Venosic bees, also known as "gourd bees", "horse bees", "wasps", etc., belong to the phylum arthropods, insects, hymenoptera, wasps, wasps. There are many species of wasps, there are about 6,000 kinds of known wasps at home and abroad, and about 200 kinds of wasps in China, and most of the wasp species are distributed in groups and have social behavior. Dali Prefecture in the mountainous areas, forest areas are more distributed, high forest coverage, suitable climate, more wild wasps, most of the local residents have the custom of eating wasp pupae, drinking wasp bubble wine, in the market season vespa products are often in short supply. In recent years, a small number of people have seen the business opportunities and begun to engage in artificial breeding of wasps, but due to technical problems, the overall breeding scale is not large, the success rate is not high, and there are not many people who really achieve profitability. Therefore, it is timely to strengthen the study of artificial wasp breeding techniques suitable for the Dali region.
<h1 class = "pgc-h-arrow-right" >1 population composition of wasps</h1>
Most of the wasp species live in groups and have a clear division of labor, and the colony consists of a queen bee, a worker bee and a male bee. Among them, the queen bee and the worker bee are both female bees, but the worker bees have no reproductive ability. Male bees are developed from the eggs of female bees that have not been fertilized, before wintering, a small number of male bees and female bees completed tail fertilization, fertilized male bees die one after another, while female bees look for relatively constant temperatures (such as dry stake caves) in preparation for overwintering, after successful overwintering these female bees become the new queen bee.
In the spring, as the temperature of the external environment gradually rises, the queen begins to go out to find the nest, lay eggs, hatch, and feed the first generation of the bee until it feathers into a worker bee. After that, the worker bee took over the nest building, predation, feeding the larvae, and protecting the nest from the enemy, and the queen bee was responsible for spawning.
<h1 class = "pgc-h-arrow-right" >2 wasp habits</h1>
Vespa activity is mainly affected by sunshine, temperature and humidity factors. When the ambient temperature is low, the wasps are mostly active on the nest to the sun; when the ambient temperature is high, the wasps are mostly active on the nest. The stinging activity of the wasp requires the external environmental temperature to reach 12 to 13 °C; when the ambient temperature is 16 to 18 °C, the wasp gradually begins to nest and breed; when the temperature drops to 6 to 10 °C after autumn, the wasp begins to prepare for wintering. The relative humidity of the most suitable activity of the wasps is 60% to 70%, and in rainy weather, the wasps go out to eat rarely. In natural conditions, the habitat of the wasp generally chooses trunks, walls, eaves, etc. that are ideal for light, ventilation, and breathability.
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" >3 The use value of wasps</h1>
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" >3.1 Biological control value</h1>
Wasp is a carnivorous insect that can effectively prey on and eliminate a variety of insects, such as cotton bollworms, vegetable powder butterflies and other insects that are more harmful to the agricultural and forestry industry. In addition, in the process of visiting some vespa artificial breeding, it was found that when the density of the breeding group in the area is too large, it is more difficult for the vespa to feed wild insects, and the farmer can properly feed grasshoppers, beef, lean pork and offal.
Therefore, the use of wasps to prey on insects can not only inhibit the flood of agricultural and forestry pests, but also reduce the pollution of the ecological environment by chemical pesticides, so it has good economic and ecological benefits. Guo Yunjiao and others raised wasps on removable equipment, and carried out experiments on wasps hunting agricultural pests in vegetable bases and fruit bases, and achieved obvious results.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > 3.2 nutritional value</h1>
The larvae and pupae of vespas are delicacies that can be eaten by humans. In all parts of Yunnan, wasp pupae is one of the most common insect ingredients (mostly fried processing when eaten), every year around the Mid-Autumn Festival is the best time to harvest bee pupae, in the township market can see the nest to sell wasp larvae and pupae, due to the strong seasonality, often sold out, in short supply.
Wang Yunzhen et al. [6] Through the study of the amino acid content of wasps, it was found that the content of essential amino acids in foreign sources of wasps is particularly rich, so it has high nutritional value. Zhang Youxiang et al. [7] studied the mineral element content in the golden ring wasp, and found that the content of trace elements Fe and Se in the wasp wasp wasu was high, while the content of Cd and Al was wast wast, and excessive intake of Al elements in the human body can lead to chronic poisoning, so wasps are not suitable for long-term consumption.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" >3.3 medicinal value</h1>
Vespas were used earlier as medicinal uses, such as the "Compendium of Materia Medica" and "Dai Medicine", which recorded that the larvae, adult worms and hives of vespas can be used in medicine. In China, hives and bee venom, as traditional drugs, have achieved good results in the clinical application of bee sting allergy and rheumatoid arthritis. In Yunnan, most of the people believe that wasps have the effect of therapeutic health care and treatment, and use live wasps to brew wine and drink. For example, the Jingpo people often use fresh wasps to brew wasp wine, which plays a role in dispelling wind and dehumidification, and is often used to treat rheumatic diseases. Guo Yunjiao and others prepared 32 kinds of wasp sparkling wine with golden tiger head bees, which also proved that wasp sparkling wine has the effect of preventing and treating rheumatic diseases.
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" >4 Wasp hazards</h1>
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" >4.1 harm to people</h1>
Wasps are important natural enemies of insects, and naturally, wasps prey on insects in wild forest areas, which basically do not cause harm to people. However, in the human settlement area nesting, the activity of the wasp, by human behavior is greatly affected by human behavior, although the wasp generally does not take the initiative to attack people, but when the hive by mistake, poke the honeycomb, some chemical odor in the environment and other factors stimulate the wasp, usually lead to the self-protection behavior of the wasp and attack people, and even seriously can be fatal. Therefore, when vespa nests are found in crowded places such as urban areas, professional firefighters should be asked to remove them to avoid improper disposal and causing wasps to injure people. In the process of artificial breeding of wasps, when approaching the wasps at close range, it is necessary to wear professional anti-bee clothing, hats, gloves, boots, etc., and increase vigilance, which can avoid wasps hurting people.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" >4.2 Hazards to fruit trees</h1>
Wasps are carnivorous insects that can prey on a variety of pests in orchards and generally do not cause harm to the fruit. However, if the population density of wasps in the region is too large, and the food demand increases and is not met, the sap of some fruits with higher sugar content will be sucked, which can cause some orchards to reduce production.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" >4.3 Hazards to bees</h1>
Vespas prey on bees, so bee farming areas generally do not practice captive farming. Due to the large difference in the size of bees and wasps, it is necessary to minimize the bee's return to the nest passage and keep the wasp out, which also has a certain effect of reducing and preventing wasps from preying on bees. In addition, some wasp captive farmers have found that when the density of wasp farming in a certain area is large, several nests of bees can be properly raised nearby, and the bees are used as one of the supplementary insects of the wasps.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" >5 Market prospects for Vespa products</h1>
In Taobao and some farmers' markets, the price of bee pupae can be seen as: 120 ~ 280 yuan / kg, due to the strong seasonality, it is very popular in the consumer market, and the supply of bee pupa products is in short supply. Because the living habits of the wasp are greatly affected by light, temperature and humidity, the supply time of bee pupae in various places is inconsistent, the earlier the supply price is higher, the generally higher temperature in the area at the end of July (before and after the Yi torch festival) can be seen to have bee pupae for sale, at this time the market bee pupa is relatively small, the price is generally not less than 200 yuan / kg, and most of the areas of the pupae are concentrated in the Mid-Autumn Festival before and after the sale, at this time the price is mostly about 120 yuan / kg. In addition, the price of live worker bee bubble wine is generally 100 ~ 200 yuan / kg, while bee venom collection and purification is more difficult, and it is still relatively rare in the market.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" >6 domestic wasp captivity</h1>
Due to the high resource utilization value of wasps, it is mainly based on food, and there are more and more applications in medicinal and biological control. In recent years, the artificial breeding of wasps related reports are not uncommon, through the Internet search query and view of relevant literature reports found that the domestic artificial breeding of wasps is mainly concentrated in Yunnan Province, Guizhou, Sichuan, Shaanxi, Hunan, Guangxi, Fujian and other provinces have also been reported, and most of its artificial breeding technology is taken from Yunnan. Among them, There are more relevant reports on Baoshan, Dehong and Qujing in Yunnan, and the scale is larger and the vespa breeding company has been established.
Huang Guozhong in Baoshan Longling, after a long period of continuous exploration, successfully realized the artificial breeding of wasps, the development of wasp products, on the CCTV "Science and Technology Garden" "Rich Economics" column, and in the local area of the artificial breeding of wasps to drive farmers to increase income of the industry, become the "first person" of artificial breeding of wasps. As early as 2013, Huang Guozhong established Huang's Wasp Breeding Co., Ltd. and Wasp Breeding Professional Cooperative in Longling County, driving the masses to keep more than 1,000 nests of bees, relying only on the sale of bee pupae, and the annual output value of each nest of wasps can reach more than 1,000 yuan. At the same time, in order to develop the medicinal value of wasp venom, in the same year, the company purchased 8 electronic venom versions, collected 57 g of bee venom, and achieved sales income of 51,300 yuan. In addition, after the artificial breeding of wasps to make money famous, Huang Guozhong opened a wasp artificial breeding technology training class, each training period of 7 ~ 10 d, mainly teach queen bee collection, male and female mating, queen bee wintering and other courses, mainly in practice, and to the trainees or beekeepers to sell breeding bees, each mating is not wintering of the quasi-queen 20 yuan per, successful wintering queen 50 yuan per queen, each nest has 10 to 30 worker bees of the wasp 300 ~ 500 yuan, the training class students from all over the country, as of the end of 2015, More than 1,000 personnel have been trained and more than 1.3 million yuan has been realized.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" >7 Prospects for captive cultivation of wasps in Dali area</h1>
7.1 Advantages of wasp farming
Dali's forest areas are widely distributed (Dali's mountainous area accounts for 83.7% of the total area, and the forest coverage rate in 2015 was 60.3%), the climate is suitable (the average annual temperature is 15.1 °C, the average coldest month is 8.7 °C, the hottest month average is 20.1 °C, and the average annual humidity is 66%), and there are more wild wasps, which is suitable for artificial breeding of wasps. Most of the local use of wasp resources is to eat larvae and pupae directly after smoke and fire around the Mid-Autumn Festival, which is not only devastating to the resources of wasps, but also has a certain risk of burning mountains and deforestation. In addition, in some ethnic minority settlements, some villagers moved the hives back to the front house after the early bee colonies found in the wild were smoked, realizing the early "artificial breeding of vespas", and later through the sale of bee pupae, a certain amount of economic income was obtained, but did not solve the problem of continuous expansion of scale breeding.
After preliminary investigation, Dali's Yongping County, Xiangyun County, Weishan County, and Yangpi County occasionally have news reports on the artificial breeding of vespa, but due to technical problems, the overall breeding scale is not large, the success rate is not high, and there are not many people who really achieve profitability. Among them, Zhu Zhengfei, a wasp farmer in Puwan Town, Xiangyun County, has set up a breeding cooperative in the local area after more than 5 years of breeding exploration, leading farmers to get rid of poverty and become rich. Therefore, we should make full use of the natural resource conditions and tourism and transportation advantages of Dali area, strengthen the study of artificial breeding technology of wasps suitable for Dali area, and carry out artificial breeding of wasps in mountainous areas and agricultural areas of Dali to serve the local plateau characteristic agricultural economy.
7.2 Wasp farming can help the masses get rid of poverty and increase income
Dali Prefecture is the main battlefield of the "West Yunnan Border Area" of 14 poverty alleviation areas in the country, and there are many poor people in mountainous areas. Zhu Zhengfei, a wasp farmer in Pushu Town, Xiangyun County, has continuously overcome the wasp breeding technology through more than 5 years of artificial breeding of wasps, and successfully realized large-scale artificial breeding of wasps. In the first half of 2019, Zhu Zhengfei has successfully cultivated more than 30,000 queen bees and more than 6,000 colonies, and the bee colonies cultivated not only meet the breeding needs of local cooperatives, but also sold to Baoshan, Kunming, Guizhou and other places at a price of more than 300 yuan per nest. Due to the low investment in wasp breeding, high efficiency, after achieving profitability, Zhu Zhengfei established a wasp breeding cooperative in the local area, which quickly attracted the participation of poor people such as local lika households, and took the breeding of wasps as one of the economic sources, so that the annual income of farmers increased by at least 10,000 yuan.
At present, driven by cooperatives, products such as bee pupae, standard bee colonies, and worker bee bubble wine produced by artificial breeding are in short supply in the market, and the economic benefits are very impressive. It can be seen that making full use of the natural resource conditions in Dali to develop wasp breeding can be one of the main sources of economic income for farmers in poor mountainous areas, and will play a positive role in helping the poor people in Dali to get rid of poverty and drive local farmers to become rich.