The Han Dynasty has a total history of 407 years.
Chu-Han dispute
In 202 BC, the Chu-Han struggle for hegemony came to an end, and Xiang Yu, the overlord of Western Chu, was defeated and killed himself on the bank of the Wujiang River. After that, Liu Bang declared himself emperor, fixed the capital at Chang'an, and established the Han Dynasty. After the Han Emperor Liu Bang ascended the throne, in order to consolidate his power, he began to reward the heroes who fought together in the world. But after that, for the absolute stability of his imperial power, Liu Bang listed various charges and canceled and suppressed a number of meritorious princes. Han Xin, the Marquis of Huaiyin, also held a grudge, so he colluded with the Xiongnu to launch a rebellion in Datong. Subsequently, the Han emperor Liu Bang personally led an army to meet the Xiongnu, but due to Liu Bang's underestimation of the enemy, he was trapped by the Xiongnu to Baideng Mountain for seven days and seven nights, known in history as the Siege of Baideng.
Liu
In the end, Liu Bang used the strategist Chen Ping to escape. After the war, Liu Bang adopted a policy of peace in exchange for imperial peace, and the Han people were able to rest and recuperate, develop the people's livelihood and economy. In 195 BC, Liu Bang, the ancestor of the Han Dynasty, died at the age of 62.
After Liu Bang's death, Liu Ying succeeded him to the throne, known as Emperor Hui of Han. At this time, the Han court was ostensibly Liu Ying's son, but in fact it was Liu Ying's mother Empress Lü who was in power. During Liu Ying's reign, Empress Lü followed Liu Bang's will and made Cao Shen the chancellor, and used Liu Bang's political means of Huang Lao Wuwei to achieve the effect of "the government does not leave the household, and the world feasts". However, later Empress Lü's desire for power gradually expanded, and he persecuted the princes of the Liu family during his reign, and at the same time he also appointed foreign Qi to suppress meritorious figures, which is also known as the "Rebellion of Zhu Lü" in the Han Dynasty.
Emperor Hui Liu Ying was dissatisfied with Empress Lü's actions, but helpless, and finally Emperor Hui died of depression in 188 BC. After Liu Ying's death, in order to remain in power, Empress Lü elected two young young emperors among Liu's descendants, and finally in 180 BC, Empress Lü died of illness. After her death, the Zhulu Rebellion was eradicated by ministers led by Zhou Bo, and Liu Heng, the third son of Liu Bang, was installed as emperor, known as Emperor Wen of Han, and during his reign, under the influence of Empress Xiaowen Dou, he continued to adopt the means of Huang Lao ruling without doing anything, and implemented a policy of lightly dismissing thin women and resting with the people. This was still the case until the Jing Emperor period, which also made the society develop steadily and the national strength became strong. Even though there was turmoil in the Seven Kingdoms during the Jing Emperor period, it was pacified after only three months, so it did not bring substantial harm to the Han Dynasty. During the reign of Wenjing, although the Xiongnu also occasionally attacked, most of the time the two sides were also in a state of relative peace, which also allowed the Han Dynasty to continue to accumulate national strength and prepare for the subsequent counterattack against the Xiongnu.
In 141 BC, Emperor Jing Liu Qi died at the age of 48. In the same year, the crown prince Liu Che ascended the throne and was known as Emperor Wudi of Han. Emperor Wudi of Han carried out a series of reform measures during his reign, advocating forging ahead and expanding his territory. In addition to this, he also set his sights on his long-time enemy, the Huns. He first sent Zhang Qian as an envoy to the Western Regions in 139 BC, and asked Zhang Qian to contact the Yue Clan and other Western Regions countries to attack the Xiongnu together. In 127 BC, Emperor Wudi of Han sent the Xiongnu to northern Qing and recovered the Hetao region. In 121 BC, Emperor Wudi of Han sent Huo Qubing to attack the Xiongnu again. Huo Qu attacked for thousands of miles, broke the Xiongnu, and recovered the Hexi Corridor, after which the Han established four counties: Wuwei, Zhangye, Jiuquan, Dunhuang, and Hexi. In 119 BC, Wei Qinghe and Huo Qu's soldiers attacked the Xiongnu in two ways, and under the strong attack of the Han Dynasty, the Xiongnu suffered heavy losses. In 87 BC of Bingyuan, Liu Che, the emperor of Han Wu, died at the age of 70.
After Liu Che's death, Liu Fuling, who was only seven years old, ascended the throne and became known as Emperor Zhao of Han. At the beginning of Emperor Han Zhao's accession to the throne, due to his age, Huo Guang and other five ministers jointly assisted him. However, in 80 BC, the Yuanfeng coup d'état broke out, and Emperor Han Zhao ordered Shangguan Huo and other conspiratorial ministers to be killed, which also prevented Huo Guang from being wrongfully killed. After that, Huo Guang also continued to assist in government affairs, and was known as Huo Guang as auxiliary government.
After the death of Emperor Zhao of Han, Liu He ascended the throne, but he was deposed by Huo Guang because of his overindulgent behavior, and became known as Emperor Concubine of Han. Subsequently, Huo Guang and Liu Xun ascended the throne for Emperor Xuan of Han, and it was not until Huo Guang's death in 68 BC that Emperor Xuan of Han was able to enter politics, and during his reign, Emperor Xuan of Han was very concerned about the suffering of the people, and he not only used public land to resettle displaced people, but also reduced taxes to relieve the affected people. After the system of Emperor Xuan of Han, the country's economic losses caused by years of conquest were restored, and the national situation also reached the peak of the Western Han Dynasty. The four Yi subdued, and all nations came to the dynasty, so that the Han Dynasty once again ushered in the divine decree, that is, the rule of filial piety. In 48 BC, Emperor Xuan of Han died of illness at the age of 43. However, after his death, the Western Han Dynasty also began to decline. After the Han Yuan Emperor Liu Xi came to the throne, he favored eunuchs, and the power of foreign qi and eunuchs rose, which also led to the sidelining of imperial power and chaos in the dynasty.
Wang Mang usurped Han
In 33 BC, after Emperor Yuan of Han died of illness, Emperor Liu Xiao of Hancheng ascended the throne. Emperor Hancheng was old and wine-like, and he was desolate in political affairs, which also provided conditions for the rise of the foreign royal clique. After the death of Emperor Cheng of Han, Liu Xin, the Emperor of Han, ascended the throne. After the Han Moi Emperor took the throne, he still did not care about the dynasty, and was addicted to the southern color every day, which further expanded the power of the foreign royal family, and at this time, the Western Han Dynasty had already shown a doomsday look, and by the time the nine-year-old Han Emperor ascended the throne, he was often already monopolizing the dynasty and the Han. Emperor Han has also become his puppet. In the eighth year, Wang Mang deposed the emperor and established a new dynasty. At this point, the Western Han Dynasty destroyed the king for 210 years. After ascending to the throne, the new emperor was determined to change, and Shi was reformed by Wang Mang. However, because Wang Mang was in the wrong position, many of the changes he promulgated were out of place, and the implementation methods were very tough, causing violent social unrest, displacement of ordinary people, and unhappiness among the people. The Green Forest Army in the south and the Chimei Army in the north are the two largest rebel troops.
In 23 AD, the Lu Lin army invaded Chang'an, Wang Mang was killed, the new dynasty collapsed, and the state reigned for 15 years. In the process of overthrowing Wang Mang's new dynasty, Lu Linjun was the main force. In 23 AD, Lu Lin made Liu Xuan emperor and restored the state title of the Han Dynasty, and Liu Xuan became the first emperor. After Liu Xuan took the throne, he killed Liu Xiu's brother Liu Yan for no reason. So in 25 AD, Liu Xiu broke with Emperor Gengshi. He established the Eastern Han Dynasty in Hao County, Hebei, and called Emperor Guangwu of Han, Dingbu Luoyang. Emperor Guangwu fixed the pass, lowered the same horse, destroyed Chimei, and later eliminated Ao and Gongsun Shu. The forces achieved national unification, which was also another unified Central Plains dynasty after the Western Han Dynasty. After the unification of the world, the Guangwu Emperor Liu Xiu took a series of measures to restore social production, which also enabled the rapid recovery and stable development of social production and life damaged by war, which is known in history as Guangwu Zhongxing. At the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the northern Xiongnu, which had been severely attacked by Emperor Wudi of Han, once again rose to the border, and the Eastern Han Dynasty could only passively defend. In 48 AD, the Xiongnu split north and south, with the southern Xiongnu annexed to East Har and the northern Xiongnu dominating the end. During the reign of Emperor Ming of Han and Emperor Zhang of Han, the Eastern Han Dynasty entered a period of national strength recovery. During their respective reigns, the two emperors adhered to the return of Emperor Guangwu and took strict precautions against foreign Qi lords. In 73 AD, Han Mingdi sent Ban Yu to the Western Regions to fight back against the Xiongnu, and after that, Ban Chao operated the Western Regions for more than 20 years, freeing the Western Regions from the control of the Xiongnu, and the kings of the Western Regions also returned to the Han, and then the imperial court re-established the Western Regions Protectorate, placing the Western Regions under the control of the Han Dynasty. These actions gradually stabilized the lives of the people, and the Xiongnu no longer invaded the world. The people of Taiping are pronounced, and the history is called the rule of Ming Zhang. In 88 AD, Emperor Zhang of Han died, and at the same time that Emperor He of Han, who was only ten years old, succeeded to the throne, he was called by Empress Dowager Dou. Empress Dowager Dou's long-term regency and the arrogance of his wife family aroused the dissatisfaction of Han and Emperor He, and he then joined forces with the eunuch Zheng Lieutenant General Dou's wife clan to die early. After the Han and Emperor came to power, they worked hard to govern, and repeatedly issued edicts to help the disaster victims and reduce taxes, showing a situation of national security and peace and four Yi people. The national strength of the Eastern Han Dynasty also reached its peak and entered its heyday, that is, the Yongyuan Zhilong. In 105 AD, Emperor Han He, who was only 27 years old, died of illness, and Liu Long, a son who was only 100 days old, ascended the throne as Emperor Shang. However, Emperor Shang of Han died after only eight months of reign, and immediately retained his household as emperor, for the sake of Emperor An of Han, and the empress dowager Deng Suilin was under the command of the dynasty. After the death of Empress Dowager Deng, Emperor An of Han was the Prince of Han, but he relied heavily on the power of foreign Qi Song, Yan and eunuchs, favored traitors, and acted recklessly, making the imperial government increasingly corrupt. Hanan. After the death of the emperor, foreign qi and eunuchs took turns to control the imperial government, and while the dynasty was chaotic, social unrest, coupled with the great drought, made the people unhappy, which also led to the outbreak of the Yellow Turban Rebellion led by Zhang Jiao in 184 AD. Even if the uprising was finally extinguished, the Eastern Han Dynasty already existed in name only. In the process of suppressing the Yellow Turban Army, local tyrants took the opportunity to strengthen their own power, and a situation was also formed in various places in which Yuan Shao, Yuan Shu, Cao Cao, Sun Jian, Dong Zhuo and other powerful warlords divided one side and chased the deer, and even the emperor became a tool used by all kinds of tycoons to fight for power and profit. After that, Cao Cao, Liu Bei, and Sun Quan stood out from the various princes competing for hegemony, forming a three-legged triumvirate in the late Han Dynasty. In the Battle of Guandu in 200 AD, Cao Cao took the Son of Heaven to order the princes and eliminated the main force of Yuan Shao's army. In 220, Cao Cao died, and his son Cao Pi took the throne, usurped Han and established himself and changed the name of the state to Wei. At this point, the Han Dynasty, which lasted for 407 years, collapsed, and history began to enter the period of separation of power among the three kingdoms.