In 1130, the Battle of Fuping, which decided to belong to Shaanxi, broke out, and the Song army gathered 180,000 heavy troops of the 5th route army, claiming to be 400,000, under the command of Zhang Jun, attacked the 80,000 army commanded by the famous Jin generals Zhao Liduo, Wushu, and Lou Mu, and finally the Song army fought in a hurry, was defeated by the Jin cavalry, and the whole army fled.
The Sichuan-Shaanxi defense line operated by the Southern Song Dynasty for several years collapsed, and the loss of Shaanxi was a foregone conclusion, the Song army fled all the way to northern Sichuan, southern Shaanxi, and all the grain and grass and ordnance gathered for several years were left in the hands of the Jin people, and the Jin army completely gained a foothold, and then stormed northern Sichuan, in a vain attempt to march into Sichuan, fortunately, the Wu Ji Wu Xuan brothers defeated the Jin army many times to keep the rich Sichuan, which can also be regarded as preserving half of the Southern Song Dynasty, and later Shaoxing and the western dividing line between Shaoxing and the Song Dynasty and Jin were almost based on this standard.
Song-Kim confrontation
The defeat of Fuping was a military failure, but to some extent it also formed the strategic balance of Song and Jin, this failure ruined the Guanzhong Plain, the forward base of the Song Kingdom's future Northern Expedition to the Central Plains, and became the biggest culpability of Zhang Jun who fought the main battle in his life, after the war, Zhang Jun beheaded the defeated general who fled from the battle, but he was not punished by Zhao Shu, and later some people even boasted that Zhang Jun's Battle of Fuping was a great thing, "Although Guan Shaanxi was defeated, but the southeast sat back and had nothing to do!" "It's a proper surrender faction, but in fact, the impact of the Battle of Fuping is much more than that.
Battle of Fuping
The Guanzhong Plain, which has been widespread and densely populated since ancient times, has always been a king hegemon, and the Qin, Han and Tang dynasties have never been a false claim because they are all in Guanzhong and must be in Guanzhong and must be in Guanzhong and have a great name, and only then has the Han and Tang dynasties, and it is never a false claim that those who win Guanzhong win the world. After the Song Dynasty, Guanzhong was equally important, bearing the grain of hundreds of thousands of troops in the northwest, and it was the main source of horses in the Song Dynasty, and the most elite Western troops came from here in the middle and late Song Dynasty.
Zhao Zhi Qin Juniper
Jingkang's change, after the fall of the Northern Song Dynasty, Zhao Jian established a small court of the Southern Song Dynasty, and the Jin army pursued Zhao Zhi all the way south, trying to destroy the Song in one fell swoop, at this time, Henan, Shanxi and Shandong all fell into the hands of the Jin people, Shaanxi was still in a state of confrontation, and the two sides had each other's victories and defeats. In 1129, the famous general of the Jin State led an army of tens of thousands to invade the south, which was also the third southern invasion of the Jin State after the change of Jingkang, this time claiming to be an army of 100,000, in a vain attempt to destroy the Song Dynasty in one fell swoop and capture Zhao Shu.
Zhao Shu heard that the Jin army went south, went deep into Jianghuai, shouted to capture himself, immediately ran away from Jiankang (Nanjing) in fear, fled to Ningbo, the Jin army was like a bamboo all the way, successively attacked Jiankang and Lin'an, Zhao Shu fled by boat from the sea to Wenzhou Taizhou, at this time it was a critical moment of survival, the weather became hot in April and May, coupled with the resistance of the Southern Song army and people, especially the Wushu was besieged by Han Shizhong in Huangtiandang, although he was finally escaped by the Wushu, but the Jin army vainly tried to destroy the Southern Song Dynasty, and the attempt to capture Zhao Shu was shattered.
The Jin army went south, and Zhao constructed an escape route
Jin Guo also realized that he could not penetrate deep into Jiangnan and destroy the Southern Song Dynasty in the short term, so he focused on the Shaanxi defense line and stormed the Sichuan-Shaanxi region, if the Shaanxi Song army was defeated, then Jin Guo was likely to take the rich Guanzhong Plain and Chengdu Plain, and for Zhao Zhi, he was afraid that the Jin army would invade the south again, so he also wanted to attract the attention of the Jin army to Shaanxi and encircle Wei to save Zhao. So Zhang Jun was ordered to take the initiative to attack the Jin army in Shaanxi, and both the Song and Jin sides had the idea of opening the situation in Shaanxi, so they gathered here one after another.
At this time, although it was a confrontation between the Jin-Song Dynasty in Shaanxi, on the whole, the strength of the Jin State was still strong, and fortunately, the Northern Shaanxi Plateau blocked the attack of the Jin State cavalry, otherwise the Shaanxi war would be difficult to say. Although the general Qu Duan defeated the Jin army many times, he knew that although the Song army had superior forces in Shaanxi, for the sake of military power, it was difficult to form a joint force, and it was difficult to win a decisive battle with the Jin army.
Qu Duan, which was the spiritual pillar of the Song Army in Shaanxi, suggested that he could not stick to it, and Wu Jie and Wang Yanjun also suggested that they should not act rashly, but Zhang Jun did not listen, and resolutely implemented Zhao Zhi's policy of taking the initiative to attack, attract the main forces of the Jin army, and defend the southeast, without considering any practical problems,
Zhao Zhi
Seeing that there were many opponents, Zhang Jun decided to transfer Wang Yan and Qu Duan away from the front line, and hurriedly gathered the main forces of the Shaanxi Song army, the five-way army, the specific number cannot be known, but 15-200,000 should be reliable, the "Golden History" records that "60,000 cavalry. 120,000 pawns", that is to say, the Song army has 180,000, and the outside world claims to be 400,000.
In August 1130, Zhang Jun decided to split up and attack, and the Song army was as imposing as a rainbow, and successively conquered Chang'an, Linzhou, and Yanzhou, so Zhang Jun began to despise the Jin army, and the Jin state rushed to support the Shaanxi battlefield. In September, hundreds of thousands of troops of the Song and Jin Dynasty gathered at Fuping, and a decisive battle broke out, the Jin army was condescending and occupying a favorable location, although the Song army was superior in numbers, but the situation was not favorable to the Song army.
On the 24th, the Jin army was condescending, Lou Mu took the lead, rushed to attack the Song army Zhao Zhebu, the Song army was defeated, and then disrupted the Song army formation, Zhao Zhe was defeated, and fled in battle, causing the whole army to flee, the Song army did not die many in battle, most of them were defeated, the rest fled to southern Shaanxi and northern Sichuan, and the battle of Fuping ended.
Battle of Fuping
The reason for the defeat in the Battle of Bupyeong
First, the failure of tactical command, strategically, the original intention of the Battle of Fuping was to realize Zhao Zhi's strategy of attracting the main forces of the Jin army in Shaanxi and ensuring the stability of Jiangnan, but Zhang Jun's tactical command was the main reason for the failure. Qu Duan and Wu Jie were good generals, while Zhang Jun was a literati who did not understand military strategy, so letting him command hundreds of thousands of Song troops was completely an act of sending death by laymen commanding insiders.
Qu Duan, Wu Jie and other heavy generals have been in Shaanxi for a long time, mostly fighting with the Jin army, knowing the combat strength of the Jin army, belonging to good generals who know each other and confidant, the situation in Shaanxi, the Jin army is advantageous and the military strength is superior, and they do not agree with Zhang Jun's suggestion to take the initiative to attack the Jin army, thinking that they should defend according to the danger, not take the initiative to attack, in addition, most of the Song generals took Qu Duan's lead and persuaded Zhang Jun one after another.
However, Zhang Jun did not adopt the correct opinion of the generals, but thought that Qu Duan would hinder his plan, so he dismissed Qu Duan from his post and transferred Wang Yan of the Bazi Army away from the anti-gold front, which made the morale of the Song army low, and it would be a taboo to change the battle, and hundreds of thousands of troops gathered, food and grass needed to be transferred, and it took time, but Zhang Jun did not understand, forced the armies to assemble in a hurry, and hurriedly set out to fight, the front-line generals did not have the confidence to win, and it was difficult for such an army to win the battle.
Song-Kim fights
The Song army of the Five Routes did not cooperate in combat, so Zhang Jun ordered Liu Xi (Liu Kai's brother) to command the 5th Route Army, and in September, the Song army arrived at Fuping, which was bordered by the Guanzhong Plain in the south and the Northern Shaanxi Plateau in the north, and the terrain was high in the north and low in the south, which was advantageous to the cavalry of the Jin army, and it was easy to defeat the Song army from a high position. And the weather is not hot in September, for the Jin army, the autumn is high and the horse is fat, the weather is just right, it is really a good time for combat.
But because the Song army won the battle, Zhang Jun despised the Jin army, and even humiliated the commander of the Jin army with women's clothes, this kind of underestimation of the enemy greatly affected the Song army, making the Song army begin to be arrogant, after all, the advantage is in me. The Song army was in full swing, but there were too many flaws in the military camp, and the Jin army decided to avoid fighting and avoid its fierceness.
At this time, Wu Jie was one of the few sober people in the Song army, and suggested to Zhang Jun that the Song army occupy the high ground to avoid being condescendingly defeated by the Jin cavalry, but Zhang Jun did not accept, and as a result, as Wu Jie feared, the Jin cavalry was condescending, defeated the Song army forward, and collapsed into the Chinese military camp, making the Chinese army chaotic.
Wu Jibu
The 5th Song army lost its command and fought separately, the main forces of the left and right wings of the Jin army were put on it, defeating the left flank of the Song army, Zhao Zhe, Zhao Zhe was defeated, and fled in battle, causing the whole army to rout, the Jin army cavalry chased after the tail, the Song army was defeated, hundreds of thousands of soldiers and civilians of food, grass, heavy ordnance and property, all were obtained by the Jin army, and the situation in Shaanxi was out of control. Zhang Jun went from pre-war to middle, perfectly missing the best choice.
Second, the generals and commanders are incompatible, there are many contradictions, and the military is distracted. The five routes of the Song army, each with its own commander, although Zhang Jun is the commander, but he does not know how to fight, can not control the whole army, so even if Liu Xi is in command, it is difficult to make the army work together, Zhang Jun before, the Song army was based on Qu Duan as the spiritual pillar, Qu Duan was born in the Western Army, resisted Western Xia, Jin State, repeatedly defeated strong enemies, very appealing in Shaanxi, but Qu Duan is a straight-tempered soldier, does not know how to tactfully, and offended Wu Jie and Zhang Jun one after another.
When the Jin army went south, the anti-Jin uprising in the north was in full swing, the famous one was Wang Yan's eight-character army, and the Shaanxi side was Li Yanxian's department, Li Yanxian's department occupied Shaanzhou (Sanmenxia area), Shaanzhou was east of the Yellow River, the terrain was dangerous, the rebels crossed the Yellow River many times to defeat the Shaanxi Jin army, with Shaanzhou, the Jin army could not attack Shaanxi with all its strength, but when the Jin army surrounded Li Yanxian's department, Zhang Jun led the rat at both ends, sat and watched the success or failure, and finally Shaanzhou fell, the Jin army could advance westward and attack Shaanxi together.
5-way Song Army Jin Army route
Zhang Jun is nominally the highest commander of Shaanxi, but specifically based on Qu Duan's horse head, Qu Duan was defeated because he did not rescue Wu Jie before, so that the two had a dirty fight, Zhang Jun implemented Zhao's plan, asking heavy troops to attack the Jin army, Qu Duan, who had a straight temper, directly refused, "It is advisable to train soldiers and horses, protect the frontier and protect yourself", and most of the generals of the Song army are in favor of defending the danger, Qu Duan is the kind of pure soldier, who believes that it is impossible to win the decisive battle with the Jin army in the autumn, and resolutely does not agree to send troops.
There were many objections, and in order to achieve the resolution to send troops, Zhang Jun chose to kill the monkeys and move Qu Duan away from the front line, which really deterred other generals, but under this method, the Song army was distracted, but Zhang Jun ignored it, and still forced hundreds of thousands of Song soldiers and civilians to attack.
Third, the gap in the quality of the armies of the two sides was too large, and after Zhang Jun arrived in Shaanxi to oversee the army, he did not attach importance to military training, and the quality of the Song army was worrying. Pong generals taste acquaintances", while Jin Jun is the opposite "the division of soldiers, the sharpness of soldiers, and the familiarity of separation".
The Song and Kim armies were at war
Moreover, the 5-way army of the Song army, except for the original Quduan Department and the Wu Ji Department were well-trained, the combat strength of the remaining 3-way Song Army was worrying, and after Qu Duan was dismissed, Zhang Jun asked Liu Xi to command, and the rest of the people did not obey him at all, and hundreds of thousands of Song troops did not have such large-scale coordinated combat experience.
When Zhang Jun's army could not give orders, the 5th Song army could only fight separately, and the main force of the Jin army stormed the weak Zhao Zhebu, and Zhao Zhe was defeated, but he did not choose to kill the enemy like Liu Kai, but fled in battle, which then triggered the collapse of the whole army, and the situation took a sharp turn and was broken by the Jin army.
To sum up, the main responsibility for the defeat of Fuping lies with Zhang Jun, who changed generals on the spot, did not understand military affairs and was unwilling to humbly give advice, despised the Jin army to make the whole army arrogant, did not attach importance to military training, and made the quality of the Song army crotch, and the battle of Fuping was Zhang Jun's biggest culprit.
ZHANG Jun
The impact of the defeat of Fuping
First, the strength of the Southern Song Dynasty was greatly damaged, the number of Song troops in the Battle of Fuping was about 200,000, and the same people had to have so many, and the grain and grass that were hastily transferred were heavy, and the wealth of ordnance was the savings of the two rats in Shaanxi and Sichuan, and after this battle, the only large-scale elite army of the Southern Song Dynasty was destroyed, hundreds of thousands of strong ding, all kinds of logistics materials, all cheap gold army, and the national strength of the Song Dynasty was greatly damaged.
Second, the defeat of Fuping and the disposition of Zhang Jun after the war were disastrous to the hearts of the army, Zhang Jun shirked responsibility after the defeat of Fuping, fled to northern Sichuan, beheaded Zhao Zhe, who had fled from battle, and put all the blame on the Shaanxi generals, conspired with Wu Jie to imprison Qu Duan, persecuted and died, which made Quduan's old department very dissatisfied.
The Song generals, who had already been demoralized by the defeat of Fuping, became even more demoralized and did not dare to fight the Jin army again, while many of the old troops of Quduan surrendered to the Jin army. The Jin army received many long-time generals familiar with Shaanxi and effortlessly pacified Shaanxi, and in just half a year, almost all of Shaanxi fell, and the generals of the Western army who surrendered to the Jin state were also called the backbone of the resistance to the Southern Song Dynasty. This blow to the anti-gold situation in Shaanxi is fatal, and it all stems from Zhang Jun.
Schematic diagram of the battle between the Jin and Song armies
Third, the loss of the Guanzhong Plain made the Song Dynasty's Northern Expedition to the Central Plains more difficult. The Guanzhong Plain is an important grain-producing area in the north, and the Northern Song Dynasty supplied hundreds of thousands of Song troops in the northwest, and it was also the only war horse production area of the Song Dynasty, and now the Guanzhong Plain has fallen, even if there is a military stronghold in Shaanxi, it is impossible to provide food and grass, and the Song Dynasty's horse-producing land is lost, and the Song army lacking cavalry cannot fight a war of annihilation when it engages the Jin army.
Under the trade-off, the Jin State held the grain producing areas and war horse production areas of Shaanxi, which made it form a strategic advantage over the Southern Song Dynasty in Sichuan, and the Southern Song Dynasty lost a strategic point to clamp down on the Jin State, which was also the best forward base for the Northern Expedition Central Plains, which had a far-reaching impact on both the Song and Jin.
Battle of Fuping
Fourth, the rise of the main and faction of the main and faction, the defeat of Fuping, the generals of the main war faction in Shaanxi were either killed or surrendered, which dealt a great blow to the main war faction, and the main and faction headed by Qin Hui rose, and these main and factions, together with Zhao Shu, controlled the court of the Southern Song Dynasty. Before the Shaoxing peace meeting, Zhao Shu and Qin Hui killed Yue Fei, and the backbone of the main battle faction was completely broken.
Shaoxing and the Songjin border
In 1141, under the leadership of the Lord and the Faction, the Southern Song Dynasty and the Jin State reached a Shaoxing peace agreement, the western border of the Song and Jin Dynasty was bounded by the Dasanguan, and the Southern Song Dynasty called the Chennagong reparations, which also opened the nearly hundred years of Song-Jin confrontation, the pattern of the Southern Song Dynasty changed, it can be said that starting from the defeat of Fuping, Zhang Jun, the main war faction, single-handedly contributed to the rise of the surrender faction, which is really ridiculous.