Nuwa makes up the sky
Nuwa makes up the sky is one of the ancient Chinese myths and legends. The story of Nuwa making up the sky is the same as the story of Nuwa making people, it is Chinese well-known.
According to legend, in ancient times, the sky collapsed and the world fell into a great catastrophe. Nuwa couldn't bear the disaster of the living, so she refined the five-color stone to make up the sky, cut the feet of the gods and turtles to support the four poles, leveled the flood and killed the beasts, and through the yin and yang to eliminate the bad qi, all spirits were able to live in peace. Nuwa is the mother of the Chinese nation, the pioneer of the humanities of the Chinese nation, and the righteous god of blessing and social weed. She created man from the earth and incarnated all things, so that the heavens and the earth would no longer be silent, and she was the great mother goddess handed down from ancient times.
The legends related to Nuwa replenishing the heavens are recorded in the ancient books "Liezi Tangwen" and "Huainanzi Yan Xianxun". In the early days, Nuwa made up the sky, and there was no intersection with Gonggong touching the mountain, not only did not have keywords such as Gonggong, Zhurong, and Buzhoushan, but there was no explicit record of the reasons for the collapse of the sky and the occurrence of disasters in the world, and the language was unknown. It is not mentioned at all that Nuwa refining stones to make up the sky because of Gonggong and Buzhoushan, it can be seen that in the ancient period of the pre-Qin Dynasty, "Nuwa refining stones to make up the sky" and "Gonggong angry touching Zhoushan" are two completely independent stories, which were welded together by the Eastern Han scholar Wang Chong to touch the mountain and Nuwa to make up the sky. In the early Qin and Han dynasties, Nuwa mending the sky and Gonggong touching the mountain were two independent mythological stories, and in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Wang Chong used "Gonggong anger could not touch Zhou Mountain" as the background reason in "On Heng and Talking Heaven" to improve the plot to explain the reason why the sky collapsed and the disaster occurred, so far, Nuwa mending the sky and Gonggong touching the mountain merged into a salvation myth. According to the "History of the Three Emperors", the water god rebelled and fought with the fire god Zhurong. Gonggong was defeated by Zhurong, and was so angry that he hit Zhoushan, the pillar of the world, with his head, causing the sky to collapse and the water of the Heavenly River to pour into the world. Nuwa couldn't bear the disaster of the living, so she refined the five-color stone to make up the sky, cut the feet of the gods and turtles to support the four poles, and suppressed the flood to kill the beasts, and all souls were able to live in peace. "Huainanzi Tianwen Xun" is recorded as the battle between Gonggong and Zhuanxiao; "Huainanzi Original Road" is recorded as the battle between Gonggong and Gaoxin; "Carved Jade Collection, Zhuangli" is recorded as the battle between Gonggong and Shennong; "Lushi Taiwu Ji" is recorded as the battle between Gonggong and the Nuwa clan. Nuwa Replenishing the Sky is a very famous legend. One of the four famous works "Dream of Red Mansions" quotes this myth for the first time: in order to mend the sky, Nuwa refined 36,500 stones, used 36,500 pieces, and left an unused psychic treasure jade that was reincarnated as Jia Baoyu. "Huainanzi Yan Hai Xun" recorded: In ancient times, the four poles were wasted, Kyushu was divided, the sky was not overturned, and the earth was not comprehensive. The fire is not extinguished, and the water is vast and endless. The beasts of prey eat the people, and the birds grab the old and the weak. So Nuwa refined the five-colored stone to make up for the sky, broke the jaw enough to stand the four poles, killed the black dragon to help Jizhou, and accumulated reed ash to stop the lustful water. Cangtian supplement, four poles positive, obscene water, Jizhou ping, cunning insects die, and Zhu people's livelihood. Back to the state, hold the round sky. and spring and summer, kill autumn and winter, pillow square sleeping rope, yin and yang are incomprehensible, the trick; Those who go against the tide and hurt the people will never stop. At this time, one thinks of himself as a horse, the other thinks of himself as an ox, his walk is stumbling, his blindness is blind, and he is all reconciled, he does not know where to live, he does not know what to do, he does not know what to do, and the eel does not know where to go. At this time, birds, beasts and pit vipers all hide their minions, hide their poison, and have no intention of devouring. Considering his meritorious achievements, the upper nine days, the lower contract Huang Feng, the reputation is by the posterity, and the glory is heavy on all things. Riding the thunder car, serving Ying Long, Ji Qingqiu, Zhu Jurui, Xi Luotu, Huang Yunluo, the former white lash, the back running snake, floating and shaking, Dao ghosts and gods, ascending the nine heavens, dynasty emperor in the spirit gate, Mi Muxiu under Taizu. However, do not show its merits, do not raise its voice, hide the way of true people, so as to follow the nature of heaven and earth. Why? Morally sound, and wisdom is eliminated. "Liezi Tangwen" recorded: Heaven and earth are also things. There are deficiencies in things, so the former Nuwa clan refined five-color stones to make up for it; The broken jaw is enough to stand at the four poles. Later, the Gonggong clan and Zhuan Yi fought for the emperor, angry and untouchable mountain, folding the heavenly pillar, Jedi Wei, so the sky tilted to the northwest, and the sun, moon and stars were extinguished; The land is not satisfied with the southeast, so the hundred rivers and rivers are lost. "On Balance and Talking about Heaven" contains: Gonggong and Zhuanxi fought for the Son of Heaven and could not touch the mountain of anger, so that the pillar of heaven was broken and the earth was destroyed. Nuwa refining five-colored stones to replenish the sky, and the broken jaw is enough to stand the four poles. The sky is not enough to the northwest, so the sun, moon and stars move, and the earth is not enough to the southeast, so the hundred rivers are injected. "History" Sima Zhen supplemented the "Three Emperors Benji": When he (referring to Nuwa) was also in the last year, the princes had the Gonggong clan, Ren Zhi punished the strong, hegemonic but not the king, with water and wood, but fought with Zhurong, and was angry without victory, but the head could not touch the landslide, the heavenly pillar was broken, and the earth was lacking. "Collection of Extraterrestrial Guest --- Meteorites" Qing Langya King Meteor: "The Classic of Mountains and Seas" says: "The earth contains, between the six combinations, within the four seas, according to the sun and the moon, through the stars, the four times, to the age of the ether, the birth of the gods, its alien shape, or heaven or life, only saints can pass through its way." However, looking at the past and present, those who can understand the way of saints can be described as Liao. The road to cover the sky is long, the stars and the moon are dim, and mortals cannot pass through. "The Legend of Zuo" Yun: "Meteorite, Xingye". Meteorites and all living beings in the world are tantamount to the pariah of the loess of the Central Plains. However, he and the saints are visitors from outside the world, bridges to the heavenly realms, and messengers to God. Yu devoted his life to financial and material resources, ate and slept, trekked through mountains and rivers, and wanted to collect the world's meteorites in one room. However, the world is big, the universe is vast, and the years are endless, and the meteorites in the world cannot be poor by manpower. Although the collection is small, every time you play with it, it is like a treasure, like a few treasures. Alack! Hurry, happy! The years are ruthless, and Lianpo is old after all. He recorded what he heard, saw, and collected in his life to pass on to future generations: Rizhao Fall: Shipen Mountain, 40 li south of Rizhao County, Yizhou Capital. There are still horseshoe-shaped craters on the top of the mountain, meteorites are scattered in it, and there are meteorites standing outside the south gate of Taoluo at the bottom of the mountain. The natives say that Pangu opened up the heavens and the earth, the sun, moon and stars each performed their duties, and the four seas were unified and happy. Unexpectedly, the sun exploded, the meteorite fell, and the stone broke through the sky, "the four poles are wasted, Kyushu is cracked", and the people are not alive. Fortunately, Nuwa made up the sky on the top of the mountain, and Xi and bathing on the shores of the East China Sea, saving all living beings. The Lao Mu Temple was built at the foot of the mountain to worship Nuwa Xihe, and meteorites were piled on the high platform to sacrifice the sun gods. Its temple has been destroyed, but its monument remains; Its platform has gone, and meteorites are visible. Shouguang Fall: 50 li west of Shouguang County, Qingzhou Prefecture. "Book of Song" Yun: Wei Ming Emperor Qinglong third year of the first month of the second month, meteorite in Shouguang". There is Falling Star Village in Naidi, and there is a meteorite-like stone mortar on the edge of the village, also known as Star Falling Stone Mortar, which is one of the eight scenic spots of Shouguang. Li Zhenli Shiyun: "The name of Haiyu Village is a falling star, and the ghost candidate wins and stays." Whoever manipulated the jade pestle back to the heavens, seemed to use the high calf to reveal the earth spirit.
The myth of "Nuwa Replenishing the Heavens" is an allegory of saving the clan from extinction by reproducing and reproducing the population in large numbers. Ancient scholars Luo Bi's "Recognition of Remains", Hu Hong's "Five Peaks Collection", Luo Yu's "History of the Road", Chen Shufang's "Yingchuan Xiaoyu", Zhao Yi's "Qian Yu Cong Kao", Yu Zhengxie's "Manuscript of the Archive", Tian Tongzhi's "Xipu Cong Identification", Chu Ren's "Jian Gong Guangji", Qian Yong's "Walking Garden Cong Talk", etc., all talked about making up the sky and speculating about the reason. Modern scholars may also say that Nuwa makes up the sky to resist earthquakes, or that Nuwa who makes up the sky and Nuwa who created people are not the same person, but ignore the fact that the key to Nuwa's ability to "make up the sky" is to "create people", and the meaning of the myth of Nuwa is contained here.
In the worship of Nuwa and the various legends and customs that have evolved from it, it can be clearly seen that the worship of the female yin does not lie in the pleasure that the entity of the female yin brings to the living individual, but in its function of creating life. This worship is the embodiment of a very strong desire for reproduction. The myth of mending heaven is an interpretation and celebration of great reproductive meaning. In the early days of mankind, the most terrible disasters came from nature. With the increase of productivity, the formation of clans and tribes, the frequent rise of tribal wars, and the destruction of disasters more comes from human beings themselves. "The sky is shattered" and people are difficult to witness, but devastating disasters occur from time to time. So people's experiences are transformed. The original legend of "the sky falling apart" became a symbol of great disaster or change. For the primitive clan tribe, the demise of the clan is different from "the collapse of the sky". In frequent clan and tribal wars, extermination is such a common practice. This is a great threat to each clan as a whole. Therefore, although "heavenly rift" is a natural myth, "mending the sky" has social significance. Even the myth of "the sky falling apart" itself is permeated with the smoke of tribal wars. The so-called "common work and fighting for the emperor", "the pillar of heaven is broken, and the earth is destroyed", the most superficial and direct meaning is the disaster of war. Luo Yu said in "Road History and Play": The so-called co-work is not thorough, the earth is extreme, and the heavenly pillar is broken, which is a great mess. The so-called Nuwa mending the sky refers to the chaos of peace and common work, and the merit is still "mending the heaven and standing up". Although this oversimplifies the problem, ignores the transformation of myths from natural content to social content, and ignores the condensation, collection, symbolic characteristics of myths and the multi-layered nature of their meaning, it sees the connection between the "heavenly pillar and the earth" and primitive tribal wars. This is very noteworthy. The so-called "mending the heavens" is an allegory to calm the disaster and save the clan from extinction. Xin abandoned the word cloud: "The treasure in the pocket is colorful, and he can make up the northwest of the sky in his year." It is to use the symbol of "mending the sky" to quell the national disaster. The allusion to "mending the sky" in "Dream of Red Mansions" more clearly expresses the meaning of saving decay. This is not the ingenuity of Xin Qiqian and Cao Xueqin, but the transmission of the cultural significance of myths in history. The most fundamental reason why the myth wants to make Nuwa "mend the sky" lies in Nuwa's reproductive function. In primitive warfare, weapons are nothing more than bows and arrows and clubs, and there is no question of who is more advanced than anyone. In such a war, the decisive factor is mostly the number of people. In such a social environment, women's reproductive function is very important. Only by breeding a large number of people and prosperous people can the clan become strong and develop, and avoid the fate of "the sky collapses and the earth falls". Therefore, only the "Nuwa" with unlimited fertility can "make up the sky". The primitive existence of society made the ancestors solidify their understanding of society into a concept; Solidify the truth of the affirmation into a belief. The cult of fertility becomes a latent force that dominates the behavior of the nation. The underlying significance of the myth of "Nuwa Replenishing the Heavens" is to celebrate reproduction as one of the most sacred and greatest causes.
Nuwa mends the sky, showing her important position as a great god of the universe. After hard work and hard work, Nuwa reorganized the universe and created the necessary natural conditions for the survival of all things. According to legend: In ancient times, the four pillars of Optimus fell down, the earth of Kyushu cracked, the sky could not cover the earth, the earth could not carry all things, the fire spread unquenched, the flood continued unstoppable, the fierce beasts ate the kind people, and the fierce birds grabbed the old and small with their claws. In this case, Nuwa smelts five-colored stones to mend the sky, cuts off the feet of giant birds in the sea to make heavenly pillars that support the four directions, kills the black dragon to save Jizhou, and blocks the flood with reed ash. The sky was repaired, the pillars of heaven and earth were re-erected, the flood receded, and calm was restored on the land of the Central Plains; The fierce birds and beasts died, but the good people survived. Nuwa leans against the earth and embraces the green sky, making spring warm, summer hot, autumn slaughtering, and winter cold. She rests her head on a square ruler and lies on her body, and when the yin and yang qi is blocked, she gives it a clear connection; When the anti-qi wounds endanger the people's accumulated property, they are forbidden to eliminate them.
By this time, the sky is peaceful and stable, and people sleep carefree, and wake up without wisdom; or as an ox, or as a horse, as men call; The action is soothing and calm, the walk is aimless, and the vision is like light and dark; Ignorant, naïve, naïve and harmonious with all things in the heavenly way, no one knows the reason, wanders around at will, does not know what to do, does not seek what is needed, is uncertain and has no goal. At this time, the beasts and vipers all converged and hid their minions and stingers, and did not capture the desire to devour. Examining the great achievements of Nuwa, the upper can reach the edge of the high heavens, and the lower can fit into the soil under the Yellow Spring, and the reputation will be passed on to future generations, and the light will burn all things. Nuwa takes thunder and lightning as the car, Ying Long drives in the center, Qingqiu is paired with both sides, holding rare Ruiyu, laying out a car mat with a pattern, surrounded by yellow colorful clouds, the front is opened by the white lash, and the back is followed by a teng snake, leisurely traveling, guided by ghosts and gods, ascending for nine days, meeting the heavenly path at the Lingmen, and resting peacefully and quietly at the Dao Taizu. Despite this, Nuwa never flaunts her achievements, never flaunts her reputation, and hides the way of real people to follow the nature of heaven and earth. Why? It is because of the moral understanding of nine days, so it is impossible to survive with ingenuity and treachery.
In ancient times, Nuwa worked tirelessly to refine colorful stones in order to mend the sky, and even sacrificed her own life. Legend has it that Nuwa exhausted her qi and blood in the land of Western Shu and died of exhaustion. In some myths of mending the heavens, she either dies of exhaustion, or makes up the heavens with her body, or turns into the sun, the moon, and all things. The great god Nuwa in the sky made mud dolls out of clay and gave them life. Since then, Nuwa has created people, and people have multiplied for generations and lived a happy life. However, the good times did not last long. One year, the fire god Zhu Rong and the water god worked together to fight. The communists knocked down the pillar that supported the sky, Buzhou Mountain, and the lower half of the sky collapsed, smashing many holes, and smashing the ground, and the floods on the ground and the water of the Tianhe River kept leaking down, causing floods on the earth. After the sky was broken, meteorites and heavenly fire continued to fall from the broken sky hole, and the human beings on the earth were either killed by meteorites or burned by fire, facing a huge survival crisis. Nuwa saw the tragic image of human beings hiding in the east and having nowhere to stay, and she was very sorry in her heart. She traveled through Qiankun, and in order to understand the life-saving spirits, she decided to quarry stones to make up the sky, use five-colored stones to make up the sky, and then use the four feet of the East Sea Turtle to withstand the sky. Nuwa found five-color stones to refine five-colored spars, and made up for the broken sky like a fishing net little by little, seeing that the great achievement of repairing the sky was about to be completed, but when the five-color spar ran out, she found that the five-color stone was not enough, and the broken sky had not been repaired. There is still a big hole in the sky, as long as there is still a hole, the sky will continue to crack at any time, in that case, the past work will be done in vain, and everything will live forever on this land that is like purgatory, Nuwa thought bitterly for a long time, had to sacrifice her life, all the mud dolls cried red eyes. After several efforts, Nuwa used her body to fill the last big hole in the sky... Finally, the sky was repaired, tranquility was restored between heaven and earth, and colorful clouds and rainbows appeared. All living things live alive on the earth again.
The pillar supporting the sky was hit by the Gonggong clan, making an earth-shattering sound. The mountain collapsed, the sky pillar broke, the earth tilted to the southeast, and the sea water poured into the land. Most of the people on the plain drowned, and the survivors fled to the mountains. However, the mountains and forests are the territory of beasts, and when they are invaded, they are very angry and launch crazy attacks on humans. Many more were bitten to death by wild beasts and eaten. Mankind has suffered unprecedented disasters, some have been drowned by floods, some have been killed by collapsing rocks, some have been killed by fierce beasts and big birds, and mankind is in danger of extinction. After this catastrophe, there are very few human survivors. In order to allow human beings to develop and increase again, Nuwa used loess and mud to pinch humans with both hands.
Myth 1: Nuwa is a kind god who has done many good things for mankind. For example, she taught people about marriage and made a musical instrument called the sheng spring for humans. And what moves people the most is the story of Nuwa making up the sky. Legend has it that when human beings multiplied, suddenly the water god Gonggong and the fire god Zhurong fought, and the two gods fought from heaven to the ground, making trouble everywhere, and as a result, Zhurong won, but the failed Gonggong was not convinced, and in a fit of anger, he slammed his head against Mount Buzhou. The mountain collapsed, the great pillar supporting the heaven and the earth broke, the sky fell halfway, a large hole appeared, the earth also collapsed into a series of large cracks, the mountains and forests burned into fires, floods gushed out from under the ground, and dragons, snakes and beasts also came out to devour the people. Humanity is facing an unprecedented catastrophe. Nuwa felt immense pain when she saw such a miraculous disaster for mankind, so she resolved to mend the heavens to end this disaster. She used a variety of five-colored stones, set up a fire and melted them into pulp, used this stone slurry to fill the broken heavenly holes, and then cut off the four legs of a large turtle that was making a mess in the water, and used it as four pillars to prop up the collapsed half of the sky. Nuwa also captured the black dragon that killed the people, and stopped the arrogance of the dragon snake. Finally, in order to stop the flood from flowing, Nuwa also collected a large amount of reed grass, burned it to ashes, and buried it in the torrent spreading everywhere. After Nuwa's hard work and rectification, the sky finally made up, the ground was filled, the water stopped, the dragon, snake and beast were lost, and the people lived a happy life again. But this catastrophe left its mark after all. From then on, the sky was still somewhat tilted to the northwest, so that the sun, moon, and stars naturally turned to the west, and because the earth collapsed to the southeast, all rivers converged there.
Myth 2: Legend has it that after the opening of heaven and earth, Nuwa pinched humans with mud. After Nuwa ascended the throne, the water god Gonggong who guarded the Jifang was very dissatisfied, so he stirred up trouble, and Nuwa immediately ordered the fire god Zhurong to fight. After a desperate struggle, the communists were defeated, and they became angry, and crashed into Optimus Prime Buzhou Mountain, actually breaking the Optimus Prime, and suddenly the sky collapsed into a big hole. Heaven and earth are connected, the pulse is abnormal, the flood is widespread, the fire spreads, and everything is plunged into disaster. Nuwa saw that her children were about to lose their living conditions, and she was very anxious, so she decided to refine stones and make up for the sky. But where to go to refine stones, Nuwa traveled all over the mountains and chose Tiantai Mountain. The mountain is high and wide, and there are many watery stones, which is an ideal place for stone refining. Nuwa practiced on Tiantai Mountain for nine nine eighty-one days, refining a five-colored boulder 12 zhang thick and 24 zhang wide, which was praised by the gods. So according to this method, it took another 4 years to refine 36,500 five-color stones, together with the previous one, a total of 36,501 pieces. The gods and immortals and the generals helped Nuwa make up the sky, using 36,500 pieces. Because the stone is five-colored, it forms a rainbow and a rainbow in the sky. And said that after the sky was made up, Nuwa was worried that the sky would fall. At this time, a large turtle swam up and sacrificed its legs. Nuwa didn't want to go, and gave her clothes to it, and since then the turtle has used its fins instead of legs. Nuwa uses the four legs of a turtle to make Optimus Prime. Because the west and north sides are shorter, there is a saying that "the sky tilts northwest". After Nuwa made up for the heavens, the flood returned to the road, the fire was extinguished, the heaven and earth were positioned, and the whole world celebrated together, and people welcomed Nuwa back to the dynasty on Tiantai Mountain, and Nuwa was also very happy. After arriving at Tiantai Mountain, everyone saw that the sons and daughters of the world were living safely, and happily blew the flute.
The Nuwa era was an era when pottery was invented and widely used. The invention of pottery originated from the mud coating technology in the construction of houses, first used to prevent ventilation, and then gradually found that mud coating also has an important role in fire prevention and leakage, in the same period of the Fuxi era of a large number of gourds, the ancestors applied this technology to the gourd, coated with mud at the bottom of the gourd to prevent leakage and prevent the gourd from being burned by fire, in order to cook food, as a result, the mud layer was sintered into hard as stone pottery, and pottery was invented. Further ancestors would also find that fired pottery did not leak at all. When the roof leaks rain, Smart thought of covering the broken roof with broken pottery chips, and was inspired to fire pottery pieces specially designed to cover the roof to completely solve the problem of roof leakage, thus inventing tiles. The tile is hard as stone, and the color of the tile fired by different soil types is different, which can be called "five-color stone"; The roof leaks rain because the roof is defective, cracked, and when the clouds are thick, it is as dark as the grass roof of the simple house where the ancestors lived, and the ancestors may have believed that the rain in the sky also leaked through the gaps in the cloud cover. Therefore, when the rain continued and brought inconvenience to people's production and life, the ancestors would imagine refining five-colored stones to make up for the leaky sky like covering the roof with tiles. Such a cause is beyond the reach of manpower, only a god man can do it, this god man is naturally Nuwa, and the myth was born. It is also possible that the original legend was just a story of Wa's burning tiles to cover the roof. In the process of circulation, this story was added again and again, gradually deformed, "burning tiles" evolved into "refining five-color stones", "covering houses" evolved into "mending the sky", and finally was wrapped in layers of gorgeous cloaks of mythology. As recorded in the "Huainanzi Yan Hai Xun", in addition to the deeds of mending heaven and earth itself, the reasons for mending heaven and earth were added, as well as a series of deeds such as breaking the jaw, killing black dragons, and accumulating ashes after mending the sky, creating the macro cause of the Nuwa clan to sort out heaven and earth.
Some prehistoric events exist in the form of folklore or mythology, but there is a factual basis. Underwater archaeological exploration of the Black Sea has found that the "Great Flood of the Century" recorded in the Bible has a factual basis. Although there is no accurate written record of the "Great Yu Water Control", the fact of this myth is generally believed to be the treatment of ancient floods. Then, a myth older than Dayu water - about whether "Nuwa makes up the sky" has this factual basis, the researcher of the First Monitoring Center of the China Earthquake Administration proposed that the myth of Nuwa making up the sky may actually be a meteorite rain disaster in ancient times. The research basis for this statement is that the special landform of the Baiyangdian basin area was left by a large-scale meteorite rain impact in the middle and late Holocene. When studying the historical landforms of the Baiyangdian River Basin area, researchers found that from Renqiu and Hejian to Baoding and Wangdu, extending north-west, to the vicinity of Wanxian and Mancheng, there are a large number of special geomorphological phenomena - saucer-shaped depressions and their groups. The reason for the formation of this saucer-shaped depression is that scientists use straightforward topographic maps and aerial photographs published nearly a hundred years ago, and use computer digital technology (DTM) to strip away the layers of modern terrain and artificial features, leaving only the original natural landform. Comparing the restoration map of this depression with meteorite impact craters in other parts of China and abroad that were formed in a similar age, it is found that the saucer-shaped depression in the Baiyangdian area and its group are the remains left on the modern alluvial plain after the impact of prehistoric meteorite rain. Based on the study of modern meteorite impacts by geological and geomorphological methods, it is speculated that the impact occurred in a very wide area, from northern Jinbei to central Hebei, and may even extend to the vicinity of Bohai Bay. It happened around some point in prehistory, most likely between 4,000 and 5,000 years ago. It is speculated that a small comet entered Earth's orbit, burst into the atmosphere above northern Shanxi and exploded at high altitude. In a very short period of time, it fell into the vast area from northern Jinbei to central Hebei, forming a large-scale meteorite rain. A large number of impact craters were formed in the plain area, and after the erosion of ground water and the transformation of ancestors, a number of larger impact crater groups finally formed Baiyangdian. The remaining smaller ones formed stagnant depressions that gradually became the main settlements in the area, some of which were damaged by erosion by surface water, but a large number of impact crater remains, the "saucer depressions", remain on the highlands between the riverbeds. Analyzing the content of the legend of Nuwa Replenishing the Sky is very similar to the impact event of a huge extraterrestrial object (meteorite rain). The earliest record of Nuwa's replenishment of the sky is "Huainanzi Yan Xian Xun". The myth of Nuwa mending the heavens in this work is roughly discussed as follows: In ancient times, "the four poles were wasted, the nine states were divided, the sky was not restored, and the earth was not circumscribed; The fire is not extinguished, and the water is vast and endless. That is to say, the heavens and the earth are cracking, the fires are burning, the floods are spreading, the birds are sinishing, and the beasts are rampant. When the people were wailing and their souls were everywhere, a goddess named Nuwa stepped forward, she "refined five-colored stones to make up for the sky, broke the jaws enough to stand up the four poles, killed the black dragon to help Jizhou, and accumulated ashes to stop the lustful water." This major natural disaster was thus overcome. The wonderful description in the article should be a large-scale meteorite rain impact process, "the four poles are wasted, Kyushu is divided, the sky is not repeated, the earth is not circumspect" is a large-scale meteorite rain formed after the explosion of small celestial bodies: "fire is indiscriminate but not extinguished" is a huge impact, explosion and subsequent fire on the ground; If the small object is a comet, its composition is mainly meteoric ice, and the meteoric ice melts to form a large amount of surface water, which will have the result of "endless water". "Kill the black dragon to help Jizhou, and accumulate ashes to stop the lustful water." Cangtian supplement, four poles positive, obscene water solid, Jizhou ping, jiao worm death, Zhu people's livelihood. "The myth was compiled in the Qin and Han dynasties based on the legends of the ancient era, and Jizhou should of course be the area around the ancient Hebei Province, which means that this paragraph describes the scene of the Hebei Plain after the disaster subsided. The geographical distribution of the Nuwa Patching Heaven Ruins is located precisely near the south and west of the proposed impact zone. Terrestrial impact disasters can cause enormous damage, not least the impact on paleoclimate. Quaternary geologists studied the changes in the Holocene climate and found several important cooling events. The Great Warm Period of the Holocene around 8500-3000 modern times was an important stage in the development of Neolithic ancient human civilization, but it was also a period of severe climate fluctuations. Among them, a cooling event more than 4,000 years ago, known as the "Xiaoice period", has a huge impact. This time is also one of the most important moments in the development of the Central Plains civilization, and many scholars attach great importance to this issue. When using high-resolution analysis of environmental evolution (10-100 year time scale) to study the Holocene paleoenvironment and other issues, it is proposed that there was a cooling event between 4800 and 4200 years from the modern era, and the result of the event led to the change of ancient culture. It is believed that the sudden decline of the Hongshan culture flourishing in the Mongolian, Liao, and Hebei regions and the trough of cultural development along the Xiaohe River may be related to this event. Archaeology has clear evidence that the remains of the myth of Nuwa God and Nuwa Replenishing the Sky are active in Shanxi and Hebei. The geographic distribution of these remains is located precisely near the southern and western parts of the proposed impact zone, and this impact corresponds to the findings of paleoclimatologists that caused the cooling event between 4800 and 4200 years from the modern era, which was triggered by the impact of meteorite rain. The reason why the Baiyangdian area left a vacant area of ancient culture in the late Neolithic period is that a huge disaster occurred here. The study is not only consistent with the Holocene cooling event proposed by paleoenvironmental experts, but also coincides with the vacant area of ancient culture in the Hebei Plain proposed by historical geographers. The influence of the natural environment on early human development is extremely important. The boundaries of various cultural areas are often the dividing lines of the natural geographical environment. However, when scholars studied this issue, they found that the central part of the Hebei Plain, that is, the Baiyangdian area, was neither a mountain range nor a desert distribution, and should be a lake pond and depression area that was very suitable for the survival and reproduction of ancient humans, but it left a vacant area for ancient culture in the late Neolithic period. Archaeological studies have shown that the late Neolithic culture equivalent to the Yangshao culture era is very lacking, while the remains of the later Longshan culture are almost blank. In fact, the book "Physical Geography of China" (Historical Physical Geography) has long proposed that "whether in the Neolithic period, the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, or the Spring and Autumn Period, there was an extremely vast area of empty settlements in the middle of the (Hebei) plain." Mr. Tan Qiqiang, a well-known historical geographer, also pointed out that "the Hebei Plain is a hazelnut and deserted scene". In fact, research on the Chinese civilization Xia, Shang and Zhou also confirms this. The vacant areas of ancient culture circled by the situation maps of various princely states in the Spring and Autumn period compiled according to the historical documents "Spring and Autumn" and "Zuo Chuan" completely coincide with the impact areas drawn using the aforementioned historical geomorphological methods. This is obviously no accident, as this area is dominated by the Baiyangdian basin and extends to the northwest and southeast. It shows that the economic and cultural development of this region is much later than that of the surrounding areas, and the more reasonable explanation is the deterioration of the geographical environment caused by huge disasters. It is even more likely that it is the trauma of the ancestors and the resulting taboos and so on. This disaster is the meteorite rain impact event. After the huge impact disaster, a large number of people died and moved out, and the flourishing ancient culture of the local area was interrupted. In the years following the disaster, a new ancient culture gradually formed. This disaster has gone through generations of legends, and a beautiful myth - "Nuwa Replenishing the Heavens" was born.
The Heavenly Piercing Festival, a folk commemoration of Nuwa's replenishment of the heavens to save mankind, is also a festival for ancient people to look forward to smooth winds and rain, prosperity of all things, abundant agricultural harvests, and happiness and peace. The festival period has two theories of the 20th and 23rd of the first month, and it is generally believed that the festival originated from the myth and legend of Nuwa making up the sky. The earliest record of the Heavenly Piercing Festival is the "Gleaning Notes" written by Wang Jia of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and the Qing Dynasty's revised book "Yuanjian Class Letter" volume 13 "Zhibu" recorded: "Make up the heavens and wear them." "Gleaning Notes" Yun: 'Jiangdong is commonly known as the 20th day of the first lunar month as the day of heavenly wearing, and red strands of pancakes are placed on the house, which is known as making up for the heavens. 'According to legend, the Nuwa clan is also a day to make up for the heavens. It can be seen from this that there was a custom of mending the heavens on the 20th day of the first month of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Li Miao, a native of Nancheng (present-day Nanchang, Jiangxi) in the Song Dynasty, said in "The 20th day of the first month, commonly known as the day piercing the day, and the pancake is placed on the house to make up the sense of heaven and make up the sky": "The emperor did not have many years, and he was worried about nature in summer and winter. Only idle women in the world, a pancake to make up for the sky. (Transferred from Zhao Xinggen's Selected Poems of Customs and Traditions of the Past Dynasties, Yuelu Books, 1990 edition, p. 47) The date of the Heavenly Piercing Festival recorded in the preface of the poem is the same as the record in the "Gleaning Notes", which shows that this festival has been passed down since the Eastern Jin Dynasty. The poem also mentions that the use of pancakes to make up the sky is the work of women, and links this verse with the "emperor of Wa", that is, Nuwa. It seems that the Qing people's saying that "according to legend, Nuwa is making up the sky every day" has already been said in the Song Dynasty. The festival is said on the 23rd day of the first month. Qingren Yu Zhengxie's "Manuscript of the Heavenly Piercing Festival" records in volume 11: "Song Gelu Qing Shengzhong's "Qingshan Xizhi and Zhu Xingji "Heavenly Piercing Festival" Yun: 'The sky has passed, and this day is called through the earth. Touching the stones and clearing the waves, he actually followed the happy New Year's event. Ming Yangshen's "Words" quotes, Yun: "Before the Song Dynasty, the 23rd day of the first month was the day of wearing the sky, and the Yannuwa clan used the day to make up the sky, and it was commonly used to put pancakes on the house, and the name was to make up the sky. It's been a long time coming. It can be seen that the day after the Song Dynasty wore the sky was the day of "piercing the ground", and there was a custom of touching stones in the water. According to Yang Shen, before the Song Dynasty, there was a situation where the twenty-third day of the first month was the day piercing the sun, and it was also formed by the myth of Nuwa making up the sky. In the Ming Dynasty, there was also a record that the 23rd day of the first month was the Heavenly Piercing Festival, and Zhengde Xiu's Shaanxi "Chaoyi County Record" volume 1 "Customs" said: "On the 23rd day, the pancake house is placed to make up the sky, and rice is still not allowed to be eaten on the day." This information also reveals that there is a custom of not eating rice every day. Although there are records of the Ming Dynasty's local chronicles, there are very few of them. By the Qing Dynasty, there were many records of the Heavenly Piercing Festival in local chronicles, and it can be seen that the Heavenly Piercing Festival was mainly popular in Shaanxi, Shanxi and Henan. The Tianchuan Festival in most regions falls on the 20th day of the first month, such as the records of Qianlong's "Fuping County Record", Qianlong's "Lintong County Record", Qianlong's "Tongzhou Fu Zhi", Qianlong's "Pucheng County Record", Guangxu's "Gaoling County Record", Shanxi Province's Kangxi "Xiezhou Record", Tongzhi's "Yangcheng County Record", Guangxu's "Hejin County Record", and Henan Province's Jiaqing "Yuchi County Record". However, there are also other dates, such as Shaanxi Guangxu's "Weinan County Record" recorded as the 21st day of the first month, Shaanxi Daoguang's "Xianyang County Record" recorded as the 23rd day of the first month, and Henan Guangxu's "Rebuilding Lingbao County Record" recorded as the 20th day of the first month. The customs of the Tianchuan Festival in the Qing Dynasty were the same as in the previous dynasty, and some regions also had the theory of replenishing land. As quoted above in Qianlong's "Fuping County Record", it said: "On the 20th day, put the dough cake house up and down, and make up for the heaven and the earth." Jiaqing's "Chronicle of Yuchi County" recorded: "On the 20th, on the house of pancakes, and on the ground, the name is to make up the heavens and make up the earth." "It is worth noting that Zengcheng, Guangdong also has a celestial festival, and the date to content is slightly different from the north. Jiaqing's "Zengcheng County Record" volume 1 "Customs" recorded: "On the nineteenth and twenty-second days, the famous heavenly machine was defeated, hanging garlic to ward off evil, and praying to the gods, so as to make up for the heavens and wear them." "The records of the Tianchuan Festival in the local chronicles of the Qing Dynasty show that Yu Zhengxie, a former Qing dynasty, said that the Tianchuan Festival "has been abandoned for a long time" is inaccurate, which may be in line with the Jiangnan region, but it is not suitable in the north and some southern regions, and if you look at the entire historical process, the Tianchuan Festival may be gradually declining. In the Qing Dynasty, Fang Zhi recorded this festival a lot, which is probably a reflection of the importance attached to the festival records in the Qing people's cultivation books.
In order to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the Montreal Protocol protecting the ozone layer and the 20th anniversary of the participation of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization in the "Operation Replenishing the Sky", on November 21, 2012, the sculpture "Nuwa Replenishing the Sky" created and donated by Chinese artist Yuan Xikun was officially installed at the United Nations Center in Vienna. The idea of the sculpture "Nuwa Replenishing the Heavens" comes from the ancient Chinese myth "Nuwa Replenishing the Heavens", and the sculptor uses the spirit of "Nuwa Replenishing the Heavens" to call on the international community to protect the ozone layer and actively respond to global climate change. Nearly 200 people, including Chinese Ambassador to Austria Zhao Bin, representatives of international organizations, and permanent envoys to the United Nations, attended the unveiling ceremony of the statue.
The legend of Rizhao Tiantai Mountain about Nuwa mending the sky is included in the "Traditional Folklore" section of the IOV China website, a folk art international organization under UNESCO. Tiantai Mountain is located on the coast of Taoluo Town, Rizhao City, which has been the place of worship of the sun god since ancient times, and the hometown of Huang Lao Chengxian. The main peak has a nuwa formed by a boulder to make up the rooftop, and there is a divine ao formed by a boulder under the platform. The Helios Stone is located on the north side of the mountain on the north side of the Replenishing Heavenly Terrace, and below the mountain is Yutani in the Xi and bathing days in the Classic of Mountains and Seas. On the main peak of Tiantai Mountain, there are also many ancient relics and legends such as the Sun God Altar, which was built and continued to be used for more than 1,500 years in the Shang Dynasty, as well as the ruins of the Xihe tribe, the ruins of the Sun Temple, the ruins of the Laomu Temple where Nuwa Xihe was worshiped, the Dayi Mausoleum, and the Chang'e Tomb. Legend has it that after Nuwa made up the sky, the sky was made up, but she couldn't find the pillars that supported the four poles. If there were no pillars to support it, the sky would fall. In a hurry, Nuwa had to cut off the four feet carrying the god of Tiantai Mountain to support the four poles. However, if Tiantai Mountain did not have the load of Shenao, it would sink to the bottom of the sea, so Nuwa moved Tiantai Mountain to Langya, on the coast of the East China Sea, which is the area of Taoluo Town in Rizhao City. There are still Nuwa mending the heavenly platform on the Tiantai Mountain, and there are beheaded divine claws and the remaining colorful stones under the mending heaven platform, which are called the sun god stones by later generations.
After Nuwa made up the heavens and the earth, the heavens and the earth were positioned, the flood returned, the fire was extinguished, and the four seas were peaceful. People sang and danced on Tiantai Mountain to celebrate the success of mending the sky, and at the same time built Nuwa Temple at the bottom of the mountain, offering worship for generations, with an endless stream of worshippers and incense.