#历史开讲 #
The Sui and Tang delisting system was an important political system during the Sui and Tang dynasties, which was established to punish or deal with some political or social bad behavior. Its implementation strengthened the rule of the Sui and Tang dynasties to a certain extent, and also had a profound impact on the political system and cultural inheritance of later generations. This article will discuss the origin, evolution, implementation methods, and historical value of the Sui and Tang delisting system.
The historical background and evolution of the Sui and Tang delisting system
The Sui Dynasty was a short but important dynasty in Chinese history, which had a profound influence on politics, military, culture, and institutions.
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With the development of society, many social problems arose in the Sui Dynasty, one of the important problems being official corruption, bribery and inaction. To solve this problem, the Sui Dynasty introduced a delisting system, that is, the removal of officials who were at fault. The Sui Dynasty delisting system mainly has the following characteristics:
Higher requirements for officials: The Sui Dynasty delisting system required officials to have higher requirements for their conduct and ability, and officials were strictly examined and evaluated for their appointment and evaluation, and they would be removed from the list if they were found to have misconduct.
Various forms of delisting: The Sui Dynasty's delisting system took many forms, including deposition, demotion, exile, removal from office, etc. Strict procedures and standards: There were strict procedures and standards in the implementation of the delisting system in the Sui Dynasty, and officials must undergo strict investigation and trial, otherwise delisting cannot be carried out.
Efficient enforcement: The Sui Dynasty's delisting system was highly efficient, which could solve the problem of official misconduct in a timely manner and maintain political stability and social order.
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The changes and development of the delisting system in the Tang Dynasty were borrowed and developed from the delisting system of the Sui Dynasty. The delisting system of the Sui Dynasty was further improved and standardized in the Tang Dynasty. While stipulating the delisting system, the Tang Dynasty also made specific provisions on the conditions for reinstatement after delisting, such as regular review and standby time.
In addition, the Tang Dynasty also provided for another type of delisting—historical notes, that is, recording the name of an official in the historical record, and noting the mistakes and sins of the official for future generations to remember.
At the same time, the Tang Dynasty also increased the punishment of the delisting system, stipulating that the families of delisted officials must also be exiled together to achieve a deterrent effect. These changes and developments reflect the determination and strength of the Tang Dynasty to continuously improve and strengthen the political system in the process of governing the country.
The specific content and scope of application of the Sui and Tang delisting system
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The delisting system underwent a long process of development during the Sui and Tang dynasties, and its types and levels were constantly changing and improving. Generally speaking, the de-listing system can be divided into two types: formal de-listing and informal de-listing.
Formal delisting refers to an officially issued delisting order that is subject to a review, deliberation and adjudication process. According to the level, it can be divided into three types, from light to heavy, "degrading" and "dividing".
Among them, "depose" refers to demotion to the people, "demote" refers to demotion and transfer, and "removal" refers to direct removal from office and removal of officials. In addition, in some special cases, more severe delisting measures such as "expulsion from the court" and "demotion from office" may also be imposed.
Informal delisting refers to delisting without official procedures and public announcements, including "attacks", "framing" and "exclusion" in official circles. Although informal delisting is not as serious as formal delisting, it also has a great impact on the political future and social image of officials.
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The Sui Dynasty's delisting system had a wide range of applications, with provisions for officials and ordinary people. The criteria for the delisting system are mainly as follows: 1. the person who committed a crime or committed a mistake; 2. the problem that occurred during the period of holding office; 3. the person who complained and reported by the masses; 4. the person who voluntarily requested the removal of the person. Among them, it is most common for people who have committed crimes or mistakes to be delisted, and the criteria for removal are relatively clear. Delisting is also divided into different levels such as "positive division", "depreciation", and "exemption".
The Tang Dynasty's delisting system was more complex, and its scope of application was mainly aimed at officials. The standards include: 1. Violating the law; 2. Infringing on the interests of the masses; 3. Seriously violating duties.
The Tang Dynasty's delisting system was also more diverse than that of the Sui Dynasty, such as "blame", "dethron", "Tan "and so on". The delisting system also added some new contents in the Tang Dynasty, such as the stipulation that "only the seventh generation of capital will be posthumous" after the "change of the tomb", which clarified the impact of political struggle, and the "reduction of nationality" system was also increased, reflecting changes in the social and political environment.
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Implementation and practice of the Sui and Tang delisting system
The implementation procedures and processes of the delisting system mainly include four links: appeal, review, adjudication and enforcement. First, when someone violates the law or social morality, his behavior will be reported or accused, and then the relevant agencies will launch a complaint and review process, including the confirmation of the crime and the collection of evidence.
Next is the adjudication stage, which is mainly a judgment by a government agency or authoritative person, and the corresponding punishment or delisting decision is given according to the specific situation. Finally, there is the enforcement stage, which is to implement the decision and inform the relevant parties and the public so that it can be implemented.
The implementation procedures and processes of the delisting system ensure its fairness and credibility, and are also one of the important means to maintain social stability and promote social progress.
The Sui and Tang delisting system has had certain effects in actual implementation, but there are also some problems. Among them, some high-ranking officials and aristocrats evaded the punishment of removal through money, power and other means, resulting in unfair implementation of the system; At the same time, some of the people who have been removed have suffered certain economic and social status impacts, but some people have also been able to recover themselves and restore their reputations through certain means.
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In addition, de-listing regimes may in some cases create political risks and social instability. In general, although the Sui and Tang delisting system can maintain social security and political stability to some extent, there are also some shortcomings and problems, which need to be continuously improved and perfected in practice.
The Sui and Tang delisting system had an important impact on social security and political stability. In the process of implementing the delisting system, by punishing some people who violate social morality and the law, the moral standards of society have been raised, some violations of law and discipline have been reduced, and the crackdown on criminal acts has been strengthened.
In addition, the delisting system can also eliminate those who endanger social stability and protect social stability and order. Politically, the delisting system can play a role in restricting and restricting the behavior of officials, avoiding the occurrence of undesirable phenomena such as abuse of power and corruption by some officials, and maintaining political clarity and purity. Therefore, the implementation of the Sui and Tang delisting system has a positive impact on the maintenance and development of social security and political stability.
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The social role and significance of the Sui and Tang delisting system
De-listing systems can curb corruption and maintain integrity. During the Sui and Tang dynasties, the problem of official corruption was relatively serious, and the removal system had a certain deterrent effect on curbing officials' corruption, bribery, abuse of power and other behaviors.
Since officials who are removed from the list will not only lose their official positions, but may also be scorned and discredited by the world, this system can serve as a warning and deterrent to prevent corrupt behavior by officials.
The delisting system can maintain social stability. The delisting system applies not only to officials, but also to ordinary people. The removal of officials and civilians has played a certain role in punishing those who have violated the law and committed crimes, and promoted social stability. In addition, the de-listing system can also be used to deal with political dissent, prevent dissidents from engaging in incitement and subversive activities, and maintain political stability.
De-listing systems can promote official integrity. The delisting system has a certain role in promoting the integrity of officials. On the one hand, if officials want to avoid being removed, they must maintain integrity and refrain from corruption, bribery, abuse of power, and other behavior.
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On the other hand, the delisting system implements an official responsibility system, which encourages officials to be honest and honest and perform their duties well, so as to enhance the efficiency of government administration.
A de-listing system can enhance administrative efficiency. The delisting system implements an official responsibility system, so that officials dare not easily break the law, so as to reduce officials' improper behaviors such as corruption and bribery, abuse of power, and improve the administrative efficiency of the government. In addition, the delisting system also promotes the conscientious performance of officials' duties and helps to optimize government management.
The practical significance and historical value of the Sui and Tang delisting system
The Sui and Tang delisting system was an important part of China's ancient legal system, which played a positive role in maintaining public order, promoting political stability, strengthening official integrity and improving administrative efficiency.
Its basic characteristics are mainly political reasons, supplemented by laws, and have a certain degree of flexibility and applicability. During the Sui Dynasty, the delisting system focused on the purges of political elites and opposition, while during the Tang Dynasty, it gradually expanded to the bottom of society and became a means of punishment in the lives of ordinary people.
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The impact of the delisting system on social security and political stability can, on the one hand, maintain social stability and tranquility by removing undesirable elements from political and social life; On the other hand, it can also be used to warn the masses and safeguard social morality and public morality.
The impact of the delisting system on the integrity and efficiency of officials mainly lies in its ability to compel officials to be honest and trustworthy, to abide by their duties, and to ensure administrative fairness and efficiency.
The extensive implementation of the delisting system during the Sui and Tang dynasties is of far-reaching historical significance and practical value for the formation and development of the legal system, political culture and social trend of thought in Chinese feudal society.
In short, although the Sui and Tang delisting system has long ceased to exist, its impact on China's history, culture, political system and social development, as well as its enlightenment and reference to the construction of modern legal system, still has important significance and value.
Bibliography:
Ren Guang, A Discussion on the Delisting System in the Tang Dynasty (2004)
Huang Xinmei, A Study on the Dismissal System of Sui and Tang Officials (2008)
Ouyang Che, A Study on the Delisting System of Bureaucrats in the Tang Dynasty (2009)
Zhong Shangkun, A Treatise on the History of the Sui and Tang Dynasties (2011)