introduction
In the Ming Dynasty, donated prisoners were officials in charge of tax administration, and their selection and promotion played a crucial role in the stable operation of tax administration in the Ming Dynasty. This paper aims to discuss the selection and promotion system of donated prisoners in the Ming Dynasty, analyze the criteria and methods for the promotion of donated prisoners, and explore the important role and limitations of this system in tax management. Through the discussion of the selection and promotion of Ming Dynasty donated prisoners, we can deeply understand the operation mechanism of the Ming Dynasty tax management system, and also help us understand and think about the modern tax management system.
An overview of the Ming Dynasty donated prisoners
The Ming Dynasty Prison Donation was a type of tax administration official established by the Ming Dynasty imperial court. Donor prisoners were first established in the Ming Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang's period, initially only in Nanjing, and later gradually set up in various places. In the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the donor prisoner was renamed Tongjuan by Emperor Shizong of Ming, and the tongjuan was higher than the donor in terms of position and authority. However, the donation of prisoners is still an important part of the Ming Dynasty tax management system, and its responsibilities are to supervise tax collection and management, as well as to deal with various tax disputes and management issues.
The selection and promotion of donor students is carried out through a selection examination. Quan selection was an important way for the Ming Dynasty court to select officials, and it had an important impact on the selection and promotion of Ming Dynasty donated prisoners. The selection examination is rich in content, including poetry, policy, scripture, history and other subjects. In the Ming Dynasty, it was only through Quan Xuan that one could be promoted to a higher official position, so Quan Xuan was crucial to the career development of Ming Dynasty donated prisoners.
The promotion path of donated prisoners generally begins with the selection of the students and tributes. Lifters and tribute students who have obtained high scores in the selection can be promoted to students, and students can take the examination after a certain number of years of study and experience. After passing the examination, they can be promoted to the rank of supervisor, which is a junior position for a prisoner donated in the Ming Dynasty. Supervisors can serve in various places, mainly responsible for the collection and administration of taxes, and also need to assist local officials in dealing with various issues. During their employment, prisoners are also required to take various examinations such as township examinations, government examinations, and hospital examinations. If you can achieve excellent results in the exam, you can be promoted to higher positions, such as general judgment, prefectural knowledge, etc.
In short, the donation of prisoners in the Ming Dynasty was an important part of the tax management system of the Ming Dynasty, and its selection and promotion were mainly carried out through the selection examination. The promotion path of Ming Dynasty donated prisoners needs to be achieved through continuous study and examination, and only by achieving excellent results can they obtain higher positions and broader development space.
Selection system and selection of donated prisoners
In the Ming Dynasty, the selection system was the system responsible for selecting officials, and the donated prisoners were an important talent team for tax administrators. The selection system and the selection of donated prisoners are of great significance to the effectiveness of tax management and the stability of taxation in the Ming Dynasty.
The Quan selection system, which originated in the Tang Dynasty, was an examination selection system used to select officials at all levels. The Ming Dynasty Quan selection department is divided into three types, one is the township examination, one is the meeting examination, and the other is the temple examination. The establishment of the Quan Selection Department provided a more scientific system for the selection of officials in the Ming Dynasty, and also increased the fairness and competition of official selection.
As tax administrators, the selection of donated prisoners needs to be evaluated by the Quanxuan Selection Department. In the early Ming Dynasty, donor prisoners were selected through examinations and recommendations. The examination consisted of township and conference examinations, and those with excellent grades could be promoted directly to the rank of donated prisoner, or recommended by the magistrate, reviewed by the Quanxuan Section, and then approved by the imperial court. In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, the selection of prison donors was mainly based on recommendations, and recommendations were jointly recommended by local officials and prisoners.
The implementation of the selection system has made the selection of officials more fair and transparent, and the selection of prison donors has also been affected to a certain extent. The selection system mainly examines the political qualities and abilities of officials, and also affects the selection criteria for donated prisoners. In the Ming Dynasty, the selection of prison donors paid attention to political loyalty, tax management experience and ability, and played an important role in improving the quality of tax management.
However, there are also some problems with the selection system and the selection of donated prisoners. There may be deviations and failures in the setting of the selection department and the content of the examination, resulting in unfair and inefficient talent selection. The selection of prison donors also suffers from the recommendation of local officials, bribery, and rent-seeking by power, resulting in unfair and transparent selection. These problems have a certain negative impact on the effectiveness of tax administration and the stability of taxation.
Therefore, both the selection system and the selection of donated prisoners need to be continuously improved and improved, and the fairness and scientificity should be improved to ensure the effectiveness of tax management and the stability of taxation.
Promotion and promotion of donated prisoners in the Ming Dynasty
In the Ming Dynasty, donated prisoners could gain access to officialdom through the selection system, and then begin their path to promotion. The Quan selection system is one of the core of the official selection system in the Ming Dynasty, which is composed of six departments and departments such as the East Factory (later changed to Jinyiwei), responsible for the selection and investigation of officials. The implementation of the selection system has made the selection of prison donors more scientific and institutionalized. Donors undergo rigorous assessment and assessment to determine whether they are eligible for promotion. Under the selection system, the promotion of donor students is mainly divided into the following stages:
Examination: Candidates need to take the imperial examination and pass a certain score line before they can be recommended to Quanya for interview.
Interview: Prison donors are required to attend an interview with Quan Ya and are rigorously evaluated by examiners to determine whether they have the qualities and abilities of an official position.
Recommendation: After passing the interview, the donor student will be recommended to the emperor or local officials so that they can get a higher position and better development opportunities.
Promotion: Once a senior position is secured, donor students can begin their path to promotion. They can achieve higher positions through excellent performance, appreciation and promotion from superiors.
It should be noted that the promotion of prison donors not only depends on personal ability and performance, but also closely related to their family lineage, background, connections and other factors. This is also an important reason why the social class differentiation and family power affected the promotion of officials in the Ming Dynasty.
In general, the implementation of the selection system made the selection of officials in the Ming Dynasty more fair and standardized, and also provided a clearer and more stable way for the promotion of donated prisoners. However, there are some problems and limitations of this system, such as the influence of political considerations, family factors, etc. on the selection results. These issues also need our attention and reflection.
The promotion path of donated prisoners in the Ming Dynasty
The promotion path of donated prisoners in the Ming Dynasty was a process of promotion step by step, generally starting from raising people, passing the imperial examination to be selected as donated prisoners, and then going through several promotion levels, and finally promoted to high-level official positions such as Inspector Yushi and Dali Temple Shaoqing. The following is a detailed introduction to the promotion path of the Ming Dynasty donated prisoners.
First of all, the selection of prison donors in the Ming Dynasty was mainly carried out through the imperial examination, and only those who passed the imperial examination had the opportunity to become prison donors. Generally speaking, the selection criteria for donated prisoners are relatively high, and they need not only certain political literacy and talent, but also certain experience and practical ability. Candidates need to pass all aspects of the imperial examination, including the township examination, the conference examination and the temple examination, before they can be selected as donated prisoners.
Secondly, the promotion of donor students is divided into several levels. After the donator is promoted to donating prison, he can enter the local government to take up some grassroots tax management work. The second is Qianzong, who is always a promoted position in a donated prison, and generally needs to be promoted after several years of donation. The general manager is generally responsible for administering a larger area, such as a state or a province. Then there is the levy, which is a promotion position of the general manager, mainly responsible for collecting taxes and managing local financial affairs. Finally, there are high-ranking official positions such as Inspector Imperial History and Dali Temple Shaoqing, which are generally only held by donated prisoners with outstanding political literacy and talent.
In general, the promotion path of Ming Dynasty prison donors is a gradual process, which requires success and performance in various levels in order to gradually advance to higher positions. At the same time, this also reflects the high threshold and strict selection criteria of the bureaucratic system in the Ming Dynasty, which provides certain references and enlightenment for the later political system.
Factors and conditions for the promotion and promotion of donor students
The promotion and promotion of donor students are affected by a variety of factors and conditions, mainly including the following aspects:
Education background: The donated prisoners themselves have a certain educational background, such as passing the imperial examination to obtain the rank of Jin Shi, Lifting Ren, etc., which will have a greater advantage in promotion and promotion.
Job performance: The performance of the donor during his or her term of employment is one of the important factors affecting promotion and promotion, such as due diligence and significant achievements, which are all factors considered.
Official relations: In the Ming Dynasty officialdom, official relations were very important, and the promotion and promotion of officials was often closely related to their own networks. Promotions and promotions will be smoother if they can build close relationships with high-ranking officials and dignitaries.
Political background: The promotion and promotion of donated prisoners are also closely related to the political background, such as whether they have interests with the emperor, prime minister, etc. at that time, and whether they are affected by the current situation.
Personal ability: The ability and talent of the individual donor is also one of the key factors affecting promotion and promotion, such as whether he has good management ability, strategy, decision-making ability, etc.
Financial resources: The promotion and promotion of prisoners donated in the Ming Dynasty is also related to personal financial resources, such as the ability to bribe money and other means in exchange for support for official positions, which will also affect the speed of promotion and promotion.
The above factors are all key factors affecting the promotion and promotion of prison donated prisoners in the Ming Dynasty, and the degree of role of different factors varies according to factors such as era, region, and official position.
The value and significance of the selection and promotion system for donated prisoners
The selection and promotion system of Ming Dynasty donors played an important role in the development and stability of society at that time, and its value and significance are reflected in the following aspects:
1. Improve the quality of tax managers: The selection and promotion system requires candidates to go through a series of assessments and selections, which is a certain guarantee for improving the quality and ability of tax managers. This helps to ensure fair and efficient administration of tax revenues, increasing government revenue.
2. Promote the integrity of officials: The selection and promotion system requires candidates to have integrity and integrity, which helps to increase the integrity of officials, prevent officials from using their power to engage in corrupt acts, and protect the interests of the people.
3. Conducive to social stability: The implementation of the selection and promotion system for donated prisoners makes the selected officials more in line with social needs, increases social satisfaction, and is conducive to social stability and development.
4. Enlightenment to the modern selection system: The selection and promotion system of donated prisoners also has certain enlightenment to the modern selection system. It mainly emphasizes the selection and appointment of talents, and the criteria for selecting talents are mainly based on quality and ability, rather than origin and background. This helps to promote the development of a modern selection system and increase the mobility and fairness of talents.
In short, the selection and promotion system of donated prisoners played an important role in the selection and promotion of tax managers in the Ming Dynasty, and its value and significance were not only reflected in the development and stability of the society at that time, but also provided certain enlightenment for the modern selection system.
epilogue
The establishment and development of the selection and promotion system of donated prisoners in the Ming Dynasty provided a scientific and standardized institutional guarantee for the selection of tax managers in the Ming Dynasty, and also provided certain opportunities and ways for the promotion and promotion of tax managers. The implementation of this system promoted the improvement of the level of tax management and the increase of tax revenue in the Ming Dynasty, and also provided reference and enlightenment for the imperial examination system and the official selection system in later generations.
Today, we can still find a lot of enlightenment and reference from the system of selecting and promoting prisoners for modern selection of outstanding talents and the cultivation of high-quality cadres. We need to establish a set of scientific and standardized selection mechanisms, and at the same time provide more opportunities and ways to give outstanding talents more space for development and opportunities to play a role.
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