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In ancient Chinese society under the influence of the "official standard" ideology, if ordinary people could mix an official and a half-job (formerly known as joining the shi) for a lifetime, it was a very difficult, but extremely glorious thing. However, achieving this goal is very difficult and requires many qualifications, conditions and opportunities. Let's take a look today, if you can travel back to ancient times now, what qualifications and opportunities can you have to mix an official and a half-job.
With a good origin, blood and family, it is easy to get it
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Some people joke that "reincarnation is a technical job, whether ancient or modern". In the pre-Qin era, the Shilu Shiqing system was implemented. From the princes of the Son of Heaven to the princes and doctors, their titles, titles and official positions are inherited from father to son. The rulers who govern the country are all nobles. Men born in such families do not have to worry about not being able to become officials as long as they can survive. From princes to scholars, according to their origins, they concurrently held positions at all levels of government, and served as officials for generations.
After the Qin and Han dynasties, this situation changed, but government positions were mostly conferred on existing families and bureaucrats. The traces of hereditary inheritance are obvious, so that there is a phenomenon that "the body is not left as an infant, and it has been crowned". That is, the typical and folk saying "dragons give birth to dragons, phoenixes give birth to phoenixes, mice are born to make holes'"; "Lao Tzu is a hero and a good man, his father sells green onions and babies and sells garlic."
With strong family property, you can donate an official and a half-job
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Ancient rulers believed that "those who have perpetuality have perseverance". They have certain property qualification requirements for officials. From Emperor Wudi of Han to sell officials and accept money, breaking the restriction of "merchants and jia are not allowed to be officials" in the early Han Dynasty. Since then, one of the ways for ancient officialdom to obtain officials has been opened - donating officials, that is, spending money to buy officials.
Donating officials is also known as donation, donation, donation, future donation, etc. This was originally a kind of praise for donors in order to better raise funds in ancient society for disaster relief, border preparation, and construction projects. But it later developed into a widespread phenomenon of selling official titles in officialdom. Under this phenomenon, those who do not have officials can donate officials, those with small officials can donate large ones, and they can also donate examination qualifications (such as donating prisoners in the Qing Dynasty, similar to spending money to buy academic qualifications) and so on. Normal donations, because they want to raise money for the country, are of course expensive. However, it is necessary to go through layers of exploitation by corrupt officials at all levels, enrich their own pockets, and the prices are often ridiculously high, which is by no means acceptable to ordinary people.
With strong popularity and social influence
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The Han Dynasty established the Chaju system. It was the emperor who issued an edict to openly solicit talents. The central and local competent officials are responsible for recommending outstanding talents from the private sector to the government, and after a certain form of examination, they are selected on the basis of merit and awarded official posts. Emperor Wudi of Han issued an edict ordering the county state to "raise two people in the year, and one filial piety each" (generally counties and princely states with a population of more than 200,000).
Though; The original intention of the inspection was based on the principle of talent and morality, not on blood, and indeed there were many famous ministers and good generals. Such as Jia Yi, Ban Biao and so on. However, there is no fixed assessment standard for so-called ability and morality, nor is there any actual content, and there is no quota limit, so that some people in society will stop at nothing to sell their reputation and deceive in order to obtain recommendations. "Fake to invite reputation, fishing for surprise". Fake drama real singing, real drama fake performance, has achieved the purpose of super high popularity, popularity and social influence. When the rulers ruled Qingming, it was not enough to detect real talents, let alone when the officials ruled corruption, and the power of investigation and prosecution was completely controlled by a small number of people, becoming the golden key to malpractice and bribery. Cronyism, money, power, and inhuman phenomena abound. Of course, even under the inspection system, it is stipulated that "the descendants of the city shall not be judged as officials."
With nobles who can appreciate you or Bó Lè to help you get to the top
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If you really have the talent to help the world and govern the country, and you meet Bo Lè or the noble people in your life, you can also soar. Yi Yin and Jiang Ziya met Shang Tang and King Wen of Zhou respectively; Guan Zhong ran into Bao Shuya and Qi Huangong. Although such things were endlessly written in the pre-Qin period, this kind of "Bole Soma-style" selection of officials did not form a standardized system at that time, and luck accounted for a large proportion in this.
The conscription and elimination system established during the Qin and Han dynasties can provide you with a slightly more reliable opportunity. If you are a special talent and your reputation reaches the imperial court, the emperor can directly recruit you as an official, which is called a conscription. The abolition refers to the fact that before the Han Dynasty to the Sui Dynasty, local administrators were appointed by the central government, but the subordinates and subordinates of the governors were basically appointed by the governors themselves according to their needs. Among them, although most of them are the chief's cronies, there are also talented people that the chief needs. With such a system, if you meet Bo Lè or the noble people in your life to appreciate or recommend, it is not without the opportunity to enter the officialdom.
With the imperial examination, the gold list questions were successfully counterattacked
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The imperial examination system established by the Sui and Tang Dynasties provided a considerable number of people with the opportunity to "ascend to the Tianzi Hall at dusk". The biggest difference between the imperial examination system and the examination system is: the examination system is recommended by others and supplemented by examinations; The imperial examination system is a system of self-recommendation, that is, the system of "self-promotion" in the history books, and the selection system is determined by examination.
The Tang Dynasty stipulated that there were two main types of people who could take the imperial examination: first, students at all levels of schools from the central to the local level, and second, ordinary people who met the registration requirements and passed the examination. Of course, advocates, subordinates, prisoners, monks and nuns, businessmen, etc. are not allowed to apply. Candidates who have passed one level after another examination, all of them have obtained the qualification to serve as an official in the rear, and then they are selected by the officials before they can take office. After many sufferings, once the gold list is inscribed, it is not difficult to understand the pride of "the spring breeze is proud of the horseshoe disease, and the Chang'an flowers are seen all in one night". Under the imperial examination, not to mention the serious phenomenon of fraud, ordinary people have little chance, and even the cost of going back and forth to take the exam every year is an unbearable financial burden for poor children. There are often very few people who have the opportunity to pass the imperial examination and become officials.
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Of course, in addition to the above several ways to be officials, there were some abnormal ways to enter the army in ancient times. If you have fought for the country and your superiors, you have made military merits; Rely on teachers and students, fellow villagers, and robes to carry them; relying on the role of in-law nepotism; It is also entirely possible for you and your descendants to obtain official clothes and hats. In addition, there is another way to become an official, but the risk factor is too high and the success rate is extremely low, that is, rebellion. The "cloth-clothed generals" of the Manbu court in the early Han Dynasty were the result of Liu Bang's successful rebellion with a group of man-made rebellions, which are a few exceptions.
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Think about it, what qualifications and opportunities you will have to become an official in ancient times, see you in the comment area!