When it comes to Qianlong, some people will say that he is the emoji emperor in "Huan Zhu Gege"; Some people recalled Ruyi, who was let down in his life in "The Legend of Ruyi", and scolded him as a "slag dragon"; Some people saw Qianlong's "earthy" aesthetic cultural relics joke in the museum: Qianlong came out and was beaten!
Qianlong, as the "Internet celebrity emperor" in the modern population, is not only ultra-long standby, but also the longest-reigning emperor in Chinese history, and also the longest-lived emperor in Chinese history; Qianlong also loves to travel, and everywhere he goes, he has given a batch of "the world's first delicacy" and also has a lot of love with beautiful women, and has become a "gossip regular" after the people's tea and dinner.
It seems that people are more relish in Qianlong's gossip, but ignore that during Qianlong's reign, the Qing Dynasty reached its highest peak since the "Kang Qian Dynasty", and he personally pushed the comprehensive national strength of the Qing Dynasty to the peak.
During Qianlong's reign, there were ten major battles, recorded in the Records of Ten Perfections of Martial Arts, each of which had an extremely important impact on Chinese history. One of the battles lasted 7 years, suffered nearly 10,000 casualties and spent tens of millions of taels of silver to achieve a crushing victory, but its historical significance is immeasurable, this is the "Battle of Qingping and Small Jinchuan".
Poor mountains and bad waters, wolf ambition
In the chaotic times of the Ming and Qing dynasties and wars, the leader of the Jinchuan tribe at that time decided to break away from the control of the imperial court when the Ming Dynasty mobilized troops to barely fight the Qing army and took care of himself. He led the tribe to occupy the area of present-day Sichuan and established himself as king.
After the fall of the Ming Dynasty, the Qing army entered the customs and the Great Qing Dynasty was established. After years of war, the people were miserable, and the country was in ruins, and Emperor Taizong of the Qing Dynasty, who had just sat on the throne, could not spare his hand for a while to recover the leader of the Jinchuan tribe who had proclaimed himself king. After the national strength is restored, the Jinchuan tribe has formed a separatist force, and it is difficult to recover the lost land in a short period of time.
The Qing government decided to allow it to discuss later, and after the country had recuperated, it would destroy these "underworld forces" that occupied the mountains one by one. So in the fifteenth year of Shunzhi, in the battle for the Qing army to occupy Chengdu, the fierce combat effectiveness of the Qing army made the tribal leaders who were accustomed to being the "king of the mountain" understand a truth: "If you can't fight, you can save your life by lying down." ”
After the obedience, some of the tribal leaders chose to eat and drink well and lie down and live, while others hid their wolf ambitions under the appearance of obedient sheep, accepted the Qing court's entitlement, seals, and trumpet papers, and led the Qing court.
Qing court officials are not stupid, of course, they know that these tribal leaders are thorns even if they are obedient, and they still have the ability to bear the stubborn thorns and sweep their original good days to the end, and they will definitely jump off the wall if they are in a hurry.
The Qing court decided to inherit the Ming Dynasty's system of managing these tribes, and conferred the rank of deputy chief of the leader of the most powerful tribe in the Jinchuan region, so that he could manage the affairs of the Dajinchuan resident pastor, and temporarily did not harm the original interests of the tribal leaders.
This gentle treatment had an excellent positive effect, and many tribal leaders who had planned to fight to the end came to surrender one after another. There were even "dog-legged" tribal leaders who took the initiative to send people to lead the Qing army to eliminate diehards who were unwilling to surrender.
Of course, the Qing court would not be stupid enough to just allow this group of tribal leaders to live a good life in a place beyond the reach of the imperial court and raise tigers. In the first year of the Yongzheng Dynasty, Nian Xinyao, the governor of Sichuan and Shaanxi at the time, asked the imperial court to confer a reward on another powerful tribe in the Jinchuan region, conferred the title of appeasement division, and awarded Yin Xin, with the beautiful name: "Meritorious service in helping the war." ”
The two major tribes do not obey the other, they all have their own territories and trusted tribes, and they are simply managed separately, and in order to distinguish, there are different titles for the big and small Jinchuan. Since then, the two places have not been under each other and managed independently. The Qing court's recruitment was not bloody, and it easily reduced the threat of the tribes in the Jinchuan region to the imperial court.
First Jinchuan War
Perhaps it was because they had been king for too long, perhaps because of the harsh natural environment of the local area, or perhaps because of the backward production and lifestyle, the tribal people in the Jinchuan area developed a fierce character, they advocated force, brave and good fighting, and untamed, and even formed a social custom of taking pride in robbery.
The rulers of the Qing Dynasty had long formed the ideological model that "if the threat of the frontiers is not eliminated, the interior will not be peaceful for a day." The Qing court certainly would not tolerate such a situation intensifying, and the then emperor Qianlong ordered troops to recruit the robbers, and it took a year to calm them.
Of course, Qianlong did not immediately decide to send troops to pacify the big and small Jinchuan and launch an "anti-gang" operation. In the beginning, Qianlong used the method of "grace and power" in dealing with tribal leaders, with a focus on convincing people with grace. Implement a more moderate "reform of the land and return to the river", that is, change the local officials at that time to the flow of officials, abolish the outdated tusi system, and establish a prefecture and county system that is more convenient for the imperial court to manage.
This gentle method of change was ignored by the leaders of the Great and Small Jinchuan, who were indifferent to the imperial court's orders for reform, and even full of contempt for the deterrence of the Qing army. The leader of Dajinchuan was even more difficult to suppress his heart's desires, and he deliberately planned to annex Xiaojinchuan, becoming the real "soil emperor", and sent troops to attack Xiaojinchuan without warning.
Of course, the Qing court would not allow the leader of Dajinchuan to do whatever he wanted, sent troops to stop it, and failed miserably. When Qianlong heard the war report ahead, he was so angry that he dropped his imperial pen and urgently sent Zhang Guangsi, the governor of Guizhou, to attack Dajinchuan. Zhang Guangsi did not dare to slack off when he received the holy decree, and immediately mobilized 30,000 elite soldiers and horses to attack Dajinchuan.
The Jinchuan area is located in the transition area from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to the Sichuan Basin, where the terrain is precipitous, the climate is cold, the transportation is inconvenient, and it is easy to defend and difficult to attack. Of course, the leader of Dajinchuan will not sit and wait to be beaten, and cleverly use the danger of the local terrain to build bunkers everywhere, like scattered with stars.
These bunkers gave the Qing army a headache, and even though they tried methods such as digging tunnels, bombarding mines, firing artillery, and cutting off waterways, they still struggled. As the war dragged on longer and longer, the military expenditure became more and more expensive, and the Qing soldiers also complained. In the end, Zhang Guangsi insisted on retreating helplessly after half a year.
Qianlong then sent the university scholar to take charge of Sichuan's military affairs. Blindly arrogant, thinking that the small tribal leader was not afraid, he ordered the Qing army in a contrarian situation to attack directly, but was severely counterattacked by the tribal soldiers with guns and falling stones, and the Qing army suffered heavy losses.
The bitter lesson could not break the arrogance of Prince Ne, who recklessly ordered a sneak attack on the pass that was easy to defend and difficult to attack, and was indeed "surrounded and suppressed" by the tribesmen. During the retreat, the Qing army had a very serious stampede with heavy casualties, and Neqin also paid the price for his arrogance - Qianlong ordered Nene to be beheaded for public display.
The two successive defeats made Qianlong so angry that he could not eat, and adhering to the principle that nothing should be done, Qianlong sent troops for the third time, appointed Fu Heng, a university scholar, to command the military affairs of Dajinchuan and attack the Dajinchuan area again. This time, Fu Heng finally did not disappoint Qianlong.
After Fu Heng arrived in office, he immediately began to rectify military affairs, kill the internal personnel in the army, change the previous combat mode, improve the offensive into defense, smoothly turn the tide of the war, and finally defeat the Jinchuan army, the leader of Dajinchuan was unable to resist and surrendered to the Qing army.
Fu Heng reported to Qianlong the surrender of the leader of Dajinchuan, who was now very "tired" of the war in Dajinchuan, and the conquest of Dajinchuan consumed a lot of manpower and material resources, and the Qing court suffered heavy losses. Qianlong simply accepted the surrender of the Dajinchuan chieftain, and only ordered the Dajinchuan chief to return the land and people that had been usurped.
If Qianlong can travel through time and space, he will definitely return to this time and give himself a mouthful. Qianlong never thought that his momentary soft-heartedness would dig such a big hole for his future self.
Jinchuan suffered heavy losses in World War II
Not long after the end of the First Jinchuan War, perhaps Qianlong's uncalculated attitude gave the leaders of the Jinchuan region "lost confidence", and after being honest for a while, the leaders of the big and small Jinchuan once again secretly invaded the surrounding land. Seeing that the Qing court did not intervene, he became more and more emboldened and once again sent troops to attack the surrounding tribes.
Qianlong initially thought that this was a conflict between the tribal leaders, who were all hot-tempered and fought at two ends for three days. Moreover, fighting between tribes can contain each other, weaken their strength, and they are happy to see it.
The small tribes in the Jinchuan area are not so optimistic, and they are worried every day, afraid that they will be the next to be attacked. Asking the Qing court for help, Qing officials had an ambiguous attitude and were reluctant to send troops to help. The small tribes decided to unite and huddle against the attack of the leaders of the Great and Small Jinchuan.
Since the ancient heroes were sad about the beauty pass, the alliance that was hard to huddle was easily broken by the Dajinchuan leader with the strategy of beauty marriage, and the Dajinchuan leader took most of the territory without much effort. In particular, the leader of Xiaojinchuan was no longer satisfied with being the emperor of the Jinchuan region, and he set his sights on the position of the Ninety-Five Venerable.
Qianlong really killed this time and decided to completely calm Jinchuan. Qianlong dispatched Wen Fu and Guilin troops to attack Xiaojinchuan in three ways. However, the complicated terrain of Jinchuan, coupled with the blossoming bunkers that were easy to defend and difficult to attack, made the progress of the Qing army slow.
Qianlong was so anxious in the face of the lack of progress on the front line that local officials were ineffective, he removed them from their posts, appointed Guilin as the governor of Sichuan, and advised: "The bunker is not easy to fight, then bypass it!" ”
Under Qianlong's constructive suggestion, the Qing army's advance speed really became faster. This time, the rollover appeared on the internal contradictions of the Qing army. Guilin had a discord with his employees, and the communiqué had a personal vendetta that led to the destruction of 3,000 soldiers. When Qianlong learned of this, he ordered the removal of Guilin's military affairs, and at the same time sent more troops, and A Gui was replaced by the commander.
The Qing army soon captured Xiaojinchuan, and Qianlong received an application for surrender from the leader of Xiaojinchuan, and this time Qianlong decided to kill it all. The leader of Xiaojinchuan had to defect to the leader of Dajinchuan overnight, and the Qing army also followed closely behind, and also launched a fierce attack on Dajinchuan.
The leaders of the big and small Jinchuan joined forces, took advantage of their familiarity with the terrain, adopted guerrilla tactics to attack the Qing army, and even sent people to secretly infiltrate Xiaojinchuan to incite the old department of Xiaojinchuan to backstab the Qing army. The Qing army suffered from the enemy, lost several generals in a company, and retreated in a hurry.
Summing up experience, the big and small Jinchuan eventually collapsed
After the second fiasco, Qianlong made up his mind and summed up the lessons learned. After several attacks, Qianlong sent nearly 70,000 people and suffered heavy losses. This time, Qianlong adopted the strategy of destroying Xiaojinchuan first, and then attacking Dajinchuan, and quickly captured Xiaojinchuan with the momentum of thunder.
The Qing army once again launched a fierce attack on Dajinchuan, this time the Qing army seemed to walk on the ground in the face of the bunkers that could not be attacked for a long time. The Qing army used artillery to bombard the Dajinchuan camp day and night, and the leader of Dajinchuan was defeated and retreated, and after asking the Qing army to surrender to no avail, he fought to the death and was captured alive at Gar Cliff.
The leaders of the big and small Jinchuan were escorted back to Beijing, and all the relevant personnel were beheaded for public display. Since then, Jinchuan has finally been pacified.
In the two Jinchuan Wars, the Qing army mobilized nearly 190,000 troops and spent nearly 70,000 taels of silver, which lasted seven years and suffered tens of thousands of casualties. This war has had a profound positive impact on many aspects of history.
The Great and Small Jinchuan War brought relative stability and tranquility to the entire Xichuan region, and also provided a reference for the recovery of other lost territories; After the Qing court recovered Jinchuan, it strengthened its ties and exchanges with the central government and the mainland, consolidated centralized power, and was conducive to the consolidation and development of China's unified multi-ethnic state; After the recovery of Jinchuan, the policies of the Qing government were promoted, and the land was reclaimed, which accelerated the development of the Jinchuan area; Of course, the most far-reaching impact was that the Great and Small Jinchuan Wars basically delimited the southern borders of today's China.