Mongolia - full name Mongolia, referred to as Mongolia, is located in the north of the mainland, is the second largest landlocked country, surrounded by the mainland and Russia, and the capital is Ulaanbaatar. The main ethnic group is the Khalkha Mongols, accounting for about 80% of the country's population, in addition to ethnic minorities such as Kazakhs. The official language is Mongolian. Mongolia has a land area of 1,566,500 square kilometers, which is the 19th largest country in the world by land area and landlocked country after Kazakhstan, with a population of about 3 million people, making it a particularly low population density country in the world. Mongolia has less arable land, and most of the country is covered by grasslands. The north and west are mountainous, and the Gobi Desert is in the south. About 30% of the population is nomadic or semi-nomadic.
Mongolia was ruled by many ethnic groups such as the Xiongnu, Xianbei, Rouran, and Khitan in history. In 1206, Genghis Khan established the Great Mongolian State. Its nation has established a national territory of more than 45 million square kilometers, stretching from the Korean Peninsula in the east, Poland and Hungary in the west, Siberia in the north, and the Indochina Peninsula of Showa in the south. In 1271, his grandson Kublai Khan established the Yuan Dynasty, and after the fall of the Yuan Dynasty, the Mongols returned to the Mongolian steppe, but often clashed with the Ming Dynasty on the border, captured the people and plundered wealth, Mongolia returned to the Qing Dynasty in the 17th century, until the fall of the Qing Dynasty in 1911, Mongolia declared its statehood, but it has not been internationally recognized, on February 11, 1921, with the support of the Soviet Union, Mongolia rebelled, the Chinese garrison withdrew from its territory after the defeat, and on July 10, 1921, it established pro-Soviet forces, The Republic of Mongolia, established in 1924, was under the Soviet sphere of influence and began to gain international recognition in 1961. After the drastic changes in Eastern Europe, Mongolia underwent earth-shaking changes, and in 1992 a new constitution was promulgated, which began the transition to a market economy.
Mongolia has a long history of animal husbandry, which has historically operated five types of livestock, namely cattle, horses, camels, sheep and goats. The Mongols call it the "Five Treasures". Although animal husbandry has a long history, its productivity is not high, and it has always been in a production situation of "relying on the sky to raise livestock and living by water and grass," and Mongolia has been following the road of animal husbandry development since the founding of the People's Republic of China. Because this is a gift from nature, Mongolia's area is very large, but the population is small, and has a large area of grassland, so this is very beneficial to the development of animal husbandry, but the problem also comes, developed animal husbandry will inevitably make the land desertification, today 70% of Mongolia's land faces land desertification, developed animal husbandry has not driven Mongolia's economy, Ulaanbaatar has 45% of Mongolians, from its living conditions, the quality of life is not high, economic development is slow.
Agriculture in Mongolia - Although Mongolia has a vast territory, there is really very little arable land. On the one hand, the mountains are mainly distributed in the central and western regions of Mongolia, occupying half of its entire territory, while the south, which is the vast Gobi, is short of water, and second, this is the bitter cold land of northern Cyprus, many disasters, and a heavy snow on the steppe, enough to destroy Mongolia's poor agriculture. Some of the arable land is still very primitive cultivation, which makes Mongolian agriculture low, so Mongolia needs to purchase a large number of foreign agricultural products, most of the goods need to be imported from the mainland.
Mongolia's industrial production capacity is low, basically some light industries and mining, and the level of exploitation capacity is not high, other industries are almost none, in a state of stagnation. Mongolia currently derives some export income mainly from copper mines, and also makes some profits from the manufacture of textiles. Mongolia has not only developed industry and agriculture slowly, but also their infrastructure capacity is insufficient, but also their infrastructure capacity is insufficient, so the Mongolian people have little income and live very poorly, 80% of the population is below the poverty line, and underdeveloped agriculture and industry make Mongolia's economic level low.
Mongolia's military strength, the total strength is only about 20,000 people, more than 10,000 police forces, 137,000 reserve troops, Mongolia implements compulsory military service, if the wartime state, the number of soldiers can be increased to 300,000, almost the whole people are soldiers. This number of soldiers is undoubtedly huge, and the burden is very huge for a small country with a destitute population of 3 million.
The Mongolian army has 8,500 people, and the Mongolian army soldiers are still wearing Soviet-era uniforms, the main equipment is the AK series, and the armored combat vehicle unit still has a certain strength. It has more than 800 infantry fighting vehicles and armored personnel carriers, 450 mobile anti-aircraft equipment, and about 1000 cannons and mortars. The more advanced Soviet-made T-72 tanks also reached 85 units.
The Mongolian Navy, one of the few countries in the world with an inland navy, has 7 men and 3 tugboats of very low displacement (only 1 can be put into service), named after Damuddin Sukhbaatar, an important figure in Mongolia's quest for autonomy, with two guns and an engine. This navy was first formed not for national defense, but for the transportation of oil at Lake Khusugul. According to the data, there was oil trade between the Soviet Union and Mongolia, and through Lake Kusugul, the land transportation time could be reduced from 4 days to 8 hours. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, because Lake Khusugul is a famous tourist attraction in Mongolia and there is no pollution, in order to protect the environment, Mongolia stopped using oil tankers to transport oil.
Mongolian Air Force, active air force conscripts of about 1250 people, unreserved, including 1 combat regiment, 1 combat squadron, 2 transport squadrons, 1 helicopter squadron, 1 training detachment. Some foreign consultants and trainers may remain in Mongolia for training purposes. An-2 light aircraft - 10 units, MiG-21 fighters - about 9 units, MiG-29 fighters - about 5 units, Su-27 fighters - 4 units. Mi-24 Hind helicopters - about 25 units, Mi-8 helicopters - about 32 units, Mi-17 helicopters - about 2 units. Mongolia has two air bases Ulaanbaatar and Seinshanda; The former is the headquarters of the Mongolian air base. Mongolia is dotted with a large number of converted or partially renovated airports.
Mongolian culture, because Mongolia is a nomadic country, so many cultures are different from us, Mongolian costumes are also called Mongolian robes, mainly including robes, belts, boots, jewelry, etc., Naadam Assembly is a Mongolian traditional festival with a long history. "Naadam", which means entertainment or game in Chinese, occupies an important place in Mongolian life and is a cultural and sports entertainment conference established by people to celebrate a good harvest. The yurt is a type of house inhabited by Mongolian herders, suitable for breeding production and nomadic life. The inside of the yurt bag is spacious and warm, and Mongolians speak Mongolian and use Mongolian characters.