Text | Ji Wanbai
Editor|Ji Wanbai
introduction
The Qin Dynasty was a very important dynasty in Chinese history, lasting 15 years, from 221 BC to 206 BC. It was the first unified, centralized, multi-ethnic state in Chinese history, ruled by Qin Shi Huang.
The Qin Dynasty made significant contributions to politics, military, and culture, such as the establishment of China's first Great Wall, large-scale land reform, and the implementation of a unified writing and weights and measures system.
In the process of the establishment and development of the Qin Dynasty, it also experienced many changes and challenges, such as the Terracotta Army, the burning of books and the construction of large-scale projects, all of which were important events in the history of the Qin Dynasty.
Fusu and Hu Hai, as two important figures of the Qin Dynasty, the political struggle between them was also an important event in the history of the Qin Dynasty. This paper discusses the political struggle between Fusu and Huhai from the perspectives of the political system of the Qin Dynasty, the background of Fusu and Huhai, and the political struggle between Fusu and Huhai, aiming to reveal the characteristics and influence of the political struggle of the Qin Dynasty.
The political system of the Qin Dynasty
The Qin Dynasty was the first unified centralized state in Chinese history, and its political system was an autocracy based on military rule. The characteristics of the political system of the Qin Dynasty are mainly manifested in the following aspects:
1. Centralization
The biggest feature of the political system of the Qin Dynasty was centralized power, and the emperor had absolute power. Through a series of reforms, Qin Shi Huang established a strong centralized system.
He abolished the feudal system of division and established the county system, in which officials in various places were appointed by the central government. At the same time, he divided the country into thirty-six counties, each with a taishou whose duty was to manage local administrative and military affairs to ensure that the emperor's authority was enforced.
2. A husband is a man, and there is no way to open it
The second characteristic of the political system of the Qin Dynasty was the emphasis on military politics. The military power of the Qin Dynasty was based on the military service system. The military service system practiced by the Qin Dynasty was a system of "one husband should be the gate, and no one should open it", that is, each soldier was rigidly guarding his own line of defense and did not take a step back. The implementation of this system ensured the strength of the military power of the Qin Dynasty and also ensured national security.
3. Build a bureaucracy
The third feature of the political system of the Qin Dynasty was the establishment of a bureaucratic system. Qin Shi Huang established a bureaucratic system through a series of reforms. He established six secretaries, each responsible for managing different affairs, including military, engineering, inspection, ceremony, justice, and hukou. In addition, Qin Shi Huang also established a large number of official positions, each of which had strict duties and authorities.
4. The practice of Legalist thought
The fourth characteristic of the political system of the Qin Dynasty was the practice of Legalist thought. Legalism advocates relying on laws and institutions to manage society, and Qin Shi Huang was also a believer in Legalism. He promulgated a series of laws and systems, including the "system of laws and orders", "the system of building the Great Wall", "the system of sharing the same track of cars", and "the system of unified writing". The promulgation of these laws and systems promoted the unification and development of the Qin Dynasty.
5. Pay attention to project construction
The fifth characteristic of the political system of the Qin Dynasty was the emphasis on engineering construction. While establishing a centralized and unified state, the Qin Dynasty also attached importance to infrastructure construction. Qin Shi Huang launched large-scale construction projects, including the construction of the Great Wall, palaces and mausoleums. The construction of these projects has promoted the country's economic development and strengthened the country's unity and stability.
6. Implement a separate sealing system
After the establishment of the Qin Dynasty, Qin Shi Huang abolished the system of division and implemented a centralized political system. However, in the middle of the Qin Dynasty, because the rulers of the Qin Dynasty adopted a series of tyranny, which caused social instability and deterioration of people's livelihood. In order to alleviate social contradictions, the Qin Dynasty implemented a certain system of division and sealing. This system of separation and sealing is carried out on the basis of centralized power, aiming to regulate the relationship between the central and local governments, reduce the pressure on the central government, and stabilize society.
7. Value education and culture
The seventh characteristic of the Qin dynasty's political system was the emphasis on education and culture. After the unification of China, Qin Shi Huang began a series of cultural construction, including unifying the written language, building academies, and revising history books. Qin Shi Huang also adopted a policy of "burning books and punishing Confucianism", burning a large number of ancient books and cultural heritage, which also caused great losses to Chinese culture.
The background of Fusu and Hu Hai
Fusu and Hu Hai were both sons of Qin Shi Huang, but their backgrounds were very different. Fusu was the eldest son of Qin Shi Huang and was born to his wife Zhao Ji.
Zhao Ji was the only wife of Qin Shi Huang, so Fusu had a noble status and was regarded as a prince. Hu Hai, on the other hand, was the eldest son of Qin Shi Huang, and according to wild history, his mother was Hu Ji, a princess of the State of Chu. Although Hu Hai was also canonized as king, his status was far inferior to Fusu's.
Political struggle with Huhai
1. Fusu and Huhai's battle for the throne
After the death of Qin Shi Huang, both Fusu and Hu Hai wanted to compete for the throne. Fusu considered himself noble and capable, and should become emperor; Hu Hai, on the other hand, wanted to use the trust of his father Qin Shi Huang and the power of his subordinates to compete for the throne.
In the contest between the two, Fusu was supported by some officials and generals, while Hu Hai was supported by some close and important generals. In the end, due to the weak strength of Fusu, Hu Hai successfully seized the throne and became the second emperor of Qin.
2. The political ideas of Fusu and Huhai
Fusu and Huhai are very different in political philosophy. Fusu believed that Confucianism should be promoted, morality should be emphasized, the people should be respected, and education should be attached importance to, so that the people could receive a good education and establish a stable political situation.
Hu Hai, on the other hand, focused on power and interests, advocated violent rule, and restricted people's freedom of speech and rights to maintain his position of power.
3. The political struggle between Fusu and Huhai
Fusu and Huhai adopted different tactics in the political struggle. Fusu did not take enough measures to consolidate his position despite his noble position when he was vying for the throne.
On the contrary, he was not decisive enough, did not receive enough support, and ultimately failed. After Hu Hai became emperor, Fusu continued to hold important positions and actively advised the emperor in an attempt to promote his political ideas.
However, Hu Hai did not support Fusu's political ideas, and even showed hostility and jealousy when Fusu made suggestions. Hu Hai even developed dissatisfaction and disgust for Fusu because of his suggestion, which eventually led to Fusu's defeat and tragic end.
The impact of the political struggle with Huhai
The political struggle between Fusu and Huhai had a profound impact on the political situation of the Qin Dynasty. It reflected the shortcomings of the political culture and the imperfection of the political system of the Qin Dynasty at that time, and also provided favorable political conditions for the unification and development of the Qin Dynasty. Here are the effects of the political struggle between Fusu and Huhai:
1. Political and cultural aspects
Fusu and Huhai represent different political ideas and cultures. Fusu advocated governing the country with virtue and respecting the rights of the people, and these ideas of Fusu had an important enlightening effect on the development of political culture in the Qin Dynasty, and also had a far-reaching impact on later political thought and culture. Hu Hai, on the other hand, advocated the concentration of power and violent rule, and although his political ideas and cultures led to the unification and development of the Qin Dynasty, they also affected the development of the political culture of the Qin Dynasty to a certain extent.
2. Political system
The struggle between Fusu and Huhai also reflected the shortcomings of the Qin political system, the lack of effective opinion and suggestion mechanisms, and the lack of a scientific and democratic decision-making process, which led to political failure and social unrest. These problems were not well resolved in the political system of the Qin Dynasty, and eventually became an important factor in the demise of the Qin Dynasty.
3. Social stability
During his reign, Hu Hai adopted a series of policies that restricted the rights of the people, causing social instability and boiling public discontent. These policies directly led to the demise of the Qin Dynasty, which transformed Qin society from relative stability to instability, reflecting the inevitability of political and social contradictions.
To sum up, the political struggle between Fusu and Huhai reflected the shortcomings of the political culture and imperfection of the political system of the Qin Dynasty at that time, and these problems also affected the development and progress of the Qin Dynasty to a certain extent. However, the political struggle between Fusu and Huhai also provided favorable political conditions for the unification and development of the Qin Dynasty, and laid the foundation for the later development of political thought and culture.
epilogue
The political struggle between Fusu and Huhai in the Qin Dynasty was a historical event that reflected the shortcomings of the Qin Dynasty's political culture and imperfect political system at that time.
Fusu and Huhai were very different in political concepts, tactics and practices, and the struggle between them reflected not only the two different political ideas and cultures, but also the loopholes and shortcomings of the political system of the Qin Dynasty.
The defeat of Fusu made the political power of the Qin Dynasty more centralized and the imperial power stronger, which provided more favorable political conditions for the unification and development of the Qin Dynasty.
However, Hu Hai's violent rule and policies of restricting people's rights also led to social instability and popular resentment, which became an important factor in the eventual demise of the Qin dynasty.
Fusu's advice and Hu Hai's disgust not only reflected the political and cultural shortcomings of the time, but also reflected the imperfect political system of the Qin Dynasty, the lack of effective opinion and suggestion mechanisms, and the lack of scientific and democratic decision-making process, which led to political failure and social unrest.
The author thinks
First of all, the political system should be perfected and democratic decision-making should be promoted. During the struggle between Fusu and Huhai, the political system of the Qin Dynasty had many flaws, such as the lack of an effective mechanism for opinions and suggestions, and the lack of a scientific and democratic decision-making process.
Therefore, the political system should strengthen reform, establish and improve a scientific and democratic decision-making mechanism, and promote democratic decision-making.
Second, the political culture should be optimized and the concept of values should be enhanced.
In the struggle between Fusu and Huhai, Huhai's political ideas and Fusu's proposals reflected the differences in political culture and values at that time, Huhai focused on power and violence, and Fusu focused on harmony and people's welfare.
Therefore, political culture should be optimized, values should be enhanced, and harmonious development should be paid attention to, so that people can enjoy more rights and benefits in politics, economy and culture.
Finally, political decision-making should be scientific and the political system should be effective. In the struggle between Fusu and Huhai, there were many problems in the political decision-making of the Qin Dynasty, such as one-sidedness and blindness. The political system should be effective, political decision-making should be scientific, pay attention to the overall situation and the long term, and avoid one-sidedness and blindness.
Bibliography:
1. Li Xueqin. Political and Cultural History of the Qin Dynasty. Shanghai:Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 2007.
2. Li Xiangkui. History of the Political System of the Qin Dynasty. Beijing:People's Publishing House, 2010.
3. Wang Taimin. History of the Political System of the Qin and Han Empires. Beijing:Zhonghua Book Co., 2003.
4. Luohan Hall. A Study of Political Thought in the Qin Dynasty. Beijing:Zhonghua Book Co., 2012.
5. GUO Feng. A Study of the Political System of the Qin Dynasty. Beijing:People's Publishing House, 2008.
6. General History of China, Volume I, Commercial Press, 2004 edition.
7. "The Qin and Han Empire" by Luo Guanzhong, People's Literature Publishing House, 2010 edition.
8. "Qin Shi Huang" by Sima Qian, Zhonghua Bookstore, 2005 edition.
9. History of the Qin Dynasty, by Wang Guowei, Peking University Press, 2008 edition.
10. "The Rise and Fall of the Qin Dynasty" by Sima Guang, Zhonghua Bookstore, 2005 edition.