the occurrence of diseases.
<h1> 2. Honda cultivation and management</h1>
(1) Timely transplanting and ensuring the quality of transplanting
(1) Timely transplanting
In Qiu Pass, Yin County, the appropriate period for transplanting spring vegetables is generally from late November to December 5.
(2) Ensure the quality of transplanting
Before transplanting, sufficient base fertilizer should be applied, before trenching, Honda can use calcium perphosphate 40kg/667m2 + ammonium carbonacea 40kg/667m2 + compound fertilizer 40kg/667m2 or decomposed pig manure 2500kg (or chicken manure 10-12 grate)/667m2 + compound fertilizer 25-30kg/667m2 as the bottom fertilizer; when transplanting, it is necessary to reasonably set the furrow, each furrow net 1.55m, ditch width 0.25m, Row spacing is 0.45m, plant spacing is 0.35m, ditch mud is on the ground, hoe crushing can be transplanted, transplanting density of 4000 plants / 667m2. Transplanting also uses "four-in-one" fertilizer (ratio: 70kg of scorched mud ash + calcium superphosphate 2.5kg + compound biological fertilizer high fertility of 200 grams + dry organic fertilizer 10kg) about 300kg /667m2 about the root, in case of sunny weather, also apply clear water point root to promote survival.
(High fertility is a kind of compound biological fertilizer, which has the effect of nitrogen fixation, phosphorus solution and potassium solution, in order to improve its effectiveness, the high fertility can be mixed and spread with organic fertilizer 7-10 days before transplanting application, so that biological bacteria can pre-multiply.) The amount of high fertility is generally 2 packs/667m2; calcium superphosphate 6kg/667m2; organic fertilizer is appropriate).
<h1> (2) Management after transplanting</h1>
(1) Supplementing seedlings to ensure survival
About 5-7 days after planting, it is necessary to check the seedlings to fill the gaps, in case of continuous drought, ditch irrigation can be used to improve the survival rate. Ditch irrigation is generally carried out in the evening, and half ditch water is preferred.
(2) Apply topdressing
Spring vegetables Honda topdressing, generally according to the lunar time is divided into two stages, that is, within the year and outside the year. It is applied twice during the year, the first 20-30 days after planting, and the second time before the end of the lunar calendar. Each application of urea 5-7.5 kg, calcium superphosphate 10-15 kg / 667 m2, add water 1000-1500 ┧ watering. The extra-annual fertilizer is also applied in two batches, before and after the first rain (mid-February), and the second between the sting and the vernal equinox (March 10-15), each time urea 15┧ + potassium chloride 10-15┧/667m2 can be applied in shallow furrows between rows, and combined with clearing the trench to improve fertilizer efficiency.
(3) Conscientiously do a good job in the prevention and control of diseases, insects and grass pests
<h1> Chemical weeding</h1>
Most Qiu Ai vegetable farmers sprayed 10% glyphosate 500-600 ml/667 m2 of glyphosate in the whole field (including the field mound) before transplanting the spring vegetables after late rice harvest, and sprayed with 20 ml of high-efficiency licorice emulsion with water 50┧ before the 5-leaf stage of grass weeds after transplanting. Dicotyledonous weeds are weeded by medium tillage.
<h1> Pest control</h1>
Most of the diseases and insect pests of spring snow vegetables occur at the seedling stage and the early growth stage of relatively high temperature, especially in the rainy climate conditions, which are easy to occur, and should be prevented and controlled in a timely manner for different diseases and insect pests, focusing on the prevention and control of aphids and snow vegetable virus diseases. Aphids can generally be sprayed with "one-time net" mixed with water; the prevention and control of viral diseases should be based on integrated agricultural control
(3) Timely harvesting
The time of spring vegetable harvest, early maturing varieties are mostly around April 5, late maturing varieties are around April 20, and the appropriate harvest period is to be at the same time as the leaves (the length of the seeds is about 8-10┩). Premature harvesting affects yield; late harvesting and too old vegetables affect the quality of pickling.
In order to ensure the quality of pickling, Qiu Ai vegetable farmers mostly harvest in sunny afternoons to reduce the water content of plants, (in Jiaxing and Huzhou, due to the two-stage operation of pickling, regardless of sunny and rainy days, they are harvested. At the time of harvesting, the roots of each snow vegetable are flattened with a knife, and the outer layer of diseased leaves and yellow leaves are removed, and then the base is facing up, and the leaves and moss are facing down, and the surface is upside down to further reduce the moisture content of the plant.
<h1> (2) Cultivation technology of winter vegetables</h1>
It is basically similar to the cultivation of spring snow vegetables, but because the seedling stage and growth stage of winter vegetables, the temperature is high, especially in dry years, susceptible to viral disease hazards, so more attention should be paid to crop rotation, the selection of more resistant varieties of virus diseases, the cultivation of strong seedlings, soil transplanting, deep ditch high furrows, strengthen fertilizer management, increase the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, and other comprehensive prevention and control measures, and achieve appropriate delay sowing, Yinxian Snow Vegetable Development and Research Center experiment proved that the sowing period of winter vegetables is appropriate to sow around the heat (August 23), which can avoid high temperatures and reduce the harm of viral diseases. In addition, it should be noted that:
(1) The day before sowing, the soles of the feet should be watered to facilitate the emergence of seedlings.
(2) After sowing, it is necessary to isolate and raise seedlings with silver gray insect nets to prevent aphids and reduce the harm of viral diseases.
(3) Before transplanting seedlings, you can spray "once clean" and bring medicine to "get married".
(4) Timely transplanting and do a good job in field management after transplanting
(1), winter vegetable transplanting time is generally in late September, the seedling age of 25-30 days when the transplanting of plants is denser than the spring vegetables, generally the furrow width of 1.5m wide 4 rows, plant spacing of 27cm, planting plant number: 6400 plants / 667m2 or so. The time of colonization is best to choose after 3 p.m. on a sunny day or a cloudy day, with soil transplanting (on the morning of transplanting, the seedbed is watered thoroughly, and when the seedlings are raised, the seedlings are drawn with a kitchen knife to make the root system with soil), when transplanting, use the "four-in-one" fertilizer to plug the roots (the same as above), and then apply the root water after the root to facilitate the close contact between the root system and the soil and improve the survival rate of the seedlings.
After colonization, it is necessary to water morning and evening, and if possible, the shading net can be covered on the furrow surface to facilitate survival. In the early stage of growth, if the weather is dry, it should be filled in the furrow in time in the evening, but it should not be flooded. After colonizing live trees, it is necessary to topdress in time, generally 3-4 times of fertilizer, every 667m2 can be used each time can be decomposed human manure 750-1000kg or urea 7.5-10kg combined with drought resistance, flushing watering, the amount of fertilizer should be from light to thick, must not be applied thick fertilizer. Heavy fertilizer is applied once every 25 days before harvest, generally 15 kg of urea or 30 kg of ammonium carbide and 10 kg of potassium chloride can be used every 667 m2 to improve yield and quality.
(2) Strict prevention of diseases and insect pests: The focus of autumn snow is to prevent and control aphids and viral diseases.
After transplanting, the early growth stage of Honda can be sprayed every 7-10 days "once net", generally applied twice, the dosage and proportion are the same as spring vegetables. The occurrence of viral diseases can be effectively prevented through aphid control and other integrated agro-management measures.
(3) Timely harvesting
The growth period of winter vegetables is relatively short, in addition to about 30 days of seedling age, the growth period of the field is generally only about 60 days, and it can be harvested before and after light snow.
Source: Shengshi Jinnong Network If there is infringement, contact delete