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On the road of human scientific and technological development, there are many great scientists, these scientists have played a very important role in the development of human science and technology, without the contribution of these scientists, then the development of human science and technology may be hundreds of years back, modern science believes that human beings were born more than 2 million years ago, when there were still many other fierce creatures living on the earth, apes in order to be able to develop for a long time, so they chose to live in groups, Group life can not only promote the opportunity to communicate with each other, but also effectively resist foreign invaders, scientists have concluded that frequent communication can make the brain development faster and faster, because apes live together for a long time, so the ape brain becomes more and more intelligent, and eventually successfully evolved into humans.
On the road of human scientific and technological development, mathematics is very important for human beings, mathematics can help human beings achieve many wishes, but mathematics is also a field that pursues extreme accuracy, in such a very rigorous field, some mathematicians' theories are questioned is also a normal thing, in human history, there are many great mathematicians throughout their lives, delving into a theory, and there are many mathematicians because of the outside world's doubts, eventually lost their precious lives, If the preservation of fire brought the development of reality and mysterious color to primitive humans, then the discovery of numbers marked the original progress of reality and aesthetics, and each of us began to learn the concept of number from a young age, different things can have the same amount in the sense of counting, and this abstract quantity is called number by humans.
According to the research of scientists, the history of mathematics began with the knotted rope note, about tens of thousands of years ago, humans in primitive societies used rope knots to represent things and numbers, and to the knots to represent the size of beasts, the concept of numbers slowly developed, 5,000 years ago, ancient Egyptians learned agricultural production earlier, and later more than 2,000 years ago, the ancient Greeks inherited and developed mathematical knowledge and developed numbers as a discipline, The real meaning research in human science began in ancient Greece, and the first mathematician in the history of modern mathematics was Pythagoras, although Plato, Aristotle, these people have a great influence on later generations, but the greatest achievement of ancient Greece is to establish a more perfect mathematical world, this mathematical world is not like Plato's ideal country and Aristotle's metaphysical view of nature.
It has had a very great impact on human history, mathematics has brought reason to human beings, it is a perseverance in the spirit of exploration, the first to abstract numbers, and raise the status of numbers to unparalleled heights is the ancient Greek mathematician Pythagoras, he is also the first mathematician in human history, since then, human beings have studied mathematics more and more scientists, in Russia there is such a mathematical genius Lobachevsky, his theory was only confirmed by mankind after his death, Lobachevsky was a famous Russian mathematician and one of the earliest discoverers of non-Euclidean geometry, and Lobachevsky successfully entered the famous Zenshan University in 1807 with intelligence beyond ordinary people.
At the age of 19, he obtained a master's degree in physical mathematics, in the field of mathematics, the most mainstream geometric discussion is the study of Euclid's geometric theory, in fact, the study of plane geometry and spatial geometry, Euclid is a very famous mathematician in history, many of his ideas, at that time were unshakable truths, which also left a lot of room for conjecture for posterity, Lobachevsky also launched a guess on plane geometry and spatial geometry, At that time, while studying Euclid's fifth hypothesis, he suddenly raised a strange question: Why must two parallel lines not intersect? After the theory was proposed, it was quickly ridiculed by mainstream mathematicians, who regarded Lobachevsky's speculation as nonsense.
However, these doubts did not affect Lobachevsky's research, he continued to complete his "Non-Euclidean Geometric Thought", at that time he was like Copernicus, not recognized, but still insisted on his ideals and beliefs in his heart, but the reality of the blow to Lobachevsky was very cruel, in everyone's doubts, Lobachevsky not only stepped down from the altar of mathematical genius, but also left the world in 1856 at the age of 64, in Lobachevsky's heart, I have always believed in the idea that if you want to do something satisfactorily, you must either do it yourself, or you must be proficient in the matter yourself, and ensure that you can make accurate and clear suggestions to the people who do it. It was because of his fifth postulate with Euclid that he lost his life.
So what exactly are Euclid's five postulations? Postulate 1, any point to another point can draw a straight line, postulate 2, a finite line segment can be extended indefinitely, postulate 3, with any point as the center and any distance can draw a circle, postulate 4, all right angles are equal to each other, postulate 5, if both lines intersect the third line, and the inner angle on the same side is only less than two right angles, then these two lines must intersect on this side. In the history of human mathematics, there are many mathematicians who want to overturn these five postulates, but ultimately failed, before that, Lobachevsky was also like his predecessors, studying Euclid's five postulaces, just when his research encountered difficulties, he made a major decision, no longer to continue to follow the footsteps of his predecessors, he believes that the fifth postulate may not exist at all, as long as the fifth postulate can be found unfifiable answers, then all problems will be solved.
But unfortunately, Lobachevsky did not see his theory believed in his lifetime, in human history, many scientists are the same as Lobachevsky, Copernicus put forward the heliocentric theory, but also by many people questioned and ridiculed, in 1543, Copernicus published the "Theory of the Movement of Celestial Bodies" before his death, this work is called the starting point of modern astronomy, it opened the Copernican Revolution, and promoted the scientific revolution made a significant contribution, in the Copernican era, People believed in geocentrism, believing that the earth was the center of the universe and that both the sun and the moon revolved around the earth, and Copernicus discovered the loophole in the geocentric theory at that time, and for the next 20 years, he continued to observe and measure the position of the planets every day.
According to years of observation, Copernicus believed that the earth could not be the center of the planetary orbit, and the annual change of the sun was not obvious, which meant that the distance between the earth and the sun never changed significantly, at this time he rays, if the position of the sun is placed in the center of the universe, then the earth should rotate around the sun, and then he proposed the heliocentric theory, but at that time, his heliocentric theory was not recognized, and his "Theory of Celestial Movement" did not dare to be public, until after Copernicus' death, "Theory of Celestial Movement" In the 17th century, Galileo and Kepler proved Copernicus' theory correct from both the observational and theoretical levels.
In honor of Copernicus' achievements, one of the most prominent craters on the moon was named Copernicus, the most distinctive feature of this 93-kilometer diameter crater is the bright radial pattern distributed around it, Copernicus has a great influence on future generations, if it does not put forward heliocentrism, perhaps human astronomy will retreat to hundreds of years, these stories tell us that truth will always emerge in the long river of history, just like Lobachevsky's theory, 12 years after his death, This theory was proved by the Italian mathematician Betrami, who had always believed that Lobachevsky's theory was correct, but due to the oppression of the environment of the time. Many of the mathematicians who supported Lobachevsky were unable to express their views, so they were able to carry out their theoretical research on Lobachevsky on their own.
After a long period of research, he finally published "Explanation of Non-Euclidean Geometry" in 1868, and proved that parallel lines can actually intersect, he proposed that the parallel lines proposed by Euclid cannot intersect only in the Euclidean plane system, and Lobachevsky's parallel line intersection must also be completed in the non-Euclidean geometric system, and later in honor of Lobachevsky, Zhushan University built a memorial statue for him in the school, reminding everyone to stick to the truth and never give up. In our ordinary people's cognition, parallel lines are impossible to intersect, which is actually due to our knowledge limitations, and the plane geometry we learned in school is framed by the Euclidean geometry degree, in which parallel lines are defined as two unintersecting straight lines in a two-dimensional plane.
In Euclidean geometry, parallel lines can be extended indefinitely, and will never intersect, this statement is also in line with human intuitive attempts, but if the sum of the inner angles of a triangle on a two-dimensional surface can be less than 180 degrees, at that time it can also be greater than 180 degrees, due to the acute angle composed of two straight lines, to one side as a perpendicular line, this perpendicular line can not intersect with the other side, in a two-dimensional surface, over a point outside the straight line, you can do multiple straight lines parallel to the known straight line, of course, there are also cases where parallel lines cannot be made. That is to say, on a two-dimensional plane, there are no real parallel lines, any two straight lines have a common intersection, in the early 20th century, the famous physicist Einstein proposed the theory of relativity on the basis of four-dimensional space and non-Euclidean geometry, reshaping the space-time structure of the entire universe for human beings.
According to Einstein's theory of relativity, we can know that flat space-time is just a special case of small scales in the universe, and on large scales, there is no so-called flat space-time, so non-Euclidean geometry is the essence of the universe, because the entire universe has a certain curvature, although the universe we observe is almost flat, and this can only show that the range we observe is very small, just like the ground we see on Earth is actually flat, but if we stand outside the Earth, the Earth we see is actually a spherical shape, And the earth itself is also spherical, the reason why the earth we see on the ground is flat, because our observation range is too small, only can observe the local range, if standing on the scale of the entire universe, there is no absolute parallel line, the two lines that extend indefinitely will intersect because of the curvature of the universe.
The great philosopher Plato once said: the truth may be on the side of a few, in human history, there are many truths that are questioned than when they were proposed, only a few people can adhere to it, the truth needs to go through a long process from discovery to public recognition, Lobachevsky established the geometry of the surface, can make two parallel straight lines, intersected under the change of curvature, this concept violates the laws of plane geometry, but it is more in line with the reality of the universe, and was finally confirmed by Einstein, The success of every scientist is not accidental, Einstein was able to become one of the greatest scientists in human history, but also experienced many tribulations, before Einstein, everyone believed in Newton's absolute view of time and space.
Newton believes that time and space are the same, just a geometric parameter that describes the motion of an object, which is a spatialized external time, time increase and decrease describes the displacement of an object as a point in space, and does not involve and affect the internal properties of the object, Einstein appeared after the appearance, broke this theory, in Einstein's theory of relativity, the relationship between speed and time was explained, and the relationship between gravity and time was explained, Einstein believed that time, matter, and space are related, Now that we have shown that time, space, and matter are one, this theory has subverted the traditional understanding of time and given scientists a new understanding of the universe.
On the road of human development, there are many twists and turns, only those who adhere to the truth, have the courage to face the world's doubts, can go to the end, now human science can have such high achievements, can not be separated from the persistence of these scientists, the current human science and technology is still constantly improving and developing, human cognition of the world is not very comprehensive, in the universe there are still many mysteries we do not know, these mysteries are waiting for human beings to explore and study, Xiaobian believes that human beings as the most intelligent life on earth, Human beings have been constantly exploring the mysteries of the world since their birth, and at present human beings have been able to go out of the earth to explore the universe, which shows that the speed of human science and technology development is very fast, and with the advancement of human science and technology in the future, maybe we can solve the mystery of the universe, hoping that this day can come as soon as possible, do you have anything to say about this?