Qin Shi Huang annexed the Six Kingdoms and unified the world and established the Qin Dynasty. However, after only passing on his son Huhai, he was overthrown, and Xiang Yu, the overlord of Western Chu, and Liu Bang, the king of Han, began to fight for the world.
The State of Qin (770 BC – 207 BC) was a vassal state established in northwest China during the Zhou Dynasty. The state of Qin began when Qin Feizi was made a vassal by King Xiao of Zhou, and by 771 BC, when Qin Xiang was listed as a prince by King Ping of Zhou, the state of Qin experienced five generations of monarchs; From the time Duke Xiang of Qin was listed as a prince to 221 BC, when the Qin dynasty unified China and established the Qin Dynasty.
1 Qin Feizi (-858 BC) surname Huan, given name Feizi, number Qin Huan, descendant of Boyi, fifth grandson of the Shang Dynasty's heavy minister Xilai, founding monarch of the State of Qin, a native of Inuqiu, Shaanxi, reigned from about 900-858 BC. Because he was good at raising horses, he was appreciated by King Xiao of Zhou, and was granted the title of Qin land, becoming the first king of the Qin state, known as Qin Huan. He died in 858 BC and was succeeded by Marquis of Qin.
2 Marquis of Qin (-848 BC), surname lost, son of Qin Feizi, reigned 857-848 BC, the second king of the State of Qin, reigned for 10 years and died of illness.
3 Duke of Qin (-845 BC), surnamed Huan, ruler of the State of Qin during the Western Zhou Dynasty, son of Marquis of Qin, reigned for three years, with few historical records, and his deeds were unexamined, and his son Qin Zhong.
4 Qin Zhong Huan Zhong (-822 BC), eldest son of the Duke of Qin, reigned from 845 to 822 BC. In 824 BC, he was appointed as a doctor by King Xuan of Zhou and ordered him to lead an army to attack Xirong. In 822 BC, he was defeated and killed in battle with Xijon. After his death, his son Duke Zhuang of Qin ascended the throne, giving birth to sons Duke Huan Qi (嬴富), Huan Lu (嬴富), Huan Lu (嬴禄), Huan Shou (嬴康).
5 Duke Huanqi of Qin Zhuang (852–778 BC), courtesy name Qi, eldest son of Qin Zhong, ruler of the state of Qin during the Western Zhou Dynasty, reigned from 822 to 778 BC. He reigned for 44 years, and was killed by Xijong in 822 BC at the age of 75.
6 Duke Huankai of Qin (824–766 BC), second son of Duke Zhuang of Qin, reigned from 778 to 766 BC. In 778 BC, Duke Zhuang of Qin was killed by Inu Rong, and his eldest son, Shi Father, led an army to fight against Inu Rong and made him the king of the state. After assuming the throne, he married his sister Miao Huan to King Feng of Rong to divide the Rong people, and in 776 BC moved the capital to Wangyi and forced him eastward. In 771 BC, Marquis Shen and Inujung attacked Haojing, attacked and killed Yu Lishan, the king of Zhou, and sent troops to rescue Zhou. King Ping of Zhou moved east, sent troops to escort, and made the princes with merit. After moving east, King Ping of Zhou gave Qishan to the State of Qin, and the State of Qin became a prince. In 766 BC, he died during the conquest of Xirong at the age of 59, and was succeeded by his son Duke Wen of Qin, who took the title Xianggong.
7 Duke Huan of Qin (791–716 BC), Prince Xiang of Qin, courtesy name of Qin, reigned 766–716 BC. During his reign, he set up a historical official to defeat Xirong, incorporated the remnants of the Zhou Dynasty, expanded the land to the west of Qi, and formulated a criminal law against the three ethnic groups, and the Qin people were completely engaged in agriculture. He died in 716 BC at the age of 76 and was given the title Duke Wen.
8 Duke Huanjing of Qin (756-718 BC), also known as the Duke of Qin Jing, is recorded as the Duke of Qin Zhu, known as Jing, Prince of the State of Qin, Prince Wen of Qin, who died before succeeding to the throne at the age of 39.
9 Duke Huanli of Qin (726–704 BC) was mistakenly known as Duke Ning of Qin, son of Qin Zhu and prince of the State of Qin, reigned from 716 to 704 BC. Due to his father's early death, he was made the heir by Qin Wengong. He succeeded to the throne in 715 BC and later moved to Binh Duong. In 713 BC, he captured the Dangsha of Qijung, and in 708 BC, he captured Rui Bowan, the king of the state of Rui. In 704 BC, he eliminated the Xirong Dang clan, and died in the same year, with the title Xiangong at the age of 23, his son Qin Wugong, Qin Degongjia, Qin Chu Ziman.
10 Qin Emperor Huanman (708–698 BC), the youngest son of Duke Xian of Qin, reigned 704–698 BC, ruler of the State of Qin. After his father's death, he succeeded to the throne at the age of 5 and was killed in 698 BC at the age of 11.
11 Duke Wu of Qin (710–678 BC) was the eldest son of Duke Xian of Qin, the son of Mother Lu Jizi, the eldest brother of Duke De of Qin, and the king of the state of Qin, reigned from 698 to 678 BC. After the death of Duke Xiangong of Qin, Fu Ji and others established Qin as the prince. Later, Qin Chuzi was killed by Fuji and others before he was welcomed back to the throne. During his reign, the three clans such as Fuji concentrated power in the royal family. It successively conquered the Mianzhu, Jirong, Yiqurong and Tapir ethnic groups, initially established a county system for management, and in the following year, the power of the Qin state reached the Weishui River Basin in Guanzhong Province. He died in 678 BC and was buried in Pingyang at the age of 33, passing the throne as the Duke of Qin De, and his son Bai was made Marquis of Pingyang.
12 Duke Huanjia of Qin (710–676 BC), second son of Duke Xian of Qin, half-brother of Duke Wu of Qin, reigned from 678 to 676 BC. In 678 BC, Duke Wu of Qin died, and his son Bai was given the title of Pingyang, but failed to succeed to the throne. In 677 BC, he moved the capital to Yongcheng and sacrificed heaven and earth with cattle, sheep, poultry and livestock, and in the same year Liang and Rui came to meet him. In the following year, the first Fu Matsuri was established, and a dog killing festival was held in the four gates of the city to remove the heat that spread diseases. The eldest son Qin Xuan Gong, the second son Qin Chenggong, and the younger son Qin Mugong, died at the age of 35.
13 Duke Huan Tian of Qin (690–664 BC), surname Huan Tian, eldest son of Duke De of Qin, eldest brother of Duke Cheng of Qin and Duke Mu of Qin, reigned from 676 to 664 BC during the Spring and Autumn Period. During his reign, he led an army to attack the state of Jin, and in 672 BC built Mibi, defeated the state of Jin, and took the title of Duke Xuan. He had nine sons who were not established, and passed on to his younger brother Qin Chenggong at the age of 27.
14 Duke Huanzai of Qin Cheng (687–660 BC) was a prince of the state of Qin in the Spring and Autumn Period, brother of Duke Xuan of Qin, reigning from 664 to 660 BC. During his reign, Liang and Rui came to meet with each other. None of his sons were established, and he died of illness in 660 BC at the age of 28, and his younger brother succeeded him.
15 Duke Mu of Qin Ren Hao (683–621 BC), young son of Duke De of Qin, one of the Five Tyrants of Spring and Autumn, reigned from 660 to 621 BC, and was the king of the State of Qin. After taking the throne, he attached great importance to talents, appointed Bailixi, Uncle Ji, Gongsun Zhi and other important ministers, married the Jin state many times, and later dominated Xijong, and the Qin state prospered, laying the foundation for the unification of the Qin state. He died in 621 BC at the age of 63. Family members: Mu Ji, daughter of Duke Xian of Jin, eldest son Qin Kang Gongying, second son Gongzi Hong, eldest daughter Jianbi, second daughter Wen Huan, third daughter Huai Huan, youngest daughter Liang Yu.
16 Duke Huanying of Qin Kang (660–609 BC), son of Mu of Qin, mother Mu Ji, reigned 621–609 BC. During his reign, there were many wars with the Jin state, and the Qin state gradually entered a period of decline. He died in 609 BC at the age of 52 and was given the nickname Kang.
17 Duke Huandao (636–605 BC) of the Qin Dynasty, surnamed Huan, was the son of Qin Kang, the king of the State of Qin, reigned 609–605 BC. In 607 BC, in retaliation for the Jin state's invasion of Chongguo, he sent troops to surround Jiao County, and in June, the Duke of Jin Cheng sent Zhao Wei and others to lead troops to the rescue. He died in 605 BC at the age of 32, and his son Duke Huan of Qin ascended the throne.
18 Duke Huan of Qin (617–577 BC) was a courtesy man, son of the Duke of Qin, father of the Duke of Qin Jing, and king of the State of Qin, reigning from 605 BC to 577 BC. In 578 BC, he was defeated by the combined forces of the princes in the Battle of Ma Tunnel, and died of illness the following year at the age of 41.
19 Duke Huanshi of Qin Jing (596–537 BC) was the son of Qin Huan (磦桓公), king of the state of Qin, reigning from 577 to 537 BC. He reigned for 40 years, constantly pushing the power of the Qin state to the Central Plains. In 559 BC, the Duke of Jin sent Xun Wei to lead the combined forces of Lu Guo's uncle Sun Bao, Qi State Cui Zhu, Song Guo Hua Yue, and Wei Guo Beigongguo to attack the Qin state, but after reaching the Jing River, he refused to cross the river, and Shu Xiang suggested that Lu Guo and Ju Guo lead his army to cross the river first. He died in 537 BC at the age of 60 and was succeeded by his son.
20 Duke of Qin (-501 BC), also known as Duke Bi of Qin, son of Duke Jing of Qin, reigned from 537 to 501 BC. In 505 BC, when the state of Wu captured the capital of the state of Chu, the Chu doctor Shen Baoxu came to the state of Qin to ask for help, but he ignored it. Shen Baoxu did not leave outside the gate of the Qin State Palace, crying bitterly day and night. The Duke of Qin sent troops to rescue Chu and defeated the Wu army, and King Wu returned to China, and the state of Chu was restored, and died in 501 BC, with his son Duke Yi of Qin and a female uncle.
21 Duke Yi of Qin (-508 BC) surname Huan, name unknown, son of Duke Wei of Qin. He was first established as a prince, but died of illness before he ascended the throne, and was not allowed to stand up, and established the Duke of Qin Huigong.
22 Duke Huan Ning of Qin (-492 BC) surname Huan, given name Ning, Prince of Qin Yi, monarch of the State of Qin. Duke Yi of Qin died early, and Qin mourned him as a reserve. He ascended the throne in 501 BC and died of illness in 492 BC.
23 Duke Huan Pan of Qin (-477 BC), surnamed Huan, son of Qin Hui, reigned for 15 years, reigning from 492 to 477 BC. After his death in 477 BC, Zi Qin Li succeeded to the throne.
24 Duke Li of Qin (492–443 BC), also known as Duke Gong of Qin, reigned 477–443 BC. In 475 BC, the State of Shu sent an envoy to the State of Qin, and died in 443 BC, with the nickname Li Gonggong, at the age of 50, with his sons Duke Huai of Qin and Duke Huai of Qin.
25 Huanxin (474–429 BC), Duke of Qin, was the son of Qin Li and the Prince of Qin, a ruler of the State of Qin during the Warring States period, reigning from 443 BC to 429 BC. He ascended the throne in 442 BC, and in 430 BC the Xirong ethnic righteous canal launched an attack on Qin, reaching the Weishui Artemisia Domain, where it was repulsed by the Qin army. He died of illness the following year at the age of 46, and his younger brother returned to the Qin state to take the throne.
26 Duke Huai of Qin (471–425 BC), second son of Duke Li, brother of Qin and ruler of the State of Qin, reigned from 429 to 425 BC. The Duke of Qin became king from the Jin state, when the state was manipulated by the old nobility. In 425 BC, Qin Shu Changyun and the nobles forced him to death at the age of 47, and Prince Zhaozi died early, and the following year Huansu was made a prince.
27 Duke Huansu of Qin Ling (438–415 BC), Duke Huai of Qin, son of Zhaozi, prince of the state of Qin, reigned 425–415 BC. In 422 BC, he built Shangbi in Wuyang to worship the Yellow Emperor, and Jianxiabi to sacrifice to Emperor Yan. He died in 415 BC at the age of 24, and when his son Shi Xi was young, he took the throne and established himself as a prince, and Shi Xi was exiled to the Longxi River Valley.
28 Duke Jian of Qin (430–400 BC), surnamed Huan, son of Qin Huai, son of Qin Zhao, uncle of Duke Ling of Qin, reigned 414-400 BC. There have been certain political and economic reforms, the introduction of taxes according to the number of acres of land, and the recognition of the legitimacy of private land. He died in 400 BC at the age of 31 and was succeeded by his son Duke Hui of Qin.
29 Duke Hui of Qin (412–387 BC) was known as Duke Hui of Later Qin, son of Jian of Qin, and king of the state of Qin, reigning from 400 BC to 387 BC. During his reign, the State of Qin lost the territory of Hexi, but also captured the State of Shu and Southern Zheng, and died at the age of 26.
30 Duke Huanchang of Qin (389-385 BC) was known as the Young Lord of Qin, the son of Qin Hui, and the king of the State of Qin during the Warring States period, reigning for 2 years, reigning from 387 BC to 385 BC. In 387 BC, Duke Hui died, and Duke Hui ascended the throne at a young age, with his mother presiding over the imperial government, reusing eunuchs and foreign relatives, and in 385 BC, Zuo Shu Chang staged a coup d'état by fungus, killed him and his mother, and welcomed Duke Xian of Qin to the throne.
31 Duke Xian of Qin (423–362 BC), surnamed Huan, also known as Duke Xian of Yuan, was a monarch of the State of Qin and the Prince of Qin Ling, reigned from 385 to 362 BC. He lived in exile in the Wei state in his early years, returning to the throne in 385 BC. During his reign, reforms were carried out, including the abolition of martyrdom, the relocation of household registration, and the promotion of the county system, and launched a war to recover the lost territory of Hexi. The defeat of Han and Wei in 366 BC raised the status of the Qin state as a princely state. He died in 362 BC at the age of 62, with the title of Duke Xiao of Qin, Prince Qian and Ji Chang.
32 Duke of Qin Xiao Huan Quliang (381–338 BC), concubine of Duke Xian of Qin, reigned from 362 to 338 BC, and was an outstanding statesman of the State of Qin during the Warring States period. During his reign, Wei Martingale was used to change the law, reward cultivation and war, move the capital to Xianyang, establish a county administration, and strengthen centralized power. At the same time, he continuously increased agricultural production, made peace with the state of Chu, made a contract with Han, and joined forces with Zhao to attack the capital of the Wei state of Anyi, and expanded the land to the east of Luoshui, laying the foundation for the state of Qin. In 338 BC, he died of illness and filial piety, at the age of 44, his son King Huiwen of Qin, Li Li Disease, Gongzi Hua, and Gongzi Shaoguan.
33 King Yingsi of Qin Huiwen (356–311 BC) was a prince of the state of Qin, reigned 338–311 BC, son of Qin Xiao. After assuming the throne, he executed Shang Martin with Che Crack, and in 325 BC proclaimed himself King of Qin. During his reign, there were many talents, including Zhang Yi and Heng of the Six Kingdoms, Gongsun Yan, Sima Guo and others to the Northern Expedition to Yiqu, West Ping Bashu, East to Hangu, and South to Shang Yu, laying a solid foundation for Qin's unification of China. He died in 311 BC at the age of 46, with the nickname Huiwen.
34 King Wu of Qin (329–307 BC) was a monarch of the State of Qin, also known as King Wulie of Qin, and concubine of Prince Huiwen of Qin, reigned from 311 BC to 307 BC. During his reign, he calmed the Shu chaos, set up a prime minister, plucked Yiyang, set up Sanchuan, repaired the law of fields, dredged rivers, built embankments and bridges. Tall and strong, he likes to wrestle with others, and Hercules Ren Contempt and others become officials because of this. In 307 BC, he won the competition with Meng Shuo, but as a result, he broke his tibia and died of anger at the age of 23
35 Prince Huan Ze of Qin Zhaoxiang (325–251 BC), courtesy name Ji, Prince Huiwen of Qin, half-brother of King Wu of Qin, reigned from 307 to 251 BC during the Warring States period. He was a hostage in the early years of the Yan state, and in 307 BC, King Wu of Qin died, and after returning to China, he fought with his brother for the throne. During his reign, the famous Battle of Yique, the Battle of the Five Kingdoms, the Battle of Yanying and the Battle of Changping took place. In the early days of his accession to the throne, his mother Empress Dowager Xuan took power, and Wei Ran was appointed as the general of Xianyang. In 304 BC, he began to personally manage state affairs, but later followed Fan Yu's advice, expelled the time, and withdrew Empress Dowager Xuan's power, worshipping Fan Yu as a minister, and adopting his strategy of long-distance and close attack. During his reign, he broke the strategy of attacking Qin by the princely states, conquered everywhere, captured the capital of Chu in the Battle of Yanying, and defeated the Zhao army in the Battle of Changping, killing hundreds of thousands of its troops. Later, he captured the capital Luoyi of Eastern Zhou, captured King Zhou Zhao, moved Jiuding to Xianyang, and destroyed Eastern Zhou, ending the rule of the Zhou Dynasty. He died in 251 BC at the age of 75 and was buried in the Eastern Tombs of Qin.
36 King Huanzhu of Qin Xiaowen (302–250 BC), also known as Prince of An, Mingzhu, was the king of the State of Qin during the Warring States period, the second son of King Zhaoxiang of Qin, and the father of King Xiang of Qin Zhuang. He reigned for only three days, the shortest reigning monarch in the history of the Qin state. He was first crowned Prince of An, made crown prince in 267 BC, ascended the throne in 250 BC, and died soon after at the age of 53, and was succeeded by Prince Xiang of Zizhuang.
37 Prince Xiang of Qin Zhuang (281-247 BC), whose real name was Yiren, changed his name to Chu, Prince Xiaowen of Qin, father of Qin Shi Huang, and king of the State of Qin, reigned from 250 to 247 BC. He served as a proton in Handan in the state of Zhao, and later, with the help of Lü Buwei, he became the king of the state of Qin. He died in May 247 BC at the age of 35. After Qin Shi Huang established the Qin Dynasty, he posthumously crowned Emperor Taishang.
38 Qin Shi Huang Huan Zheng (259-210 BC) son of King Xiang of Qin Zhuang, founder of the Qin Dynasty, politician, strategist, and reformer. Born in Handan, Zhao State, he spent his youth here. Ascended the throne in 247 BC, began to personally manage the imperial government in 238 BC, got rid of Lü Buwei, Consort Yi and others, reused Li Si and Wei Yi, from 230 to 221 BC, successively destroyed the six kingdoms of Han, Zhao, Wei, Chu, Yan, and Qi, completed the great cause of unification at the age of 39, established a unified centralized Qin Dynasty, adopted the abolition of the division and sealing system, set up a county system, books with the same text, cars on the same track, and implemented unified weights and measures. Attack the Xiongnu in the north, march south to the hundred yue, build the Great Wall, build spiritual canals, and communicate the water system. He died in the dunes in 210 BC at the age of 50, known as the First Emperor.
39 Huhai (230–207 BC) was a Qin dynasty monarch and the 18th son of Qin Shi Huang, who reigned from 210 to 207 BC. When he was young, he learned prison law from Zhao Gao, traveled with Qin Shi Huang in 211 BC, and the following year Qin Shi Huang died of illness in the dunes, Zhao Gao did not lose his secret, with the help of Zhao Gao and Li Si, killed more than 20 brothers and sisters, and forced Fusu to die, becoming emperor. After assuming the throne, he ordered the childless in the harem to be martyred, sealed a group of craftsmen in the Lishan tomb, and recruited 50,000 warriors to guard Xianyang. Due to the implementation of brutal rule, it finally provoked the uprising of Chen Sheng, Wu Guang, and the revival of the nobles of the Six Kingdoms. In 207 BC, he was forced to commit suicide by Zhao Gao's henchman Yan Le at the age of 24.
40 King Huan of Qin (240-206 BC) was a member of the Qin Dynasty, the last ruler of the Qin Dynasty, who reigned for 46 days. He advised Qin II, was detained in the palace, and pretended to be crazy and stupid. After Zhao Gao forced Qin II to death in 207 BC, the ministers did not support it, so they had to welcome him to the throne. In September, he was made King of Qin, and five days later he killed Zhao Gao. In October, Liu Bang led his troops into Guan, Kaecheng surrendered Liu Bang, and the Qin Dynasty collapsed. Subsequently, Xiang Yu led his army into Xianyang, slaughtered the city and set it on fire, killing him along with his two sons at the age of 35.